메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 23, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 589-605

Tree spatial patterns and environmental relationships in the forest-alpine tundra ecotone at Niwot Ridge, Colorado, USA

Author keywords

Forest alpine tundra ecotone; Spatial association; Spatial distribution; Tree spatial patterns; Tree environmental relationship

Indexed keywords

CLIMATE EFFECT; CONIFEROUS TREE; ECOTONE; ENVIRONMENTAL DISTURBANCE; FOREST; HABITAT FRAGMENTATION; PATCHINESS; SHADE TOLERANCE; SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION; TOPOGRAPHIC EFFECT; TRANSITION ZONE; TUNDRA;

EID: 43549119547     PISSN: 09123814     EISSN: 14401703     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11284-007-0413-9     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (25)

References (66)
  • 1
    • 0030302933 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial composition and pattern of alpine treeline, Glacier National Park, Montana
    • Allen TR, Walsh SJ (1996) Spatial composition and pattern of alpine treeline, Glacier National Park, Montana. Photogramm Eng Rem Sens 62:1261-1268
    • (1996) Photogramm Eng Rem Sens , vol.62 , pp. 1261-1268
    • Allen, T.R.1    Walsh, S.J.2
  • 2
    • 84987049333 scopus 로고
    • Landscape analysis of the forest-tundra ecotone in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado
    • Baker WL, Weisberg PJ (1995) Landscape analysis of the forest-tundra ecotone in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado. Prof Geogr 47:361-375
    • (1995) Prof Geogr , vol.47 , pp. 361-375
    • Baker, W.L.1    Weisberg, P.J.2
  • 3
    • 0001411796 scopus 로고
    • Vegetational pattern near alpine timberline as affected by fire-snowdrift interactions
    • Billings WD (1969) Vegetational pattern near alpine timberline as affected by fire-snowdrift interactions. Vegetatio 19:192-207
    • (1969) Vegetatio , vol.19 , pp. 192-207
    • Billings, W.D.1
  • 4
    • 0031873702 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Competition and facilitation on elevation gradients in subalpine forests of the northern Rocky Mountains, USA
    • Callaway RM (1998) Competition and facilitation on elevation gradients in subalpine forests of the northern Rocky Mountains, USA. Oikos 82:561-573
    • (1998) Oikos , vol.82 , pp. 561-573
    • Callaway, R.M.1
  • 5
    • 0036035788 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plant species distribution across two contrasting treeline ecotones in the Spanish Pyrenees
    • Camarero JJ, Gutierrez E (2002) Plant species distribution across two contrasting treeline ecotones in the Spanish Pyrenees. Plant Ecol 162: 247-257
    • (2002) Plant Ecol , vol.162 , pp. 247-257
    • Camarero, J.J.1    Gutierrez, E.2
  • 6
    • 0343006733 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial pattern of subalpine forest-alpine grassland ecotones in the Spanish Central Pyrenees
    • Camarero JJ, Gutierrez E, Fortin M (2000a) Spatial pattern of subalpine forest-alpine grassland ecotones in the Spanish Central Pyrenees. Forest Ecol Manage 134:1-16
    • (2000) Forest Ecol Manage , vol.134 , pp. 1-16
    • Camarero, J.J.1    Gutierrez, E.2    Fortin, M.3
  • 7
    • 0343570529 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Boundary detection in altitudinal treeline ecotones in the Spanish Central Pyrenees
    • Camarero JJ, Gutierrez E, Fortin MJ (2000b) Boundary detection in altitudinal treeline ecotones in the Spanish Central Pyrenees. Arct Antarct Alp Res 32:117-126
    • (2000) Arct Antarct Alp Res , vol.32 , pp. 117-126
    • Camarero, J.J.1    Gutierrez, E.2    Fortin, M.J.3
  • 9
    • 0022241346 scopus 로고
    • Seedling establishment by conifers above tree limit on Niwot Ridge, Front Range, Colorado, USA
    • Daly C, Shankman D (1985) Seedling establishment by conifers above tree limit on Niwot Ridge, Front Range, Colorado, USA. Arct Alp Res 17:389-400
