Getting to the heart of the matter: Epidemiology of cyanotic heart defects

Pediatric Cardiology

Volumn 29, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 484-497

  Kornosky, Jennifer L ^a,b   Salihu, Hamisu M ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH FLORIDA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH FLORIDA   (United States)

Author keywords

Congenital heart defects; Cyanotic; Epidemiology

Indexed keywords

CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE; CYANOTIC HEART DISEASE; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DATA; ETHNICITY; HUMAN; MATERNAL AGE; PATERNAL AGE; PREVALENCE; RACE DIFFERENCE; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SEX DIFFERENCE; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW;

AGE FACTORS; CYANOSIS; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; FEMALE; HEART DEFECTS, CONGENITAL; HUMANS; INFANT, NEWBORN; MALE; MATERNAL AGE; NUTRITIONAL STATUS; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS; SEX FACTORS; SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS;

EID: 43549108533     PISSN: 01720643     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00246-007-9185-9     Document Type: Review

References (113)

1. Adams MM, Mulinare J, Dooley K (1989) Risk factors for conotruncal cardiac defects in Atlanta. J Am Coll Cardiol 14:432-442
2. Aronson KJ, Dodds LA, Marrett L, Wall C (1996) Congenital anomalies among the offspring of fire fighters. Am J Ind Med 30:83-86
3. Baird PA, Sadovnick AD, Yee IM (1991) Maternal age and birth defects: a population study. Lancet 337:527-530
4. Becerra JE, Khoury MJ, Cordero JF, Erickson JD (1990) Diabetes mellitus during pregnancy and the risks for specific birth defects: a population-based case-control study. Pediatrics 85:1-9
5. Bertollini R, Mastroiacovo P, Segni G (1985) Maternal epilepsy and birth defects: a case-control study in the Italian Multicentric Registry of Birth Defects (IPIMC). Eur J Epidemiol 1:67-72
6. Boneva RS, Botto LD, Moore CA, Yang Q, Correa A, Erickson JD (2001) Mortality associated with congenital heart defects in the United States: trends and racial disparities, 1979-1997. Circulation 103:2376-2381
7. Boneva RS, Moore CA, Botto L, Wong LY, Erickson JD (1999) Nausea during pregnancy and congenital heart defects: a population-based case-control study. Am J Epidemiol 149:717-725
8. Botto LD, Correa A, Erickson JD (2001) Racial and temporal variations in the prevalence of heart defects. Pediatrics 107:E32
9. Botto LD, Erickson JD, Mulinare J, Lynberg MC, Liu Y (2002) Maternal fever, multivitamin use, and selected birth defects: evidence of interaction? Epidemiology 13:485-488
10. Botto LD, Khoury MJ, Mulinare J, Erickson JD (1996) Periconceptional multivitamin use and the occurrence of conotruncal heart defects: results from a population-based, case-control study. Pediatrics 98:911-917
11. Botto LD, Loffredo C, Scanlon KS, et al. (2001) Vitamin A and cardiac outflow tract defects. Epidemiology 12:491-496
12. Botto LD, Lynberg MC, Erickson JD (2001) Congenital heart defects, maternal febrile illness, and multivitamin use: a population-based study. Epidemiology 12:485-490
13. Botto LD, Mulinare J, Erickson JD (2000) Occurrence of congenital heart defects in relation to maternal mulitivitamin use. Am J Epidemiol 151:878-884
14. Bound JP, Logan WF (1977) Incidence of congenital heart disease in Blackpool 1957-1971. Br Heart J 39:445-450
15. Bove FJ, Fulcomer MC, Klotz JB, Esmart J, Dufficy EM, Savrin JE (1995) Public drinking water contamination and birth outcomes. Am J Epidemiol 141:850-862
16. Canfield MA, Collins JS, Botto LD, et al. (2005) Changes in the birth prevalence of selected birth defects after grain fortification with folic acid in the United States: findings from a multi-state population-based study Birth Defects Res A: Clin Mol Teratol 73:679-689
17. Carmichael SL, Shaw GM, Yang W, Lammer EJ (2003) Maternal periconceptional alcohol consumption and risk for conotruncal heart defects. Birth Defects Res A: Clin Mol Teratol 67:875-878
