A review of the clinical and epidemiologic burdens of epidemic malaria

American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

Volumn 71, Issue 2 SUPPL., 2004, Pages 128-135

  Kiszewski, Anthony E ^a   Teklehaimanot, Awash ^b  

^a HARVARD SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^b Earth Inst at Columbia University ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AFRICA; CONFERENCE PAPER; DEMOGRAPHY; ECONOMIC ASPECT; EPIDEMIC; HEALTH CARE FACILITY; HEALTH SURVEY; HUMAN; MALARIA;

EID: 4344687349     PISSN: 00029637     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2004.71.128     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (91)

1. Snow RW, Nahlen B, Palmer A, Connelly CA, Gupta S, Marsh K, 1998. Risk of severe malaria among African infants: direct evidence of clinical protection during early infancy. J Infect Dis 177: 819-822.
2. Imbert P, Sartelet I, Rogier C, Ka S, Baujat G, Candito D, 1997. Severe malaria among children in a low seasonal transmission area, Dakar, Senegal: influence of age on clinical presentation. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 91: 22-24.
3. Camargo LMA, Ferreira MU, Krieger H, De Camargo EP, da Silva LP, 1994. Unstable hypoendemic malaria in Rondonia (western Amazon region, Brazil): epidemic outbreaks and work-associated incidence in an agro-industrial rural settlement. Am J Trop Med Hyg 51: 16-25.
4. Crowe S, 1997. Malaria outbreak hits refugees in Tanzania. Lancet 350: 41
5. Meek SR, 1988. Epidemiology of malaria in displaced Khmers on the Thailand-Kampuchean border. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 19: 243-252.
6. Meskal FH, Kloos H, 1989. Vector-borne disease occurrence and spread as affected by labor migrations to irrigation schemes in Ethiopia. Service MW, ed. Demography and Vector-Borne Diseases. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 225-236.
7. Packard RM, 1986. Agricultural development, migrant labor and the resurgence of malaria in Swaziland. Soc Sci Med 22: 861-867.
8. Sawyer DR, 1992. Malaria on the Amazon Frontier: Economical and Social Aspects of Transmission and Control. Geneva: World Health Organization. Technical Report on Malaria Control in the Amazon Basin. TDR/FIELDMAL/SC/AMAZ/ 88. 3, 7-15.
9. Sevilla-Casas E, 1993. Human mobility and malaria risk in the Naya River basin in Colombia. Soc Sci Med 37: 1155-1167.
10. Woube M, 1997. Geographical distribution and dramatic increases in incidences of malaria: consequences of the resettlement scheme in Gambela, SW Ethiopia. Indian J Malariol 34: 140-163.
11. Gillies HM, 1993. Epidemiology of malaria. Gillies HM, Warrell DA, eds. Bruce-Chwatt's Essential Malariology. Third Edition. Boston: Edward Arnold, 132-136.
12. Gupta S, Snow RW, Donnelly CA, Marsh K, Newbold C, 1999. Immunity to non-cerebral severe malaria is acquired after one or two infections. Nat Med 5: 340-343.
13. Alles HK, Mendis KN, Carter R, 1998. Malaria mortality rates in south Asia and in Africa: implications for malaria control. Parasitol Today 14: 369-375.
14. Gill CA, 1936. Some points in the epidemiology of malaria arising out of the study of the malaria epidemic in Ceylon in 1934-35. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 29: 427-480.
15. Fontaine RE, Najjar AE, Prince JS, 1961. The 1958 malaria epidemic in Ethiopia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 10: 795-803.
16. de Zulueta J, 1988. Report on a Field Mission in Madagascar, July 28-Sept 13, 1988. Geneva: World Health Organization.
17. Sullivan AD, Nyirenda T. Cullinan T, Taylor T, Harlow SD, James SA, Meshnick SR, 1999. Malaria infection in pregnancy: intrauterine growth retardation and preterm delivery in Malawi. J Infect Dis 179: 1580-1583.
18. Luxemburger C, Ricci F, Nosten F, Raimond D, Sather S, White NJ, 1997. The epidemiology of severe malaria in an area of low transmission in Thailand. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 91: 256-262.
19. Hammerlich A, Campbell OM, Chandramohan D, 2002. Unstable malaria transmission and maternal mortality-experiences from Rwanda. Trop Med Int Health 7: 573-576.
