The genus Anguilla Schrank, 1798: Current state of knowledge and questions

Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries

Volumn 13, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 265-279

  Lecomte Finiger, R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITÉ DE PERPIGNAN   (France)

Author keywords

Anguilla sp.; Morphometry; Phylogeny; Polymorphisms; Status

Indexed keywords

EEL; EVOLUTION; LIFE HISTORY; MORPHOMETRY; PHYLOGENY; TAXONOMY;

ANGUILLA ANGUILLA; ANGUILLA AUSTRALIS; ANGUILLA AUSTRALIS AUSTRALIS; ANGUILLA CELEBESENSIS; ANGUILLA ROSTRATA; ANGUILLA SP.; ANGUILLIDAE; ANGUILLIFORMES;

EID: 4344683311     PISSN: 09603166     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/B:RFBF.0000033072.03829.6d     Document Type: Review

References (141)

1. Aoyama, J. and Tsukamoto, K. (1997) Evolution of the freshwater eels. Naturwissenschaften 84, 17-21.
2. Aoyama, J., Kobayashi T. and Tsukamoto, K. (1996) Phylogeny of eels by mitochondrial DNA sequences. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 62, 370-375.
3. Aoyama, J., Nishida, M. and Tsukamoto, K. (1997) Molecular phylogenetic approach to the evolution of the freshwater eels, Anguilla. Mem. Fac. Fish. Hokkaido Univ. 44, 210 pp.
4. Aoyama, J., Mochioka, N., Otake, T., Ishikawa, S., Kawakami, Y., Castle, P., Nishida, M. and Tsukamoto, K. (1999) Distribution and dispersal of anguillid leptocephali in the western Pacific Ocean revealed by molecular analysis. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 188, 193-200.
5. Aoyama, J., Watanabe, S., Ishikawa, S., Nishida, M. and Tsukamoto, K. (2000a) Are morphological characters distinctive enough to discriminate between two species of freshwater eels, Anguilla celebesensis and A. interioris? Icth. Res., 156-161.
6. Aoyama, J., Watanabe, S., Nishida, M. and Tsukamoto, K. (2000b) Discrimination of catadromous eels of genus Anguilla using Polymerase Chain Reaction Fragment Length polymorphism analysis of the mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA domain. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 129, 873-878.
7. Arai, T., Aoyama J., Limbong, D. and Tsukamoto K. (1999) Species composition and inshore migration of the tropical eels Anguilla sp. recruiting to the estuary of the Poigar River, Sulawesi Island. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 188, 299-303.
8. Arai, T., Limbong, D., Otake T. and Tsukamoto K. (2001) Recrutment mechanism of tropical eels Anguilla sp. and implications for the evolution of oceanic migration in the genus Anguilla. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 216, 253-264.
9. Avise, J., Helfman, G., Saunders, N. and Hales, S. (1986) Mitochondrial DNA differenciation in North Atlantic eels: population genetic consequences of an unusual life history pattern. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 83, 4350-4354.
10. Avise, J., Nelson, W., Arnold, J., Koehn, R., Williams, G. and Thorsteinsson, V. (1990) The evolutionary genetic status of Icelandic eels. Evolution 44, 1254-1262.
11. Barker, D.E., Marcogliese, D.J. and Cone, D.K. (1996) On the distribution and abundance of eels parasites in Novia Scotia: local versus regional patterns. J. Parasitol. 82, 697-701.
12. Bastrop, R., Strelhow, B., Jurss, K. and Sturmbauer, C. (2000) A new molecular phylogenetic hypothesis for the evolution of freshwater eels. Mol. Phylogen. Evol. 14, 250-258.
13. Belouze, A. (2002) Compréhension morphologique et phylogénétique des taxons actuels et fossiles rapportés aux anguilliformes (Poissons Téléostéens). Docum. Lab. Géol. Lyon 158, 1-401.
14. Belouze, A. and Gayet, M. (1999) Première observation de la présence simultanée d'une ceinture pectorale complète et de nageoires pelviennes chez des Anguilliformes (Teleostei) du Crétacé du Liban. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 329, 683-688.