18. Catalano R, Bruckner T, Marks AR, Eskenazi B (2006) Exogenous shocks to the human sex ratio: the case of September 11, 2001 in New York City. Hum Reprod 21:3127-3131
19. Cedergren MI, Kallen BA (2003) Maternal obesity and infant heart defects. Obes Res 11:1065-1071
20. Cedergren MI, Selbing AJ, Lofman O, Kallen BA (2002) Chlorination byproducts and nitrate in drinking water and risk for congenital cardiac defects. Environ Res 89:124-130
21. Centers for Disease Control, Prevention National Center for Health Statistics, Division of Health Interview Statistics, Data from the National Health Interview Survey. Data computed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Division of Diabetes Translation (2007) National Diabetes Surveillance System: Prevalence of diabetes. Available from http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/statistics/ prev/national/figraceethsex.htm
22. Chavez GF, Cordero JF, Becerra JE (1988) Leading major congenital malformations among minority groups in the United States, 1981-1986. MMWR CDC Surveill Summ 37:17-24
23. Cleves MA, Ghaffar S, Zhao W, Mosley BS, Hobbs CA (2003) First-year survival of infants born with congenital heart defects in Arkansas (1993-1998): a survival analysis using registry data. Birth Defects Res A: Clin Mol Teratol 67:662-668
24. Coddington DA, Hisnanick JJ (1996) Midline congenital anomalies: the estimated occurrence among American Indian and Alaska Native infants. Clin Genet 50:74-77
25. Cordier S, Bergeret A, Goujard J, et al. (1997) Congenital malformation and maternal occupational exposure to glycol ethers. Occupational Exposure and Congenital Malformations Working Group. Epidemiology 8:355-363
26. Correa-Villasenor A, Ferencz C, Loffredo C, Magee C (1993) Paternal exposures and cardiovascular malformations. The Baltimore-Washington Infant Study Group. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 3(Suppl 1):173-185
27. Correa-Villasenor A, Ferencz C, Neill CA, Wilson PD, Boughman JA (1994) Ebstein's malformation of the tricuspid valve: genetic and environmental factors. The Baltimore-Washington Infant Study Group. Teratology 50:137-147
28. Correa-Villasenor A, McCarter R, Downing J, Ferencz C (1991) White-black differences in cardiovascular malformations in infancy and socioeconomic factors. The Baltimore-Washington Infant Study Group. Am J Epidemiol 134:393-402
29. Croen LA, Shaw GM, Sanbonmatsu L, Selvin S, Buffler PA (1997) Maternal residential proximity to hazardous waste sites and risk for selected congenital malformations. Epidemiology 8:347-354
30. Cymbron T, Anjos R, Cabral R, Macedo C, Pereira Duarte C, Mota-Vieira L (2006) Epidemiological characterization of congenital heart disease in Sao Miguel Island, Azores, Portugal. Community Genet 9:107-112
31. Driscoll DJ (1990) Evaluation of the cyanotic newborn. Pediatr Clin North Am 37:1-23
32. Elliott MR, Wang Y, Lowe RA, Kleindorfer PR (2004) Environmental justice: frequency and severity of US chemical industry accidents and the socioeconomic status of surrounding communities. J Epidemiol Community Health 58:24-30
33. Ferencz C, Rubin JD, McCarter RJ, Clark EB (1990) Maternal diabetes and cardiovascular malformations: predominance of double outlet right ventricle and truncus arteriosus. Teratology 41:319-326
34. Forrester MB, Merz RD (2004) Descriptive epidemiology of selected congenital heart defects, Hawaii, 1986-1999. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 18:415-424
35. Francannet C, Lancaster PA, Pradat P, Cocchi G, Stoll C (1993) The epidemiology of three serious cardiac defects. A joint study between five centres. Eur J Epidemiol 9:607-616
36. Friis ML, Hauge M (1985) Congenital heart defects in live-born children of epileptic parents. Arch Neurol 42:374-376
37. Goldberg SJ, Lebowitz MD, Graver EJ, Hicks S (1990) An association of human congenital cardiac malformations and drinking water contaminants. J Am Coll Cardiol 16:155-164
38. Heinonen OP, Slone D, Monson RR, Hook EB, Shapiro S (1977) Cardiovascular birth defects and antenatal exposure to female sex hormones. N Engl J Med 296:67-70
