Multi-year assessment of Unilever's progress towards agricultural sustainability II: Outcomes for peas (UK), spinach (Germany, Italy), tomatoes (Australia, Brazil, Greece, USA), tea (Kenya, Tanzania, India) and oil palm (Ghana)

International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability

Volumn 6, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 63-88

  Pretty, J ^a   Smith, G ^b   Goulding, K W T ^c   Groves, S J ^d   Henderson, I ^e   Hine, R E ^a   King, V ^b   Van Oostrum, J ^b   Pendlington, D J ^f   Vis, J K ^f   Walter, C ^f  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ESSEX   (United Kingdom)

^b UNILEVER RESEARCH   (United Kingdom)

^c ROTHAMSTED RESEARCH   (United Kingdom)

^d ADAS BOXWORTH   (United Kingdom)

^e THE NUNNERY   (United Kingdom)

^f UNILEVER   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Agricultural sustainability; Indicators; Oil palm; Peas; Policy; Private sector; Spinach; Tea; Tomato

Indexed keywords

ELAEIS; LYCOPERSICON ESCULENTUM; PISUM SATIVUM; SPINACIA OLERACEA;

EID: 43449115424     PISSN: 14735903     EISSN: 1747762X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3763/ijas.2007.0323     Document Type: Article

References (35)