15. Blanc, G. (1994) Biologic du cycle d'Anguillicola crassus (Nématode, Dracunculoidea) contrôle thérapeutique de ses populations. Thèse Université de Perpignan, 355 pp.
16. Blot, J. (1969) Les poissons fossiles du Monte Bolca: studi e ricerche sui glaciementi Terziari di Bolca. Mus. Civ. di Storia Nat., Verone 1, 3-38.
17. Blot, J. (1978) Les Apodes fossiles du Monte Bolca. Mus. Civ. di Storia Nat., Verone 3, 3-117.
18. Boetius, J. (1980) Atlantic Anguilla. A presentation of old and new data of total number of vertebrae with special reference to the occurence of Anguilla rostrata in Europe. Dana 1, 93-112.
19. Boetius, J. (1985) Greenland eels, Anguilla rostrata. Dana 4, 41-48.
20. Boetius, J. and Harding, E.F. 0985) A reexamination of Johannes Schmidt's Atlantic eel investigations. Dana 4, 129-162.
21. Bruslé, J. (1989) L'anguille européenne, une espèce jugée commune jusqu' à la dernière décennie, méite't'elle d'acquérir aujourd'hui le statut d'espèce menacée? Bull. Soc. Zool. France 114, 61-74.
22. Bruslé, J. (1996) Introduction accidentelles d'helminthes parasites de l'anguille européenne. In: Ribera, M.A., Ballesteros, E., Boudouresque, C.F., Gomez, A. and Gravez, V. (eds.), Barcelone, Second International Works on Caulerpa taxifolia. pp. 413-421.
23. Caillot, C., Morand, S., MullerGraf, C.M., Fahex, E. and Marchand, B. (1999) Parasites of Dicentrarchus labrax, Anguilla anguilla and Mugil cephalus from a pond in Corsica, France. J. Helminth. Soc. Wash. 66, 95-98.
24. Castle, P.H.J. and Williamson, G.R. (1974) On the validity of the freshwater eel species Anguilla ancestralis from Celebes. Copeia 2, 569-570.
25. Chiarelli, B., Ferrantelli, O. and Cucchi, C. (1969) The karyotype of some Teleostean fish obtained by tissue culture in vitro. Experientia 25, 426-427.
26. Comparini, A. and Rodino, E. (1980) Electrophoretic evidence for two species of Anguilla leptocephali in the Sargasso Sea. Nature 5781, 435-437.
27. Comparini, A. and Schoth, M. (1982) Comparison of electrophoretic and meristic characters of O group of eel larvae from the Sargasso Sea. Helgolander Meeresunters. 35, 289-299.
28. Comparini, A., Rizzotti, M., Nardella, M. and Rodino, E. (1975) Ricerche elettroforetiche sulla variabilita genetica di Anguilla anguilla. Boll. Zool. 42, 283-288.
29. Comparini, A., Rizzotti, M. and Rodino, E. (1977) Genetic control and variability of phosphoglucose isomerase in eels from the Atlantic ocean and the Mediterranean sea. Mar. Biol. 43, 109-116.
30. Cone, D.K. and Marcogliese, D.J. (1995) Pseudodactylogyrus anguillae on Anguilla rostrata in Novia Scotia, an endemic or an introduction? J. Fish Biol. 47, 177-178.
31. Cortijo, E. (1998) Les variations rapides du climat dans l'océan atlantique nord an cours des 60,000 dernières années. La Météorologie 21, 13-29.
32. Daemen, E., Volkaert, F., Cross, T. and Ollevier, F. (1997) Four polymorphic microsatellite markers in the European eel Anguilla anguilla. An. Genet. 28, 58.
33. Daemen, E., Volckaert, F., Cross, T. and Ollevier, F. (1999) New evidence of genetic structure in european eel. EIFAC Working Group on Eel, Silkeborg, Denmark, 20-24 Sept. 1999.
34. Daemen, E., Cross, T., Ollevier, F. and Volckaert, F. (2001) Analysis of the genetic structure of european eel using microsatellite DNA and mtDNA markers. Mar. Biol. 139, 755-764.