    • (1985) Arct Alp Res , vol.17 , pp. 389-400
    • Daly, C.1    Shankman, D.2
  • 12
    • 0033047156 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rates and mechanisms of subalpine forest succession along an environmental gradient
    • Donnegan JA, Rebertus AJ (1999) Rates and mechanisms of subalpine forest succession along an environmental gradient. Ecology 80:1370-1384
    • (1999) Ecology , vol.80 , pp. 1370-1384
    • Donnegan, J.A.1    Rebertus, A.J.2
  • 13
    • 0026314397 scopus 로고
    • Competition and the coexistence of species in a mixed podocarp stand
    • Duncan RP (1991) Competition and the coexistence of species in a mixed podocarp stand. J Ecol 79:1073-1084
    • (1991) J Ecol , vol.79 , pp. 1073-1084
    • Duncan, R.P.1
  • 14
    • 0027883992 scopus 로고
    • Flood disturbance and the coexistence of species in a lowland podocarp forest, South Westland, New Zealand
    • Duncan RP (1993) Flood disturbance and the coexistence of species in a lowland podocarp forest, South Westland, New Zealand. J Ecol 81:403-416
    • (1993) J Ecol , vol.81 , pp. 403-416
    • Duncan, R.P.1
  • 15
    • 0343877079 scopus 로고
    • Medicine Bow Mountains, Wyoming. PhD Thesis, University of Washington, Seattle
    • Earle CJ (1993) Forest dynamics in a forest-tundra ecotone, Medicine Bow Mountains, Wyoming. PhD Thesis, University of Washington, Seattle
    • (1993) Forest Dynamics in a Forest-tundra Ecotone
    • Earle, C.J.1
  • 18
    • 0036034245 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conifer seedling distribution and survival in an alpine-treeline ecotone
    • Germino MJ, Smith WK, Resor AC (2002) Conifer seedling distribution and survival in an alpine-treeline ecotone. Plant Ecol 162:157-168
    • (2002) Plant Ecol , vol.162 , pp. 157-168
    • Germino, M.J.1    Smith, W.K.2    Resor, A.C.3
  • 19
    • 0242371795 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Avoiding misinterpretation of biotic interactions with the intertype K-12-function: Population independence vs. random labelling hypotheses
    • Goreaud F, Pelissier R (2003) Avoiding misinterpretation of biotic interactions with the intertype K-12-function: population independence vs. random labelling hypotheses. J Veg Sci 14:681-692
    • (2003) J Veg Sci , vol.14 , pp. 681-692
    • Goreaud, F.1    Pelissier, R.2
  • 20
    • 0024901851 scopus 로고
    • The climate of Niwot Ridge, front range, Colorado, USA
    • Greenland D (1989) The climate of Niwot Ridge, Front Range, Colorado, USA. Arct Alp Res 21:380-391
    • (1989) Arct Alp Res , vol.21 , pp. 380-391
    • Greenland, D.1
  • 22
    • 0028983927 scopus 로고
    • Spatial pattern analysis in ecology based on Ripley's K-function: Introduction and methods of edge correction
    • Haase P (1995) Spatial pattern analysis in ecology based on Ripley's K-function: introduction and methods of edge correction. J Veg Sci 6:575-582
    • (1995) J Veg Sci , vol.6 , pp. 575-582
    • Haase, P.1
  • 24
    • 17144437468 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seedling occurrence in alpine treeline conifers: A case study from the central Rocky Mountains, USA
    • Hattenschwiler S, Smith WK (1999) Seedling occurrence in alpine treeline conifers: a case study from the central Rocky Mountains, USA. Acta Oecol 20:219-224
    • (1999) Acta Oecol , vol.20 , pp. 219-224
    • Hattenschwiler, S.1    Smith, W.K.2
  • 25
    • 0033838083 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Density-dependent effects on tree survival in an old-growth Douglas fir forest
    • He FL, Duncan RP (2000) Density-dependent effects on tree survival in an old-growth Douglas fir forest. J Ecol 88:676-688
    • (2000) J Ecol , vol.88 , pp. 676-688
    • He, F.L.1    Duncan, R.P.2
  • 26
    • 0030613435 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spruce and fir regeneration and climate in the forest-tundra ecotone of Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, USA