1. Altieri, M.A. (1995) Agroecology: The Science of Sustainable Agriculture. Boulder: Westview Press.
2. Burgess, P.J. and Carr, M.K.V. (1993) Responses of tea (Camellia sinensis) clones to drought. I. Yield, dry matter production and partitioning. Aspects of Applied Biology 34, 249-258.
3. Champion, G.T., May, M.J., Bennett, S., Brooks, D.R., Clark, S.J., Daniels, R.E., Firbank, L.G., Haughton, A.J., Hawes, C., Heard, M.S., Perry, J.N., Randle, Z., Rossall, M.J., Rothery, P., Skellern, M.P., Scott, R.J., Squire, G.R. and Thomas, M.R. (2003) Crop management and agronomic context of the Farm Scale Evaluations of genetically modified herbicide-tolerant crops. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 358, 1801-1818.
4. Conway, G.R. and Pretty, J.N. (1991) Unwelcome Harvest: Agriculture and Pollution. London: Earthscan.
5. Firbank, L.G., Rothery, P., May, M.J., Clark, S.J., Scott, R.J., Stuart, R.C., Boffey, C.W.H., Brooks, D.R., Champion, G.T., Haughton, A.J., Hawes, C., Heard, M.S., Dewar, A.M., Perry, J.N. and Squire, G.R. (2005) Effects of genetically modified herbicide-tolerant cropping systems on weed seedbanks in two years of following crops. Biological Letters 42, 1-5.
6. Fraser, A., McHugh, M. and Hollis, J. (2001) Integrated assessment of soil erosion/particulate transport risk. Birds Eye Wall's Sustainable Agriculture Project, Lowestoft.
7. Gliessman, S.R. (2005) Agroecology and agroecosystems. In J. Pretty (ed.) The Earthscan Reader in Sustainable Agriculture. London: Earthscan.
8. Henderson, I., Clark, N., Bodey, T., Holloway, S.J. and Armitage, M. (2004) The use of pea crops by farmland birds; Evidence for extended breeding and enhanced feeding opportunities in crop mosaics. British Trust for Ornithology Research Report No. 358.
9. Henderson, I, Clark, N. and Holloway, S. (2006) BTO Research Report No. 457. Changes in Farmland Bird Abundance at Colworth 2000-2006. A report by the British Trust for Ornithology under contract to Unilever Research. November 2006.
10. Leach, G. (1976) Energy and Food Production. Guildford: IPC Science and Technology Press, London: IIED.
11. Lewis, K.A., Newbold, M.J., Hall, A.M. and Broom, C.E. (1997) Eco-rating system for optimizing pesticide use at farm level. Part 1: theory and development. J. Agric. Engng. Res. 68, 271-279.
12. MEA (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment) (2005) Ecosystems and Well-Being. Washington, DC: Island Press.
13. McNeely, J.A. and Scherr, S.J. (2003) Ecoagriculture. Washington, DC: Island Press.
14. Myers, N., Mittermeier, R.A., Mittermeier, G.G., da Fonseca, G.A.B. and Kent, J. (2000) Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403, 853-858.
15. Ostrom, E. (1990) Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action. New York: Cambridge University Press.
16. Page, C. and Lovins, A. (2007) The greening of business: Opportunity or contradiction? In J. Pretty, A.S. Ball, T. Benton, J. Guivant, D. Lee, D. Orr, M. Pfeffer, and H. Ward (eds) Handbook on Environment and Society. London: Sage.
17. Petersen, P., Tardin, J.M. and Marochi, F. (2000) Participatory development of non-tillage systems without herbicides for family farming: the experience of the center-south region of Paraná. Environmental Development and Sustainability 1, 235-252.
18. Pollock, C., Crute, I., Dalton, H., Leaver, C. and Pretty, J. (eds) (2007) Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (Series B). Special Issue on Sustainable Agriculture. DOI 10.1098/rstb.2007.2193.
19. Porritt, J. (2005) Capitalism as if the World Matters. London: Earthscan.
20. Pretty, J. (2002) Agri-Culture. Reconnecting People, Land and Nature. London: Earthscan.
21. Pretty, J. (2003) Social capital and the collective management of resources. Science 302, 1912-1915.
22. Pretty, J. (ed.) (2005) The Pesticide Detox. London: Earthscan.
23. Pretty, J., Noble, A., Bossio, D., Dixon, J., Hine, R.E., Penning de Vries, P. and Morison, J.I.L. (2006) Resource conserving agriculture increases yields in developing countries. Environmental Science and Technology 40 (4), 1114-1119.
24. Pretty, J., Smith, G., Goulding, K.W.T., Groves, S.J., Henderson, I., Hine, R.E., King, V., van Oostrum, J., Pendlington, D.J., Vis, J.K. and Walter, C. (2008) Multi-year assessment of Unilever's progress towards agricultural sustainability I: Indicators, methodology and pilot farm results. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability 6 (1), 37-62.
25. Stephens, W., Burgess, P.J. and Carr, M.K.V. (1994) Yields and water use of tea in southern Tanzania. Aspects of Applied Biology 38, 223-230.
26. Swingland, I. (ed.) (2003) Carbon and Biodiversity. London: Earthscan.
27. Unilever (2002a) Sustainable Tea - Good Agricultural Practice Guidelines (for plantations) [at www.unilever. com].
28. Unilever (2002B) Sustainable Tea - Good Agricultural Practice Guidelines (for small farms) [at www.unilever.com].
29. Unilever (2003a) Sustainable Palm Oil - Good Agricultural Practice Guidelines [at www.unilever.com].
30. Unilever (2003b) Sustainable Vining Peas - Good Agricultural Practice Guidelines [at www.unilever.com].
31. Unilever (2003c) Sustainable Spinach - Good Agricultural Practice Guidelines [at www.unilever.com].
32. Unilever (2004) Sustainable Tomatoes - Good Agricultural Practice Guidelines [at www.unilever.com].
33. Uphoff, N. (1998) Understanding social capital: Learning from the analysis and experience of participation. In P. Dasgupta and I. Serageldin (eds) Social Capital: A Multiperspective Approach. Washington, DC: World Bank.
34. Uphoff, N. (ed.) (2002) Agroecological Innovations. London: Earthscan.
35. Whelan, M.J. (2007) Modeling pesticide leaching potential using PRoMPT (pesticide risk management and profiling tool). BHS 9th Hydrology Symposium, Durham.