Malaria mortality rates in South Asia and in Africa: Implications for malaria control

Parasitology Today

Volumn 14, Issue 9, 1998, Pages 369-375

  Alles, H K ^a   Mendis, K N ^a   Carter, R ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COLOMBO   (Sri Lanka)

^b UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AFRICA; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; HEALTH CARE DELIVERY; HUMAN; INFECTION CONTROL; INOCULATION; MALARIA; MORTALITY; PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; REVIEW; SOUTH ASIA; VECTOR CONTROL;

PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PROTOZOA;

EID: 0032171722     PISSN: 01694758     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0169-4758(98)01296-4     Document Type: Article

References (53)

1. Snow R.W., Marsh K. Will reducing Plasmodium falciparum transmission alter malaria mortality among African children? Parasitol. Today. 11:1995;188-190.
2. Lengeler C.et al. Will reducing Plasmodium falciparum transmission alter malaria mortality among African children? Parasitol. Today. 11:1995;425.
3. Sauerwein R., Meuwissen J. Is reduction of transmission desirable for malaria control? Parasitol. Today. 11:1995;425-426.
4. Carme B. Low malaria mortality among children and high rates of Plasmodium falciparum inoculation: a Congolese reality. Parasitol. Today. 12:1996;206-208.
5. Trape J-F., Rogier C. Combating malaria morbidity and mortality by reducing transmission. Parasitol. Today. 12:1996;236-240.
6. Greenwood B.M. Malaria transmission and vector control. Parasitol. Today. 13:1997;90-92.
7. Lengeler C.et al. Focus on the effects of bednets on malaria morbidity and mortality. Parasitol. Today. 13:1997;123-124.
8. D'Alessandro U., Coosemans M. Concerns on long-term efficacy of an insecticide-treated bednet programme on child mortality. Parasitol. Today. 13:1997;124-125.
9. Schiff C. A call for integrated approaches to controlling malaria. Parasitol. Today. 13:1997;125.
10. Trape J-F. Which strategy for malaria control in Africa? Parasitol. Today. 13:1997;125-126.
11. Snow R.W.et al. Relation between severe malaria morbidity in children and level of Plasmodium falciparum transmission in Africa. Lancet. 349:1997;1650-1654.
12. Bruce-Chwatt L.J. Malaria in African infants and children in southern Nigeria. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 46:1952;173-200.
13. Greenwood B.M.et al. Mortality and morbidity from malaria among children in a rural area of The Gambia, West Africa. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 81:1987;478-486.
14. Duren A. Essai d'etude sur l'importance du pauldisme dans la mortalite au Congo Belge. Ann. Soc. Belge Med. Trop. 31:1951;129-147.
15. Molineaux, L. and Gramiccia, G. (1980) The Garki Project: Research on the epidemiology and control of malaria in the Sudan Savanna of West Africa. WHO, Geneva.
16. Omumbo J.et al. Mapping malaria transmission intensity using geographical information systems (GIS): an example from Kenya. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 92:1998;7-21.
17. Roper, C. et al. (1998) Seasonal changes in the Plasmodium falciparum population in individuals and their relationship to clinical malaria: a longitudinal study in a Sudanese village. Parasitology 116 (in press).
18. Soni P.N., Gouws E. Severe and complicated malaria in Kwa Zulu-Natal. South African Med. J. 86:1996;653-656.
19. Some E.S. Effects and control of highland malaria epidemic in Vasin Gishu District, Kenya. East African Med. J. 71:1994;2-8.
20. Fontaine R.E.et al. The 1958 malaria epidemic in Ethiopia. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 10:1961;795-803.
21. Christophers, R. (1948) in Malariology (Boyd, M.F., ed.), pp 698-721, Saunders.
22. Gill C.A. Some points in the epidemiology of malaria arising out of the study of the malaria epidemic in Ceylon in 1934-35. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 29:1936;427-480.
23. Dowling A.M.C. The malaria eradication scheme in Mauritius. Br. Med. J. 8:1951;72-75.
24. Curtin P.D. Malarial immunities in nineteenth-century West Africa and the Caribbean. Parassitologia. 30:1994;69-82.
25. Ransford, O. (1983) Bid the Sickness Cease, Murray.
26. Watt, J. (1979) in Captain Cook and his Times (Fisher, R. and Johnson H., eds), pp 129-157, Douglas & Macintyre.