35. De Ligny, W. and Pantelouris, E.M. (1973) Origin of the European eel. Nature 246, 518-519.
36. Dijkstra, L.H. and Jellyman, D.J. (1999) Is the subspecies classification of the freshwater eels Anguilla australis australis Richardson and A. a. schmidtii Phillips still valid? Mar. Freshwater Res. 50, 261-263.
37. Drilhon, A. and Fine, J.M. (1968) Importance de l'étude des transferrines sériques dans la différenciation des espèces. Résultats acquis dans le genre Anguilla. Experientia 24, 255-257.
38. Drilhon, A., Fine, J.M., Amouch, P. and Boffa, G. (1967) Les groupes de transferrines chez Anguilla anguilla. Etude de deux populations méditerranéennes d'origine géographique différente. C. R. Acad. Sc. Paris 265, 1096-1098.
39. Ege, W. (1939) A revision of the genus Anguilla Shaw, a systematic, phylogenetic and geographical study. Dana Rep. 16, 12-56.
40. Ege, W. (1974) On the validity of the freshwater eel species Anguilla ancestralis Ege from Celebes. Copeia 2, 569-570.
41. Ekman, S. (1932) Prinzipielles über die Wanderungen und die fiergeographische Stellung des Europäischen Aales. Zoogeografica 1, 85-106.
42. Elie, P., Lecomte-Finiger, R., Cantrelle, I. and Charlon, N. (1982) Définition des limites des différents stades pigme,taires durant la phase civelle d'Anguilla anguilla. Vie Milieu 32, 149-157.
43. Faliex, E. (1999) What can parasite studies provide to ichtyology? In: Séret, B. and Sire, J.Y. (eds.), Proc. 5th Indo-Pac. Fish Conf. Nouméa, 1997. Soc. Fr. Ichtyol. Paris, pp. 603-615.
44. Filleul, A. (2000) Analyse critique des Synapomorphes et des Elopomorphes et analyse phylogénétique du groupe. Cybium 24, 75-84.
45. Filleul, A. and Lavoué, S. (2001) Basal teleosts and the question of elopomorph monophyly. Morphological and molecular approaches. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 324, 393-399.
46. Fine, J.M., Boffa, G. and Drilhon, A. (1966) Les groupes de transferrines chez l'anguille. Rev. Path. Comp. 776, 229-233.
47. Fine, J.M., Drilhon, A., Ridgway, G., Amouch, P. and Boffa, G. (1967) Les groupes de transferrines dans le genre Anguilla. Différences dans les fréquences phénotypiques de transferrines chez Anguilla anguilla et Anguilla rostrata. C. R. Acad. Sc. Paris 265, 58-60.
48. Fries, L.T., Williams, D.J. and Johnson, S.K. (1996) Occurrence of Anguillicola crassus, an exotic parasitic swimbladder Nematode of eels, in the southeastern United States. Trans Am. Fish. Soc. 125, 794-797.
49. Grassi, B. (1914) Quel che si sa e quel que non si sa intorno alla storia naturale dell'anguilla. Mem. R. Com. Talassogr. ital. 37, 1-150.
50. Grassi, B. and Calandruccio, S. 0897) Riproduzzione e metamorfosi delle anguille. Gion. Ital. Pesca e Aquic. 7, 139-208.
51. Grassia, L. and Rizzotti, M. (1989) Haemoglobin polymorphism in the eels of Hispaniola. Trop. Zool. 2, 139-144.
52. Greenwood, P.H., Rosen D.E., Weitzman S.H. and Myers, G.S. (1966) Phyletic studies of teleostean fishes, with a provisional classification of living forms. Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist., 131, 339-456.
53. Hanek, G. and Hirelfall, W. (1970) Metazoan parasites of the American eel (A. rostrata) in Newfoundland and Labrador. Can. J. Zool. 48, 597-600.
54. Hodson, P., Castongay, M. and Couillard, C. (1993) Are American eels Anguilla rostrata an endangered species in the St Lawrence Great Lakes? Working Group on Eel, Olstzyn, Poland.
55. Hulet, W. and Robins, R. (1989) Significance of the leptocephalus larva. In: Bohlke, E. (ed.), Fishes of the North Atlantic, Part 9, Vol II. Sears Foundation for Marine Research, pp. 669-679.
