Multilevel analysis of internal migration in a transitional country: The case of Estonia

Regional Studies

Volumn 38, Issue 6, 2004, Pages 679-696

  Kulu, Hill ^a,b   Billari, Francesco C ^b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TARTU   (Estonia)

^b MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR DEMOGRAPHIC RESEARCH   (Germany)

^c BOCCONI UNIVERSITY   (Italy)

Author keywords

Estonia; Ethnicity; Internal migration; Multilevel event history analysis; Transitional society

Indexed keywords

ETHNICITY; INTERNAL MIGRATION; MIGRATION DETERMINANT; SOCIAL IMPACT; SOCIAL SEGREGATION; TRANSITIONAL ECONOMY;

BALTIC STATES; ESTONIA; EURASIA; EUROPE; NORTHERN EUROPE;

EID: 4344675560     PISSN: 00343404     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/003434042000240978     Document Type: Article

References (72)

1. AINSAAR M. (1999) Changes in internal migration: are there any changes and what counts?, in AINSAAR M. (Ed) Regional Policy and Migration, pp. 114-126. Tartu University Press, Tartu.
2. ALLISON P. (1984) Event History Analysis: Regression for Longitudinal Event Data. Sage, Newbury Park.
3. BACCAINI B. and COURGEAU D. (1996) The spatial mobility of two generations of young adults in Norway, International Journal of Population Geography 2, 333-359.
4. BAILEY A. J. (1993) Migration history, migration behavior and selectivity, Annals of Regional Science 27, 315-326.
5. BAILEY A. J. and COOKE T. J. (1998) Family migration and employment: the importance of migration history and gender, International Regional Science Review 21, 99-118.
6. BARBER J. S., MURPHY S. A., AXINN W. G. and MAPLES J. (2000) Discrete-time multilevel hazard analysis. Sociological Methodology 30, 201-235.
7. BILLARI F. C. and BORGONI R. (2002) Spatial profiles in the analysis of event histories: an application to first sexual intercourse in Italy, International Journal of Population Geography 8, 261-275.
8. BLOSSFELD H.-P. and ROHWER G. (2002) Techniques of Event History Modeling: New Approaches to Causal Analysis, 2nd Edn. Lawrence Erlbaum, Mahwah.
9. BOYLE P. and SHEN J. (1997) Public housing and migration: a multi-level modelling approach, International Journal of Population Geography 3, 227-242.
10. BROWN L. A. and MOORE E. G. (1970) The intra-urban migration process: a perspective, Geografiska Annaler 52B, 1-13.
11. CADWALLADER M. (1989) A synthesis of macro and micro approaches to explaining migration: evidence from inter-state migration in the United States, Geografiska Annaler 71B, 85-94.
12. CADWALLADER M. (1992) Migration and Residential Mobility: Macro and Micro Approaches. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison.
13. CLARK W. A. V. and DAVIES WITHERS S. (1999) Changing jobs and changing houses: mobility outcomes of employment transitions, Journal of Regional Science 39, 653-673.
14. CLARK W. A. V. and HUANG Y. (2003) The life course and residential mobility in British housing markets, Environment and Planning 35, 323-339.
15. COURGEAU D. (1985) Interaction between spatial mobility, family and career life-cycle: a French survey, European Sociological Review, 1, 139-162.
16. COURGEAU D. and BACCAINI B. (1998) Multilevel analysis in the social sciences, Population: An English Selection, 39-71.
17. DAVIES WITHERS S. (1997) Methodological considerations in the analysis of residential mobility: a test of duration, state dependence and associated events, Geographical Analysis 29, 354-372.
18. DESBARATS J. M. (1983) Constrained choice and migration, Geografiska Annaler 65B, 11-22.
19. DUNCAN C. and JONES K. (2000) Using multilevel models to model heterogeneity: potential and pitfalls, Geographical Analysis 32, 279-305.
20. ESTONIAN LABOUR FORCE SURVEY (ELFS) (1995) Data File. Statistical Office of Estonia, Tallinn.
21. EZRA M. and KIROS G.-E. (2001) Rural out-migration in the drought prone areas of Ethiopia: a multilevel analysis, International Migration Review 35, 749-771.
22. FISCHER P. A. and MALMBERG G. (2001) Settled people don't move: on life-course and (im-)mobility in Sweden, International Journal of Population Geography 7, 357-371.
23. GOLDSTEIN H. (1995) Multilevel Statistical Models, 2nd Edn. Arnold, London.
24. GOLDSTEIN H. and LEYLAND A. H. (2001) Further topics in multilevel modelling, in GOLDSTEIN H. and LEYLAND A. H. (Eds) Multilevel Modelling of Health Statistics, pp. 175-186. Wiley, Chichester.
25. GUO G. and ZHAO H. (2000) Multilevel modeling for binary data, Annual Review of Sociology 26, 441-462.
26. GURAK D. T. and KRITZ M. M. (2000) The interstate migration of U.S. immigrants: individual and contextual determinants, Social Forces 78, 1017-1039.
27. KATUS K., KUPISZEWSKI M., REES P., SAKKEUS L., HERM A. and POWELL D. (1999) Internal Migration and Regional Population Dynamics in Estonia. Population Studies B 37. Estonian Interuniversity Population Research Centre, Tallinn.
28. KOK H. (1999) Migration from the city to the countryside in Hungary and Poland, GeoJournal 49, 53-62.
29. KULU H. (2001) Finnish diaspora in Russia and Estonia: population and settlement changes in the 20th century, Fennia 179, 55-69.
30. KULU H. (2002) Socialization and residence: ethnic return migrants in Estonia, Environment and Planning A 34, 289-316.