39. Hook EB (1994) Cardiovascular birth defects and prenatal exposure to female sex hormones: a reevaluation of data reanalysis from a large prospective study. Teratology 49:162-166
40. Anon. (2007) Hospital stays, hospital charges, and in-hospital deaths among infants with selected birth defects-United States, 2003. (2007) MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 56:25-29
41. Jacobson SJ, Jones K, Johnson K, et al. (1992) Prospective multicentre study of pregnancy outcome after lithium exposure during first trimester. Lancet 339:530-533
42. Jarrell JF, Gocmen A, Akyol D, Brant R (2002) Hexachlorobenzene exposure and the proportion of male births in Turkey 1935-1990. Reprod Toxicol 16:65-70
43. Kallen B, Tandberg A (1983) Lithium and pregnancy. A cohort study on manic-depressive women. Acta Psychiatr Scand 68:134-139
44. Kallen BA, Otterblad Olausson P (2003) Maternal drug use in early pregnancy and infant cardiovascular defect. Reprod Toxicol 17:255-261
45. Kallen BA, Otterblad Olausson P, Danielsson BR (2005) Is erythromycin therapy teratogenic in humans? Reprod Toxicol 20:209-214
46. Kallen K (1999) Maternal smoking and congenital heart defects. Eur J Epidemiol 15:731-737
47. Kapusta L, Haagmans ML, Steegers EA, Cuypers MH, Blom HJ, Eskes TK (1999) Congenital heart defects and maternal derangement of homocysteine metabolism. J Pediatr 135:773-774
48. Karmaus W, Huang S, Cameron L (2002) Parental concentration of dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethene and polychlorinated biphenyls in Michigan fish eaters and sex ratio in offspring. J Occup Environ Med 44:8-13
49. Kazaura M, Lie RT, Skjaerven R (2004) Paternal age and the risk of birth defects in Norway. Ann Epidemiol 14:566-570
50. Khoury MJ, Waters GD, Martin ML, Edmonds LD (1991) Are offspring of women with hereditary hematologic disorders at increased risk of congenital cardiovascular malformations? Genet Epidemiol 8:417-423
51. Kidd SA, Lancaster PA, McCredie RM (1993) The incidence of congenital heart defects in the first year of life. J Paediatr Child Health 29:344-349
52. Kuehl KS, Loffredo CA (2003) Population-based study of l-transposition of the great arteries: possible associations with environmental factors. Birth Defects Res A: Clin Mol Teratol 67:162-167
53. Kuehl KS, Loffredo CA (2006) A cluster of hypoplastic left heart malformation in Baltimore, Maryland. Pediatr Cardiol 27:25-31
54. Lary JM, Paulozzi LJ (2001) Sex differences in the prevalence of human birth defects: a population-based study. Teratology 64:237-251
55. Loffredo CA, Silbergeld EK, Ferencz C, Zhang J (2001) Association of transposition of the great arteries in infants with maternal exposures to herbicides and rodenticides. Am J Epidemiol 153:529-536
56. Lowry RB, Thunem NY, Silver M (1986) Congenital anomalies in American Indians of British Columbia. Genet Epidemiol 3:455-467
57. Lowy C, Beard RW, Goldschmidt J (1986) Congenital malformations in babies of diabetic mothers. Diabet Med 3:458-462
58. Malik S, Schecter A, Caughy M, Fixler DE (2004) Effect of proximity to hazardous waste sites on the development of congenital heart disease. Arch Environ Health 59:177-181
59. Martinez-Frias ML (2001) Heterotaxia as an outcome of maternal diabetes: an epidemiological study. Am J Med Genet 99:142-146
60. Martinez-Frias ML, Salvador J (1990) Epidemiological aspects of prenatal exposure to high doses of vitamin A in Spain. Eur J Epidemiol 6:118-123
61. Mastroiacovo P, Mazzone T, Addis A, et al. (1999) High vitamin A intake in early pregnancy and major malformations: a multicenter prospective controlled study. Teratology 59:7-11
62. Mastroiacovo P, Spagnolo A, Marni E, et al. (1988) Birth defects in the Seveso area after TCDD contamination. JAMA 259:1668-1672
63. Matalon KM, Acosta PB, Azen C (2003) Role of nutrition in pregnancy with phenylketonuria and birth defects. Pediatrics 112:1534-1536