20. McGregor IA, 1984. Epidemiology, malaria and pregnancy. Am J Trop Med Hyg 33: 517-525.
21. Nosten D, der Kuile F, Maelenkirri LM, Becludt B, White NJ, 1991. Malaria during pregnancy in an area of unstable endemicity. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 85: 424-429.
22. Snow RW, Omumbo JA. Lowe B, Molyneux CS, Obiero JO, Palmer A, Weber MW, Finder M, Nahlen B, Obonyo C, Newbold C, Gupta S, Marsh K, 1997. Relation between severe malaria morbidity in children and level of Plasmodium falciparum transmission in Africa. Lancet. 349: 1650-1654.
23. Ethiopian Central Statistical Authority, Office of Population & Housing Census Commission, 1999. 1994 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia-Results at Country Level. Volume II. (Analytical Report). Addis Ababa: Central Statistical Authority.
24. El Samani FZ, Willett WC, Ware JH, 1987. Nutritional and socio-demographic risk indicators of malaria in children under five: a cross-sectional study in a Sudanese rural community. J Trop Med Hyg 90: 69-78.
25. Hendrickse RG, Hasan AH, Olumide LO, Akinkunmi A, 1971. Malaria in early childhood. An investigation of five hundred seriously ill children whom a 'clinical' diagnosis of malaria was made on admission to the children's emergency room at University College Hospital, Ibadan. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 65: 1-20.
26. Ahmad SH, Moonis R, Shahab T, Khan HM, Jilani T, 1985. Effect of nutritional status on total parasite count in malaria. Indian J Pediat 52: 57-61.
27. Snow RW, Byass P, Shenton FC, Greenwood BM, 1991. The relationship between anthropometric measurements and measurements of iron status and susceptibility to malaria in Gambian children. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 85: 584-589.
28. Williams TN, Maitland K, Phelps L, Bennett S, Peto TEA, Viji J, Timothy R, Clegg JB, Weatherall DJ, Bowden DK, Paino J, Tamja S, Adiguma T, Wu L, Rare L, 1997. Plasmodium vivax: a cause of malnutrition in young children. QJM 90: 751-757.
29. Bates CJ, Evans PH, Dardenne M, Prentice A, Lunn PG, Northrop-Clewes CA, Hoare S, Cole TJ, Horan SJ, Longman SC, Stirling D, Aggett PJ, 1993. A trial of zinc supplementation in young rural Gambian children. Br J Nutr 69: 243-255.
30. Shankar AH, Genton B, Baisor M, Paino J, Tamja S, Adiguma T, Wu L, Rare L, Bannon D, Tielsch JM, Alpers MP, West KP, 2000. The influence of zinc-supplementation on morbidity due to Plasmodium falciparum: a randomized trial in pre-school children in Papua New Guinea. Am J Trop Med Hyg 62: 663-669.
31. Muller O, Becher H, van Zweeden AB, Ye Y, Diallo DA, Konate AT, Gbangou A, Kouyate B, Garenne M, 2001. Effect of zinc supplementation on malaria and other causes of morbidity in west African children: randomized double blind placebo controlled trial. BMJ 322: 1567.
32. Gill CA, 1923. The relation of malaria to altitude. Indian J Med Res. 11: 511-542.
33. Garnham PCC, 1945. Malaria epidemics at exceptionally high altitudes in Kenya. BM J 11: 45-47.
34. Garnham PCC, 1948. The incidence of malaria at high altitudes. J Mal Soc 7: 275-284.
35. Roberts JI, 1949. The parasite rate in high altitude malaria. J Trop Med Hyg 51: 160-169.
36. Fisher M, 1985. Malaria at high altitudes in Africa (letter). BMJ 291: 56.
37. Hay SI, Simba M, Busolo M, Noor AM, Guyatt HL, Ochola SA, Snow RW, 2002. Defining and detecting malaria epidemics in the highlands of western Kenya. Emerg Infect Dis 8: 549-556.
38. Hay SI, Noor AM, Simba M, Busolo M, Guyatt HL, Ochola SA, Snow RW, 2002. Clinical epidemiology of malaria in the highlands of western Kenya. Emerg Infect Dis 8: 543-548.
39. Malakooti MA, Biomndo K, Shanks DA, 1998. Reemergence of epidemic highland malaria in the highlands of western Kenya. Emerg Infect Dis 4: 671-676.
40. Chataway JHH, 1928. Report on the malaria epidemic in the Lumbwa Reserve (August, 1928). Kenya E Afr Med J 5: 303-309.