27. Behrens R.H., Curtis C.F. Malaria in travellers: epidemiology and prevention. Br. Med. Bull. 49:1993;363-381.
28. Molineaux, L. (1985) in Health Policy, Social Policy and Mortality Prospects (Vallin, J. and Lopez, A.D., eds), pp 13-44, International Union for the Scientific Study of Populations.
29. Bradley D.J. Malaria: old infections, changing epidemiology. Health Transition Review. 2:1992;137-153.
30. Newman, P. (1965) Malaria eradication and population growth with special reference to Ceylon and British Guiana. Bureau of Public Health Economics, Research Series No. 10, School of Public Health, University of Michigan.
31. Payne D.et al. Impact of control measures on malaria transmission and general mortality. Bull. WHO. 54:1976;369-377.
32. Weatherall D.J. Thalassaemia and malaria revisited. Ann. Trop. Med. Hyg. 91:1997;885-890.
33. Livingstone, F.B. (1967) Abnormal Hemoglobins in Human Populations, Aldine.
34. Molineaux L. Malaria and mortality: some epidemiological considerations. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 91:1997;811-825.
35. Jones T.R. Quantitative aspects of the relationship between the sickle-cell gene and malaria. Parasitol. Today. 13:1997;107-111.
36. Hill A.V.S.et al. Common West African HLA antigens are associated with protection from severe malaria. Nature. 352:1991;595-600.
37. Saul A. Malaria mortality and transmission rates and Africa. Parasitol. Today. 13:1997;318-319.
38. Buck R.A., Eichenlaub D. Prognostishe faktoren der malaria tropica - ergebnisse einer evaluationsstudie in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1963-1988. Gesund. Wes. 56:1994;29-32.
39. Gunawardena D.M.et al. Patterns of acquired anti-malarial immunity in Sri Lanka. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz. 89(Special issue):1994;61-63.
40. Maitland K.et al. The interaction between Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax in children on Espiritu Santo island, Vanuatu. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 90:1996;614-620.
41. McGuire W.et al. Variation in the TNFα promoter region associated with susceptibility to cerebral malaria. Nature. 371:1994;508-511.
42. Handunetti S.et al. Features of recrudescent chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum infections confer a survival advantage on parasites and have implications for disease control. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 90:1996;563-567.
43. Mendis C.et al. Characteristics of malaria transmission in Kataragama, Sri Lanka: a focus for immuno-epidemiological studies. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 42:1990;298-308.
44. Konradsen F.et al. Household reponses to malaria and their costs: a study from rural Sri Lanka. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 91:1997;127-130.
45. Abeysekera T.et al. Optimizing the malaria data recording system through a study of case detection and treatment in Sri Lanka. Trop. Med. Int. Health. 2:1997;1057-1067.
46. Gamage-Mendis A.C.et al. Clustering of malaria infections within an endemic population: risk of malaria associated with the type of house construction. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 45:1991;77-85.
47. Alonso P.L.et al. The effect of insecticide-treated bednets on mortality of Gambian children. Lancet. 337:1991;1499-1502.
48. Binka F.N.et al. Impact of Permethrin-impregnated bednets on child-mortality in Kassena-Nankana District, Ghana - a randomized controlled trial. Trop. Med. Int. Health. 1:1996;147-154.
49. Nevil C.G.et al. Insecticide-treated bednets reduce mortality and severe morbidity from malaria among children on the Kenya coast. Trop. Med. Int. Health. 1:1996;139-146.
50. Trape J-F., Zoulani A. Malaria and urbanization in Central Africa: the example of Brazzaville. Part III: Relationships between urbanization and the intensity of malaria transmission. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 81(Suppl. 2):1987;19-25.
51. Trape J-F.et al. Malaria and urbanization in Central Africa: the example of Brazzaville. Part V: Pernicious attacks and mortality. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 81(Suppl. 2):1987;34-42.
52. D'Alessandro U.et al. The Gambian National Impregnated Bed Net Programme: evaluation of effectiveness by means of case-control studies. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 91:1997;638-642.
53. Gunn, A. (1908) We of the Never Never, Hutchinson.