56. Inoue, J., Miya, M., Tsukamoto, K. and Nishida, M. (2001a) Complete mitochondrial DNA sequence of Conger myriaster (Teleostei: Anguilliformes): Novel gene order for vertebrate mitochondrial genomes and the phylogenetic implications for Anguilliforme families. J. Mol. Evol. 52, 311-320.
57. Inoue, J., Miya, M., Tsukamoto, K. and Nishida, M. (2001b) A mitogenetic perspective on the basal teleostean phylogeny: resolving higher-level relationships with longer DNA sequences. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 20, 275-285.
58. Jespersen, P. (1942) IndoPacific leptocephalids of the genus Anguilla. Dana Rep. 22, 11-28.
59. Jessop, B.M, Shiao, J.C., Lizuk, Y. and Tzeng, W.N. (2002) Migratorybehaviuor and habitat use by american eels as revealed by otolith microchemistry. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 188, 263-297.
60. Kaup, J.J. (1856) Catalogue of Apodal Fish in the Collection of the British Museum, London. Trustees of the British Museum, London. pp. 32-54.
61. Keith, P., Allardi, J. and Moutou, B. (1992) Livre rouge des espèces menacées de poissons d'eau douce de France et bilan des introductions. Mus. Hist. Nat., Secretariat Faune et Flore, Cemagref. 111 pp.
62. Kennedy, C.R. (1995) Richness and diversity of macroparasite communities in tropical eels Anguilla reinhardti in Queensland, Australia. Parasitology 111, 233-245.
63. Kennedy, C.R., Nie, P., Kaspers, J. and Paulisse, J. (1992) Are eels (Anguilla anguilla) planktonic feeders? Evidence from parasite communities. J. Fish Biol. 41, 567-580.
64. Koehn, R.K. and Williams, G.C. (1978) Genetic differenciation without isolation in the american eel. II: Temporal stability of geographic patterns. Evolution 32, 624-637.
65. Koei, M. (1988) Parasites in European eel from Danish freshwater, brackish and marine localities. Ophelia 29, 93-118.
66. Lecomte-Finiger, R. (1990) Métamorphose de l'anguille jaune en anguille argentée et sa migration catadrome. Année Biol. 29, 183-194.
67. Lecomte-Finiger, R. (1992) Growth history and age at recruitment of European glass eels Anguilla anguilla as revealed by otolith microstructure. Mar. Biol. 114, 205-210.
68. Lecomte-Finiger, R. (1993) Migration anadrome et caractéres biomorphologiques des civelles de l'anguille européenne Anguilla anguilla dans le bassin occidental de la Méditerranée: état actuel des connaissances. Okéanos 93, 157-163.
69. Lecomte-Finiger, R. (1994) Les stades larvaires (leptocéphales et civelles) de l'anguille européenne: migrations et métamorphose. Année Biol. 33, 1-17.
70. Lecomte-Finiger, R. (2002) The eel Anguilla anguilla an endangered species in Europe. J. TaÏwan Fish. Res. 9, 273-274.
71. Lecomte-Finiger, R., Mallawa, A. and Yahyaoui, A. (1986) Caractéristiques morphométriques et enzymatiques des populations (civelles et anguillattes) de l'anguille européenne Anguilla anguilla. Coll. Nat. CNRS "Biologic des populations", Lyon, 4-6 Sept 1986, pp. 346-351.
72. Lecomte-Finiger, R., Loyat, A. and Yan, L. (2001) First record of Anguilla glass eels from an atoll of French Polynesia: Rangiroa, Tuamotu archipelago. Atoll Res. Bull. 486, 1-6.
73. Lehman, D., Hettwet, H. and Taraschewski, H. (2000) RAPD-PCR investigations of systematic relationships among four species of eels (Teleostei: Anguillidae), particularly Anguilla anguilla and A. rostrata. Mar. Biol. 137, 195-204.
74. Lin, Y.S., Poh, Y.P. and Tzeng, C.S. (2001) A phylogeny of freswater eels inferred from mitochondrial genes. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 20, 252-261.