41. Heisch RB, Harper JO, 1949. An epidemic of malaria in the Kenya highlands transmitted by Anopheles funestus. J Trop Med Hyg 52: 187-190.
42. Maison AT, 1957. The history of malaria in Nandi. East Afr Med J 34: 431-441.
43. Roberts JMD, 1964. The control of epidemic malaria in the highlands of western Kenya. Part I. Before the campaign. J Trop Med Hyg 61: 161-168.
44. Roberts JMD, 1964. The control of epidemic malaria in the highlands of western Kenya. Part II. The campaign. J Trop Med Hyg 61: 191-199.
45. Roberts JMD, 1964. The control of epidemic malaria in the highlands of western Kenya. Part III. After the campaign. J Trop Med Hyg 61: 230-237.
46. Brown V, Issak MA, Rossi M, Barboza P, Paugam A, 1998. Epidemic malaria in north-eastern Kenya. Lancet 352: 1356-1357.
47. Packard RM, 1984. Maize, cattle and mosquitoes: the political economy of malaria epidemics in colonial Swaziland. J Afr Hist 25: 189-212.
48. Mouchet J, Laventure S, Blanchy S, Fioramonti R, Rakotonjanabelo A, Rabarison P, Sircoulon J, Roux J, 1997. La reconquete des hautes terres de Madagascar par le paludisme. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 90: 162-168.
49. Mouchet J, 1998. Origin of malaria epidemics on the plateaus of Madagascar and the mountains of east and South Africa. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 91: 64-66.
50. MMWR, 1989. International notes health assessment of the population affected by flood conditions-Khartoum, Sudan. MMWR Morb Mort Week Rep 37: 785-788.
51. Bruce-Chwatt LJ, Gockel CW, 1960. A study of the blood-feeding patterns of Anopheles mosquitoes through precipitin tests. Bull World Health Organ 22: 685-720.
52. Garrett-Jones C, 1964. The human blood index of malaria vectors in relation to epidemiological assessment. Bull World Health Organ 30: 241-261.
53. Garrett-Jones C, Boreham PFL, Pant CP, 1980. Feeding habits of anophelines (Diptera: Culicidae) in 1971-78, with reference to the human blood index: a review. Bull Entomol Res 70: 165-185.
54. Covell G, Baily JD, 1932. The study of a regional epidemic of malaria in northern Sind. Rec Mal Surv India 3: 279-322.
55. Covell G, Baily JD, 1936. Further observations on a regional epidemic of malaria in northern Sind. Rec Mal Surv India 6: 411-443.
56. James SP, 1935. Malaria-Study of an epidemic in Ceylon in 1934-193. Bull Off Int Hyg Pub 27: 1135-1140.
57. Swaroop S, 1949. Forecasting of epidemic malaria in Punjab, India. Am J Trop Med 29: 1-17.
58. Tyssul Jones TW, 1951. Deforestation and epidemic malaria in the wet and intermediate zones of Ceylon. Indian J Malariol 5: 135-161.
59. Sharma VP, Chandrahas RK, Nagpal BN, Srivastava PK, 1985. Follow up studies of malaria epidemic in villages of Shahjahanpur district, U.P. Indian J Malariol 22: 119-121.
60. Jambulingham P, Mohapatra SSS, Govardhini P. Kumar LD, Manoharan A, Pani SP, Das PK, 1991. Microlevel epidemiological variations in malaria and implications for control strategies. Indian J Med Res 93: 371-378.
61. Verdrager J, 1995. Localized permanent epidemics: the genesis of chloroquine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum. Southeast J Trop Med Public Health 26: 23-28.
62. Singhanetra-Renard A, 1993. Malaria and mobility in Thailand. Soc Sci Med. 37: 1147-1154.
63. Bangs MJ, Rusmiarto S, Anthony RL, Wirtz RA, Subianto DB, 1996. Malaria transmission by Anopheles punctulatus in the highlands of Irian Jaya, Indonesia. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 90: 29-38.
64. Gonzalez A, 2000. Epidemia de malaria en la Guajira, 1 de Diciembre de 1999 a 1 de Febrero de 2000. Infect Quinc Epidemiol Nac 5: 17-18.
65. Sabatinelli G, Ejov M, Joergensen P, 2000. Malaria in the WHO European Region (1971-1999). Eurosurveillance Monthly 6: 61-65.