    • Hessl AE, Baker WL (1997) Spruce and fir regeneration and climate in the forest-tundra ecotone of Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, USA. Arct Alp Res 29:173-183
    • (1997) Arct Alp Res , vol.29 , pp. 173-183
    • Hessl, A.E.1    Baker, W.L.2
  • 28
    • 0037220815 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Landscape controls on organic and inorganic nitrogen leaching across an alpine/subalpine ecotone, Green Lakes Valley, Colorado Front Range
    • Hood EW, Williams MW, Caine N (2003) Landscape controls on organic and inorganic nitrogen leaching across an alpine/subalpine ecotone, Green Lakes Valley, Colorado Front Range. Ecosystems 6:31-45
    • (2003) Ecosystems , vol.6 , pp. 31-45
    • Hood, E.W.1    Williams, M.W.2    Caine, N.3
  • 29
    • 0022830765 scopus 로고
    • Dendroecological studies in the Front Range, Colorado, USA
    • Kienast F, Schweingruber FH (1986) Dendroecological studies in the Front Range, Colorado, USA. Arct Alp Res 18:277-288
    • (1986) Arct Alp Res , vol.18 , pp. 277-288
    • Kienast, F.1    Schweingruber, F.H.2
  • 30
    • 0000084612 scopus 로고
    • Methods for analyzing spatial processes of several types of points
    • Lotwick HW, Silverman BW (1982) Methods for analyzing spatial processes of several types of points. J R Stat Soc B Met 44:406-413
    • (1982) J R Stat Soc B Met , vol.44 , pp. 406-413
    • Lotwick, H.W.1    Silverman, B.W.2
  • 31
    • 0003251415 scopus 로고
    • Ecosystems of the east slope of the Front Range in Colorado
    • Marr JW (1961) Ecosystems of the east slope of the Front Range in Colorado. Univ Colorado Studies Ser Biol 8:1-134
    • (1961) Univ Colorado Studies Ser Biol , vol.8 , pp. 1-134
    • Marr, J.W.1
  • 32
    • 0031460291 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scales of above-ground and below-ground competition in a semi-arid woodland detected from spatial pattern
    • Martens SN, Breshears DD, Meyer CW, Barnes FJ (1997) Scales of above-ground and below-ground competition in a semi-arid woodland detected from spatial pattern. J Veg Sci 8:655-664
    • (1997) J Veg Sci , vol.8 , pp. 655-664
    • Martens, S.N.1    Breshears, D.D.2    Meyer, C.W.3    Barnes, F.J.4
  • 33
    • 0033045908 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tree spatial patterns and stand development along the pine-grassland ecotone in the Colorado Front Range
    • Mast JN, Veblen TT (1999) Tree spatial patterns and stand development along the pine-grassland ecotone in the Colorado Front Range. Can J Forest Res 29:575-584
    • (1999) Can J Forest Res , vol.29 , pp. 575-584
    • Mast, J.N.1    Veblen, T.T.2
  • 34
    • 0024901578 scopus 로고
    • Terrain shape index-quantifying effect of minor landforms on tree height
    • McNab WH (1989) Terrain shape index-quantifying effect of minor landforms on tree height. Forest Sci 35:91-104
    • (1989) Forest Sci , vol.35 , pp. 91-104
    • McNab, W.H.1
  • 35
    • 0027882935 scopus 로고
    • A topographic index to quantify the effect of mesoscale landform on site productivity
    • McNab WH (1993) A topographic index to quantify the effect of mesoscale landform on site productivity. Can J Forest Res 23:1100-1107
    • (1993) Can J Forest Res , vol.23 , pp. 1100-1107
    • McNab, W.H.1
  • 36
    • 0027133999 scopus 로고
    • Characterizing spatial patterns of trees using stem-mapped data
    • Moeur M (1993) Characterizing spatial patterns of trees using stem-mapped data. Forest Sci 39:756-775
    • (1993) Forest Sci , vol.39 , pp. 756-775
    • Moeur, M.1
  • 37
    • 0033396865 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microscale patterns of tree establishment near upper treeline, Snowy Range, Wyoming, USA
    • Moir WH, Rochelle SG, Schoettle AW (1999) Microscale patterns of tree establishment near upper treeline, Snowy Range, Wyoming, USA. Arct Antarct Alp Res 31:379-388
    • (1999) Arct Antarct Alp Res , vol.31 , pp. 379-388