64. McBride KL, Marengo L, Canfield M, Langlois P, Fixler D, Belmont JW (2005) Epidemiology of noncomplex left ventricular outflow tract obstruction malformations (aortic valve stenosis, coarctation of the aorta, hypoplastic left heart syndrome) in Texas, 1999-2001. Birth Defects Res A: Clin Mol Teratol 73:555-561
65. Michals-Matalon K, Platt LD, Acosta PP, Azen C, Walla CA (2002) Nutrient intake and congenital heart defects in maternal phenylketonuria. Am J Obstet Gynecol 187:441-444
66. Mikhail LN, Walker CK, Mittendorf R (2002) Association between maternal obesity and fetal cardiac malformations in African Americans. J Natl Med Assoc 94:695-700
67. Mills JL, Simpson JL, Cunningham GC, Conley MR, Rhoads GG (1997) Vitamin A and birth defects. Am J Obstet Gynecol 177:31-36
68. Morello-Frosch R, Pastor M, Jr., Porras C, Sadd J (2002) Environmental justice and regional inequality in southern California: implications for future research. Environ Health Perspect 110(Suppl 2):149-154
69. Nembhard WN, Waller DK, Sever LE, Canfield MA (2001) Patterns of first-year survival among infants with selected congenital anomalies in Texas, 1995-1997. Teratology 64:267-275
70. O'Malley CD, Shaw GM, Wasserman CR, Lammer EJ (1996) Epidemiologic characteristics of conotruncal heart defects in California, 1987-1988. Teratology 53:374-377
71. Olshan AF, Schnitzer PG, Baird PA (1994) Paternal age and the risk of congenital heart defects. Teratology 50:80-84
72. Paneth N, Kiely M, Hegyi T, Hiatt IM (1984) Investigation of a temporal cluster of left sided congenital heart disease. J Epidemiol Community Health 38:340-344
73. Perlin SA, Wong D, Sexton K (2001) Residential proximity to industrial sources of air pollution: interrelationships among race, poverty, and age. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 51:406-421
74. Platt LD, Koch R, Hanley WB, et al. (2000) The international study of pregnancy outcome in women with maternal phenylketonuria: report of a 12-year study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 182:326-333
75. Porter MP, Faizan MK, Grady RW, Mueller BA (2005) Hypospadias in Washington State: maternal risk factors and prevalence trends. Pediatrics 115:e495-e499
76. Pradat P (1992) A case-control study of major congenital heart defects in Sweden, 1981-1986. Eur J Epidemiol 8:789-796
77. Pradat P (1992) Epidemiology of major congenital heart defects in Sweden, 1981-1986. J Epidemiol Community Health 46:211-215
78. Pradat P (1993) Maternal occupation and congenital heart defects: a case-control study. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 65:13-18
79. Pradat P, Francannet C, Harris JA, Robert E (2003) The epidemiology of cardiovascular defects, part I: a study based on data from three large registries of congenital malformations. Pediatr Cardiol 24:195-221
80. Reefhuis J, Honein MA (2004) Maternal age and non-chromosomal birth defects, Atlanta,1968-2000: teenager or thirty-something, who is at risk? Birth Defects Res A: Clin Mol Teratol 70:572-579
81. Ritz B, Yu F, Fruin S, Chapa G, Shaw GM, Harris JA (2002) Ambient air pollution and risk of birth defects in Southern California. Am J Epidemiol 155:17-25
82. Rosenberg L, Mitchell AA, Shapiro S, Slone D (1982) Selected birth defects in relation to caffeine-containing beverages. JAMA 247:1429-1432
83. Rothman KJ, Fyler DC (1976) Association of congenital heart defects with season and population density. Teratology 13:29-34
84. Rothman KJ, Fyler DC (1976) Sex, birth order, and maternal age characteristics of infants with congenital heart defects. Am J Epidemiol 104:527-534
85. Rothman KJ, Moore LL, Singer MR, Nguyen US, Mannino S, Milunsky A (1995) Teratogenicity of high vitamin A intake. N Engl J Med 333:1369-1373
86. Rouse B, Azen C, Koch R, et al. (1997) Maternal Phenylketonuria Collaborative Study (MPKUCS) offspring: facial anomalies, malformations, and early neurological sequelae. Am J Med Genet 69:89-95
87. Samanek M (1994) Boy:girl ratio in children born with different forms of cardiac malformation: a population-based study. Pediatr Cardiol 15:53-57
88. Savona-Ventura C, Gatt M (2004) Embryonal risks in gestational diabetes mellitus. Early Hum Dev 79:59-63