75. Lintas, C., Hirano, J. and Archer, S. (1998) Genetic variation of the European eel. Mol. Mar. Biol. Biotechn. 7(4), 263-269.
76. Manter, H.W. (1955) The zoogeography of trematodes of marine fishes. Expl. Parasit. 4, 62-86.
77. Manter, H.W. (1966) Parasites of fishes as biological indicators of recent and ancient conditions. In: McCauley, J.E. (ed.), Host Parasites Relationships. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, pp. 59-71.
78. Manter, H.W. (1967) Some aspects of the geographical distribution of parasites. J. Parasit. 53, 3-9.
79. Marcogliese, D.J. and Cone, D.K. (1993) What metazoan parasites tell us about the evolution of American and European eels. Evolution 47, 1632-1635.
80. Marcogliese, D.J. and Cone, D.K. (1998) Comparison of richness and diversity of macroparasite communities among eels from Nova Scotia, the United Kingdom and Australia. Parasitology 116, 73-83.
81. Margolis, L. and Arthur, J.R. (1979) Synopsis of the parasites of fishes of Canada. Bull. Fish. Res. Board Canada 199, 269 pp.
82. Marquet, G. (1996) The freshwater eels (Anguillidae) of New Caledonia: taxonomy and distribution. Vie Milieu 46, 65-71.
83. Marquet, G. and Galzin, R. (1991) The eels of French Polynesia: taxonomy, distribution and biomass. La Mer 29, 8-17.
84. Marquet, G. and Galzin, R. (1992) Systématique, répartition et biomasse des poissons d'eau douce de Polynésie française. Cybium 16, 245-259.
85. Mayr, E. (1970) Populations, species and evolution. In: An Abridgment of Animal Species and Evolution. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 453 pp.
86. Mazzarelli, G. (1914) Note critiche sulla biologia dell'anguilla. Riv. Pesca Idrob. 2, 49-59.
87. McCleave, J.D., Kleckner, R.C. and Castongay, M. (1987) Reproductive sympatry of American and European eels and implications for migration and taxonomy. Am. Fish. Soc. Symp. 1, 286-297.
88. Metclaf, M.M. (1920) Upon an important method of studying problems of relationship and of geographic distribution. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sc. USA 6, 432-433.
89. Micklish, N. (1983) Ein Aal aus der "Grube Messel": Gedanken und Probleme bei Aussagen zu Fossilfunden. Natur Mus. 113, 211-222.
90. Nelson, J.S. (1994) Fishes of the World. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 600 pp.
91. Nieddu, M., Pichiri, G., Corti, P., Salvadori, S., Deiana, A.M. and Mezzanote, R. (1998) A comparative analysis of the European and American eel genontic DNA:5S- rDNA polymorphism permits the distinction between the two populations. Genome 41, 728-732.
92. Nishikawa, S., Amaoka, K. and Kawasawa, T. (1971) On the chromosomes on two species of eels. Chrom. Inform. Serv. 12, 27-28.
93. Ohno, S., Christian, L., Romero, M., Dofuku, R. and Ivey, C. (1973) On the question of American eels versus European eels. Experientia 29, 891.
94. Okamura, A., Zhang, H., Yamada, Y., Tanaka, S., Horie, N., Mikawa, N., Utoh, T. and Oka, H.P. (2000) Re-examination of the spermatozoal ultrastructure of the external morphology of spermatozoa in three species. J. Fish Biol. 57, 161-169.
95. Pantelouris, E.M. and Payne, R.H. (1968) Genetic variations in the eel I. The detection of haemoglobin and esterase polymorphisms. Genet. Res. 11, 319-325.
96. Pantelouris, E.M., Arnasson, A. and Tesch, F.W. (1970) Genetic variation in the eel. II: Transferrin haemoglobins and eastern North Atlantic possible interpretations of phenotypic frequency differences. Genet. Res. 16, 277-284.
97. Park, E.H. and Kang, Y.S. (1979) Karyological confirmation of conspicuous ZW sex chromosomes in two species of Pacific anguilloid fishes. Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 23, 33-38
98. Park, E.H. and Grimm, H. (1981) Distribution of C-band heterochromatin in the ZW sex chromosomes of European and American eels. Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 31, 167-174.