    • Moir, W.H.1    Rochelle, S.G.2    Schoettle, A.W.3
  • 39
    • 0141586650 scopus 로고
    • Forest vegetation of the Colorado Front Range
    • Peet RK (1981) Forest vegetation of the Colorado Front Range. Vegetatio 45:131-140
    • (1981) Vegetatio , vol.45 , pp. 131-140
    • Peet, R.K.1
  • 40
    • 2642690678 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tree spatial patterns in three contrasting plots of a southern Indian tropical moist evergreen forest
    • Pelissier R (1998) Tree spatial patterns in three contrasting plots of a southern Indian tropical moist evergreen forest. J Trop Ecol 14:1-16
    • (1998) J Trop Ecol , vol.14 , pp. 1-16
    • Pelissier, R.1
  • 41
    • 84986815919 scopus 로고
    • Stand dynamics of Pinus flexilis-dominated sub-alpine forests in the Colorado Front Range
    • Rebertus AJ, Burns BR, Veblen TT (1991) Stand dynamics of Pinus flexilis-dominated sub-alpine forests in the Colorado Front Range. J Veg Sci 2:445-458
    • (1991) J Veg Sci , vol.2 , pp. 445-458
    • Rebertus, A.J.1    Burns, B.R.2    Veblen, T.T.3
  • 42
    • 33645673951 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Geomorphic controls of spatial pattern and process at alpine treeline
    • Resler LM (2006) Geomorphic controls of spatial pattern and process at alpine treeline. Prof Geogr 58:124-138
    • (2006) Prof Geogr , vol.58 , pp. 124-138
    • Resler, L.M.1
  • 43
    • 26644452753 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Topographic shelter and conifer establishment and mortality in an alpine environment, Glacier National Park, Montana
    • Resler LM, Butler DR, Malanson GP (2005) Topographic shelter and conifer establishment and mortality in an alpine environment, Glacier National Park, Montana. Phys Geogr 26:112-125
    • (2005) Phys Geogr , vol.26 , pp. 112-125
    • Resler, L.M.1    Butler, D.R.2    Malanson, G.P.3
  • 44
    • 0000135848 scopus 로고
    • Modelling spatial patterns
    • Ripley BD (1977) Modelling spatial patterns. J R Stat Soc B 39:172-211
    • (1977) J R Stat Soc B , vol.39 , pp. 172-211
    • Ripley, B.D.1
  • 46
    • 0021557855 scopus 로고
    • Tree regeneration following fire as evidence of timberline stability in the Colorado Front Range, USA
    • Shankman D (1984) Tree regeneration following fire as evidence of timberline stability in the Colorado Front Range, USA. Arct Alp Res 16:413-417
    • (1984) Arct Alp Res , vol.16 , pp. 413-417
    • Shankman, D.1
  • 47
    • 0006408109 scopus 로고
    • Forest regeneration above tree limit depressed by fire in the Colorado Front Range
    • Shankman D, Daly C (1988) Forest regeneration above tree limit depressed by fire in the Colorado Front Range. Bull Torrey Bot Club 115:272-279
    • (1988) Bull Torrey Bot Club , vol.115 , pp. 272-279
    • Shankman, D.1    Daly, C.2
  • 48
    • 0022166778 scopus 로고
    • Demographic aspects of coexistence in Engelmann spruce and subalpine fir
    • Shea KL (1985) Demographic aspects of coexistence in Engelmann spruce and subalpine fir. Am J Bot 72:1823-1833
    • (1985) Am J Bot , vol.72 , pp. 1823-1833
    • Shea, K.L.1
  • 49
    • 0036353836 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatio-temporal variability and environmental controls of methane fluxes at the forest-tundra ecotone in the Fennoscandian mountains
    • Sjogersten S, Wookey PA (2002) Spatio-temporal variability and environmental controls of methane fluxes at the forest-tundra ecotone in the Fennoscandian mountains. Glob Change Biol 8:885-894
    • (2002) Glob Change Biol , vol.8 , pp. 885-894
    • Sjogersten, S.1    Wookey, P.A.2
  • 51
    • 0345331021 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Another perspective on altitudinal limits of alpine timberlines
    • Smith WK, Germino MJ, Hancock TE, Johnson DM (2003) Another perspective on altitudinal limits of alpine timberlines. Tree Physiol 23:1101-1112
    • (2003) Tree Physiol , vol.23 , pp. 1101-1112