66. Khan MJ, 1966. Estimate of economic loss due to malaria in West Pakistan. Pakistan J Health 16: 187-193.
67. Ettling MB, Shepard DS, 1991. Economic cost of malaria in Rwanda. Trop Med Parasitol 42: 214-218.
68. Shepard DS, Ettling MB, Brinkmann U, Sauerborn R, 1991. The economic cost of malaria in Africa. Trop Med Parasitol 42: 199-203.
69. Sauerborn R, Shepard DS. Ettling MB, Brinkmann U, Nougtara A, Diesfeld HJ, 1991. Estimating the direct and indirect economic costs of malaria in a rural district of Burkina Faso. Trop Med Parasitol 42: 219-223.
70. Attanayake N, Fox-Rushby J, Mills A, 2000. Household costs of 'malaria' morbidity: a study in Matale district, Sri Lanka. Trop Med Int Health 9: 595-606.
71. Onori E, Grab B, 1980. Indicators for the forecasting of malaria epidemics. Bull World Health Organ 58: 91-98.
72. Najera JA, Beales PF, 1989. Monitoring Epidemic Risk Factors and the Organization of Early Response Mechanisms and Emergency Action to Control Malaria Epidemics. Geneva: World Health Organization. WHO Document MAL/EC19.89.16
73. Najera JA, Kouznetsov RL, Delacollette C, 1998. Malaria Epidemics, Detection and Control, Forecasting and Prevention. Geneva: World Health Organization. Division of Control of Tropical Diseases.
74. Highland Malaria Project, 1999. Developing New Approaches for the Surveillance and Control of Malaria Epidemics in the Highlands of East Africa. Summary Workshop Report, March 20-21, Salt Rock, South Africa. Durban, South Africa: The Medical Research Council.
75. Gill CA, 1920. The relationship of malaria and rainfall. Indian J Med Res 7: 618-632.
76. Gill CA, 1921. The role of meteorology in malaria. Indian J Med Res 8: 633-693.
77. Bouma MJ, nvan der Kaay HJ, 1994. Epidemic malaria in India and the El Nino Southern Oscillation. Lancet 344: 1638-1639.
78. Bouma MJ, Sondorp HE, van der Kaay HJ, 1994. Climate change and periodic epidemic malaria (letter). Lancet 343: 1440.
79. Bouma MJ, van der Kaay HJ, 1996. The El Nino Southern Oscillation and the historic malaria epidemics on the Indian subcontinent and Sri Lanka: an early warning system for future epidemics? Trop Med Int Health 1: 86-96.
80. Bouma MJ, Dye C, 1997. Cycles of malaria associated with El Nino in Venezuela. JAMA 278: 1772-1774.
81. Lindblade KA, Walker ED, Onapa A, Katungu J, Wilson ML, 1998. Highland malaria in Uganda: prospective analysis of an epidemic associated with El Nino. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 93: 480-487.
82. Kilian AHD, Langi P, Talisuna A, Kabagambe G, 1999. Rainfall pattern, El Nino and malaria in Uganda. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 93: 22-23.
83. Lindsay SW, Bodker R, Malima R, Msangeni HA, Kisinza W, 2000. Effect of 1997-98 El Nino on highland malaria transmission in Tanzania. Lancet 355: 989-990.
84. Freeman T, Bradley M, 1996. Temperature is predictive of severe malaria years in Zimbabwe. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 90: 232.
85. Shanks GD, Hay SI, Stern DI, Biomndo K, Snow RW, 2002. Meteorologic influences on Plasmodium falciparum malaria in the highland tea estates of Kericho, western Kenya. Emerg Infect Dis 8: 1404-1408.
86. Connor SJ, Thomson MC, Molyneaux DH, 1999. Forecasting and prevention of epidemic malaria: new perspectives on an old problem. Parassitologia 41: 439-448.
87. Thomson MC, Connor SJ, 2001. The development of malaria early warning systems for Africa. Trends Parasitol 17: 438-445.
88. Rogers DJ, Randolph SE, Snow RW, Hay SI, 2002. Satellite imagery in the study and forecast of malaria. Nature. 415: 710-715.
89. Smith A, 1959. Effect of residual house spraying in the plains in anopheline density in huts on the Pare mountains. Nature 183: 198-199.
90. Randriantsimaniry D, 1995. Vector control in the epidemics of the Madagascar highlands. Sante 5: 392-396.
91. Brutus L, le Goff G, Rasoloniaina LG, Rajaonarivelo V, Raveloson A, Cot M, 2001. The campaign against malaria in central western Madagascar: comparison of the efficacy of lambda-cyhalothrin and DDT house spraying. I - Entomological study. Parasite 8: 297-308.