99. Passakas, T. (1981) Comparative studies on the chromosomes of European eel and the American eel. Folia Biol. (Krakow) 29, 41-57.
100. Passakas, T. and Tesch, F.W. (1980) Karyological and gonadal sex of eels from the German Bight and the lower River Elbe. Helgol. Wiss. Meeresunters. 34, 159-164.
101. Poland-Fish, M. (1927) Contribution to the embryology of American eel. Zoologica 8, 289-324.
102. Poluhowich, J.J. (1970) An electrophoretic comparison of hemoglobins from American and European eels. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 34, 739-743.
103. Rahhou, I., Melhaoui, M., Lecomte-Finiger, R., Morand, S. and Chergui, H. (2001) Abundance and distribution of Anguillicola crassus (Nematoda) in eels Anguilla anguilla from Moulouya estuary (Morocco). Helminthologia 38, 93-97.
104. Rizzotti, M. (1983) Le emoglobine del genere Anguilla: revisione critica e nuovi dati. Arch. Oceanogr. Limnol. 20, 179-218.
105. Rizzotti, M. and Rodino, E. (1988) Note on amino acid composition of eel hemoglobin. Boll. Zool. 55, 5-9.
106. Rizzotti, M., Comparini, A. and Rodino, E. (1977) The hemoglobins of Anguilla anguilla: ontogenetic variations. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 58A, 173-176.
107. Rodino, E. and Comparini, A. (1978a) Genetic variability in the european eel, Anguilla anguilla. In: Battaglia, B. and Beardmore, J. (eds.), Marine Organisms. Plenum Publishing Corporation, pp. 389-424.
108. Rodino, E. and Comparini, A. (1978b) Biochemical polymorphism in Teleosts. The eel problem. Boll. Zool. 45 (suppl.), 47-61.
109. Salvadori S., Cau A., Coluccia E., Millia A. and Deiana A.M. (1994) Karyotype, C- and G-banding, and nucleolar organizer regions of Conger conger (Osteichthyes, Anguilliformes). Boll. Zool. 61, 59-63.
110. Salvadori, S., Deiana, M., Coluccia, E., Millia, A. and Cau, A. (1997a) The different banding patterns produced by restriction endonuclease digestion in mitotic chromosomes of the American and European eel. J. Fish Biol. 50, 668-671.
111. Salvadori, S., Cau, A., Deiana, A.M., Coluccia, E., Millia, A., Cannas, R., Nieddu, M., Pichiri, G. and Mezzanotte, R. (1997b) Cytogenetic and molecular characreristics of Atlantic eels genome. Ital. J. Zool. 65, 61-64.
112. Sang, T.K., Chang, H.Y., Che, T.C. and Hui, C.F. (1994) Population structure of the Japanese eel Anguilla japonica. Mol. Biol. Evol. 11, 250-260.
113. Schmidt, J. (1922) The breeding place of the eel. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. 211, 179-208.
114. Shimada, T., Okihama, Y., Okazaki, T. and Shukuya, R. (1980)The multiple hemoglobins of the Japanese eel, A. japonica. J. Biol. Chem. 255, 7912-7917.
115. Sick, K., Westergaard, M. and Frydenberg, O. (1962) Haemoglobin pattern and chromosome number of American, European and Japanese eels. Nature 193, 1001-1002.
116. Sick, K., Bahn, E., Frydenberg, O., Nielsen, J.T. and Von Wettstein (1967) Haemoglobin polymorphism of the American freshwater eel Anguilla. Nature 214, 1141-1142.
117. Smith, D.G. (1979) Guide to the Leptocephali (Elopiformes, Anguilliformes and Notacanthiformes). NOAA Techn. Rep. NMFS 424, 39 pp.
118. Sola, L., Gentili, G. and Cataudella, S. (1980) Eel chromosomes: cytotaxonomical interrelationships and sex chromosomes. Copeia 4, 911-913.
119. Sola, L., Gentili, G. and Cataudella, S. (1984) Cytogenetics of Atlantic eels: C and G banding, nucleolus organizer regions and DNA content. Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 38, 206-210.