89. Scanlon KS, Ferencz C, Loffredo CA, et al. (1998) Preconceptional folate intake and malformations of the cardiac outflow tract. Baltimore-Washington Infant Study Group. Epidemiology 9:95-98
90. Senturia YD, Peckham CS (1990) Children fathered by men treated with chemotherapy for testicular cancer. Eur J Cancer 26:429-432
91. Shaw GM, O'Malley CD, Wasserman CR, Tolarova MM, Lammer EJ (1995) Maternal periconceptional use of multivitamins and reduced risk for conotruncal heart defects and limb deficiencies among offspring. Am J Med Genet 59:536-545
92. Shaw GM, Todoroff K, Schaffer DM, Selvin S (2000) Maternal height and prepregnancy body mass index as risk factors for selected congenital anomalies. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 14:234-239
93. Siffel C, Alverson CJ, Correa A (2005) Analysis of seasonal variation of birth defects in Atlanta. Birth Defects Res A: Clin Mol Teratol 73:655-662
94. Sipek A (1989) Lithium and Ebstein's anomaly. Cor Vasa 31:149-156
95. Stoll C, Alembik Y, Roth MP, Dott B, De Geeter B (1989) Risk factors in congenital heart disease. Eur J Epidemiol 5:382-391
96. Storch TG, Mannick EE (1992) Epidemiology of congenital heart disease in Louisiana: an association between race and sex and the prevalence of specific cardiac malformations. Teratology 46:271-276
97. Strobino B, Abid S, Gewitz M (1999) Maternal Lyme disease and congenital heart disease: a case-control study in an endemic area. Am J Obstet Gynecol 180:711-716
98. Swan SH, Shaw G, Harris JA, Neutra RR (1989) Congenital cardiac anomalies in relation to water contamination, Santa Clara County, California, 1981-1983. Am J Epidemiol 129:885-893
99. Tikkanen J, Heinonen OP (1988) Cardiovascular malformations and organic solvent exposure during pregnancy in Finland. Am J Ind Med 14:1-8
100. Tikkanen J, Heinonen OP (1990) Risk factors for cardiovascular malformations in Finland. Eur J Epidemiol 6:348-356
101. Tikkanen J, Heinonen OP (1991) Maternal exposure to chemical and physical factors during pregnancy and cardiovascular malformations in the offspring. Teratology 43:591-600
102. Tikkanen J, Heinonen OP (1991) Maternal hyperthermia during pregnancy and cardiovascular malformations in the offspring. Eur J Epidemiol 7:628-635
103. Tikkanen J, Heinonen OP (1992) Occupational risk factors for congenital heart disease. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 64:59-64
104. Tikkanen J, Heinonen OP (1992) Risk factors for conal malformations of the heart. Eur J Epidemiol 8:48-57
105. Tikkanen J, Heinonen OP, Kurppa K, Rantala K (1990) Cardiovascular malformations and maternal exposure to video display terminals during pregnancy. Eur J Epidemiol 6:61-66
106. Watkins ML, Botto LD (2001) Maternal prepregnancy weight and congenital heart defects in offspring. Epidemiology 12:439-446
107. Werler MM, Lammer EJ, Rosenberg L, Mitchell AA (1990) Maternal vitamin A supplementation in relation to selected birth defects. Teratology 42:497-503
108. Wilson PD, Loffredo CA, Correa-Villasenor A, Ferencz C (1998) Attributable fraction for cardiac malformations. Am J Epidemiol 148:414-423
109. Wiseman RA, Dodds-Smith IC (1984) Cardiovascular birth defects and antenatal exposure to female sex hormones: a reevaluation of some base data. Teratology 30:359-370
110. Yang Q, Wen SW, Leader A, Chen XK, Lipson J, Walker M (2007) Paternal age and birth defects: how strong is the association? Hum Reprod 22:696-701
111. Yauck JS, Malloy ME, Blair K, Simpson PM, McCarver DG (2004) Proximity of residence to trichloroethylene-emitting sites and increased risk of offspring congenital heart defects among older women. Birth Defects Res A: Clin Mol Teratol 70:808-814
112. Zalzstein E, Koren G, Einarson T, Freedom RM (1990) A case-control study on the association between first trimester exposure to lithium and Ebstein's anomaly. Am J Cardiol 65:817-818
113. Zhan SY, Lian ZH, Zheng DZ, Gao L (1991) Effect of fathers' age and birth order on occurrence of congenital heart disease. J Epidemiol Community Health 45:299-301