    • Smith, W.K.1    Germino, M.J.2    Hancock, T.E.3    Johnson, D.M.4
  • 52
    • 0000314538 scopus 로고
    • Induction of vertical zones in sub-alpine valley forests by avalanche-formed fuel breaks
    • Suffling R (1993) Induction of vertical zones in sub-alpine valley forests by avalanche-formed fuel breaks. Landscape Ecol 8:127-138
    • (1993) Landscape Ecol , vol.8 , pp. 127-138
    • Suffling, R.1
  • 53
    • 0022843649 scopus 로고
    • Canonical correspondence analysis: A new eigenvector technique for multivariate direct gradient analysis
    • Ter Braak CJF (1986) Canonical correspondence analysis: a new eigenvector technique for multivariate direct gradient analysis. Ecology 67:1167-1179
    • (1986) Ecology , vol.67 , pp. 1167-1179
    • Ter Braak, C.J.F.1
  • 56
    • 0001338061 scopus 로고
    • Age and size structure of sub-alpine forests in the Colorado Front Range
    • Veblen TT (1986) Age and size structure of sub-alpine forests in the Colorado Front Range. B Torrey Bot Club 113:225-240
    • (1986) B Torrey Bot Club , vol.113 , pp. 225-240
    • Veblen, T.T.1
  • 57
    • 0026306870 scopus 로고
    • Disturbance and stand development of a Colorado sub-alpine forest
    • Veblen TT, Hadley KS, Reid MS (1991) Disturbance and stand development of a Colorado sub-alpine forest. J Biogeogr 18:707-716
    • (1991) J Biogeogr , vol.18 , pp. 707-716
    • Veblen, T.T.1    Hadley, K.S.2    Reid, M.S.3
  • 58
    • 0028176242 scopus 로고
    • Effects of interannual climate variation on aboveground phytomass in alpine vegetation
    • Walker MD, Webber PJ, Arnold EH, Ebert-May D (1994) Effects of interannual climate variation on aboveground phytomass in alpine vegetation. Ecology 75:393-408
    • (1994) Ecology , vol.75 , pp. 393-408
    • Walker, M.D.1    Webber, P.J.2    Arnold, E.H.3    Ebert-May, D.4
  • 61
    • 0028980506 scopus 로고
    • Spatial variation in tree seedling and krummholz growth in the forest-tundra ecotone of Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, U.S.A.
    • Weisberg PJ, Baker WL (1995) Spatial variation in tree seedling and krummholz growth in the forest-tundra ecotone of Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, U.S.A. Arct Alp Res 27:116-129
    • (1995) Arct Alp Res , vol.27 , pp. 116-129
    • Weisberg, P.J.1    Baker, W.L.2
  • 63
    • 0000904945 scopus 로고
    • Age structure and successional dynamics of a Colorado subalpine forest
    • Whipple SA, Dix RL (1979) Age structure and successional dynamics of a Colorado subalpine forest. Am Midl Nat 101:142-158
    • (1979) Am Midl Nat , vol.101 , pp. 142-158
    • Whipple, S.A.1    Dix, R.L.2
  • 64
    • 0942267948 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rings, circles, and null-models for point pattern analysis in ecology
    • Wiegand T, Moloney KA (2004) Rings, circles, and null-models for point pattern analysis in ecology. Oikos 104:209-229
    • (2004) Oikos , vol.104 , pp. 209-229
    • Wiegand, T.1    Moloney, K.A.2
  • 65
    • 0037799893 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using pattern-oriented modeling for revealing hidden information: A key for reconciling ecological theory and application
    • Wiegand T, Jeltsch F, Hanski I, Grimm V (2003) Using pattern-oriented modeling for revealing hidden information: a key for reconciling ecological theory and application. Oikos 100:209-222
    • (2003) Oikos , vol.100 , pp. 209-222
    • Wiegand, T.1    Jeltsch, F.2    Hanski, I.3    Grimm, V.4
  • 66
    • 33745257300 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Extending point pattern analysis for objects of finite size and irregular shape
    • Wiegand T, Kissling WD, Cipriotti PA, Aguiar MR (2006) Extending point pattern analysis for objects of finite size and irregular shape. J Ecol 94:825-837
    • (2006) J Ecol , vol.94 , pp. 825-837
    • Wiegand, T.1    Kissling, W.D.2    Cipriotti, P.A.3    Aguiar, M.R.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.