120. Strubberg, A. (1913) The metamorphosis of elvers as influenced by outwards conditions. Some experiments. Meddr. Kommn. Havunders, Ser Fisk. 4, 1-11.
121. Tagliavini, J., Gandolfi, G., Cau, A., Salvadori, S. and Deiana, A.M. (1995a) Mitochondrial DNA variability in Anguilla anguilla and phylogenetical relationships with congeneric species. Boll. Zool. 62, 147-151.
122. Tagliavini, J., Harrisson, J. and Gandolfi, G. (1995b) Discrimination between A. anguilla and A. rostrata by polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. J. Fish Biol. 47, 741-743.
123. Tagliavini, J., Gandolfi, G., Deiana, A.M. and Salvadori, S. (1996) Phylogenetic relationships among two Atlantic and three IndoPacific Anguilla species. Ital. J. Zool. 63, 271-276.
124. Tanigushi, N. and Numachi, K. (1978) Genetic variation of 6 phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase in the liver of Japanese eel. Bull. Jap. Soc Sci. Fish. 44, 1351-1355.
125. Tanigushi, N. and Morita, T. (1979) Identification of European, American and Japanese eels by lactate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase isozyme patterns. Bull. Jap. Soc. Scient. Fish. 45, 37-41.
126. Tesch, F.W. (1977) TheEel: Biology and Management of Anguillid Eels. Chapman and Hall Ltd., London, 434 pp.
127. Tsukamoto, K. (1990) Recruitment mechanism of the eel A. japonica to the Japanese coast. J. Fish Biol. 36: 659-671.
128. Tsukamoto, K. (1992) Discovery of the spawning area for Japanese eel. Nature 356, 789-791.
129. Tsukamoto, K. and Aoyama, J. (199 8) Evolution of freshwater eels of the genus Anguilla: a probable scenario. Env. Biol. Fishes 52, 139-148.
130. Tsukamoto, K. and Arai, T. (200 1). Facultative catadromy of the eel Anguilla japonica between frehwater and seawater. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 220, 265-276.
131. Tsukamoto, K., Nakai, I. and Tesch, F.W. (1998). Do all freshwater eels migrate? Nature 396, 635-636.
132. Tsukamoto, K., Aoyama, J. and Miller, M.J. (2002) Migration, speciation, and the evolution of diadromy in anguillid eels. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 59, 1989-1998.
133. Tücker, D.W. (1959) A new solution to the Atlantic eel problem. Nature 183, 495-501.
134. Tzeng, W.N., Severin, K.P. and Wickstrom, H. (1997). Use of otolith microchemistry to investigate the environmental history of European eel Anguilla anguilla. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 149, 73-81.
135. Ubitsch, L., Von (1924) Stimmen die Ergebnisse der Aalforshung mit Wegener's Kontinentalverschiebungstheorie überein? Naturwiss. 18, 345-348.
136. Williams, G.C. and Koehn, R.K. (1984) Population genetics of North Atlantic catadromous eels. In: Turner, B.J. (ed.), Evolutionary genetics of fishes. Plenum Press, New York, pp. 529-560.
137. Williams, G.C., Koehn R.K. and Mitton, J.B. (1973) Genetic differenciation without isolation in the American eel. Evolution 27, 192-204.
138. Williams, G.C., Koehn, R.K. and Thorsteinsson, V. (1984b) Icelandic eels: evidence for a single species of Anguilla in the North Atlantic. Copeia 1984(1), 221-223.
139. Williams, H.H., MacKenzie, K. and McCarthy, A.M. (1992) Parasites as biological indicators of the population biology, migrations, diet and phylogenetics of fish. Rev. Fish Biol. Fish. 2, 144-176.
140. Wirth, T. and Bernatchez, L. (2001) Genetic evidence against panmixia in the European eel. Nature 409, 1037-1040.
141. Yahyaoui, A. (1983) Etude comparée des populations atlantiques et méditerranéennes de civelles d'Anguilla anguilla. Thèse 3o cycle, Université de Perpignan, 177 pp.