31. KULU H. (2003) Migration and Fertility: Competing Hypotheses Re-examined. MPIDR, Working Paper WP-2003-035. Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock.
32. KULU H. (2004) Determinants of residence and migration in the Soviet Union after World War 2: the immigrant population in Estonia, Environment and Planning A 36, 305-325.
33. LADANYI J. and SZELENYI I. (1998) Class, ethnicity and urban restructuring in postcommunist Hungary, in ENYEDI G. (Ed.) Social Change and Urban Restructuring in Central Europe, pp. 67-86. Akademiai Kiado, Budapest.
34. LANDALE N. S. and GUEST A. M. (1985) Constraints, satisfaction and residential mobility: Speare's model reconsidered, Demography 22, 199-222.
35. LAURISTIN M. and VIHALEMM P. (1997) Recent historical developments in Estonia: three stages of transition (1987-1997), in LAURISTIN M., VIHALEMM P., ROSENGREN K. E. and WEIBULL L. (Eds) Return to the Western World, pp. 73-126. Greif, Tartu.
36. LEE S. and ROSEMAN C. C. (1999) Migration determinants and employment consequences of white and black families, 1985-1990, Economic Geography 75, 109-133.
37. LIAW K.-L. (1990) Joint effects of personal factors and ecological variables on the interprovincial migration pattern of young adults in Canada: a nested logit analysis, Geographical Analysis 22, 189-208.
38. LIAW K.-L. and FREY W. H. (1998) Destination choices of the 1985-90 young adult immigrants to the United States: importance of race, educational attainment, and labour market forces, International Journal of Population Geography 4, 49-61.
39. LILLARD L. A. and PANIS C. W. A. (2000) aML: Multilevel Multiprocess Modeling. User's Guide and Reference Manual, Release 1. EconWare, Los Angeles.
40. MA Z. and LIAW K.-L. (1997) Explaining hierarchical and interprovincial migrations of Chinese young adults by personal factors and place attributes: a nested logit analysis, Mathematical Population Studies 6, 217-239.
41. MARKSOO A. (1976) On the regularities of the concentration process in the settlement system of the Estonian S. S. R., Transactions of the Tartu State University, Publications on Geography 13, 94-108.
42. MARKSOO A. (1990) Tallinn Eesti rahvarände süsteemis [Tallinn in the Estonian migration system], in KURS O. (Ed.) Eesti Geograafia Seltsi Aastaraamat 25, pp. 53-66. Valgus, Tallinn.
43. MARKSOO A. (1992) Dynamics of rural population in Estonia in the 1980s, in PUNNING J.-M. (Ed.) Estonia: Man and Nature, pp. 129-153. Estonian Geographical Society, Tallinn.
44. MARKSOO A. (1996) Restructuring of urban and rural settlement in Estonia, in CARTER F. W. and MAIK W. (Eds) Shock-Shift in an Enlarged Europe: The Geography of Socio-economic Change in East-Central Europe After 1989, pp. 81-102. Ashgate, Aldershot.
45. MOORE E. G. and ROSENBERG M. W. (1995) Modelling migration flows of immigrant groups in Canada, Environment and Planning A 27, 699-714.
46. MOULTON B. R. (1990) An illustration of a pitfall in estimating the effects of aggregate variables on micro units, Review of Economics and Statistics 72, 334-338.
47. MULDER C. H. and CLARK W. A. V. (2000) Leaving home and leaving the state: evidence from the United States, International Journal of Population Geography 6, 423-427.
48. MULDER C. H. and WAGNER M. (1998) First-time home-ownership in the family life course: a West German-Dutch comparison, Urban Studies 35, 687-713.
49. NEWBOLD K. B. (1999) Spatial distribution and redistribution of immigrants in the metropolitan United States, 1980 and 1990, Economic Geography 75, 254-271.
50. NEWBOLD K. B. and LIAW K.-L. (1995) Return and onward migrations in Canada, 1976-1981: an explanation based on personal and ecological variables, Canadian Geographer 39, 16-30.
51. OLSSON G. (1965) Distance and human interaction: a migration study, Geografiska Annaler 47B, 3-43.
52. PETTAI Ü., EAMETS R., PILISTE T. and SERVINSKI M. (Eds) (1997) Eesti tööjõu-uuring 1995. Metodoloogiline ülevaade [Estonian Labour Force Survey 1995: Methodological Report]. Statistikaamet, Tallinn-Viljandi.
53. PETTAI Ü., SÖSTRA K. and LILLEPUU I. (Eds) (1999) Tööjõud Eestis 1989-1999 [Estonian Labour Force 1989-1999]. Statistikaamet, Tallinn-Viljandi.
54. PICKLES J. and SMITH A. (1997) Theorising Transition: The Political Economy of Post-Communist Transformations. Routledge, London.
55. PUUR A. (1997) Emergence of unemployment: evidence from Estonia 1989-1995, Trames 1, 247-276.
56. PUUR A. (2000) Economic activity in transition: population of foreign origin in Estonia in the 1990s, Trames 4, 286-316.
57. RAAGMAA G. (1996) Shifts in regional development of Estonia during the transition, European Planning Studies 4, 679-699.
58. ROBERTSON L. R. (1996) The ethnic composition of migration in the former Soviet Union, Post-Soviet Geography and Economics 37, 113-128.
59. ROGERS A. (1967) A regression analysis of interregional migration in California, Review of Economics and Statistics 49, 262-267.
60. SEROW W. J. and SLY D. F. (1991) Geographic mobility of the elderly in industrialized societies, in LUTZ W. (Ed.) Future Demographic Trends in Europe and North America: What Can We Assume Today?, pp. 399-419. Academic Press, London.
61. SJAASTAD L. (1960) The relationship between migration and income in the United States, Papers of the Regional Science Association 6, 47-54.
62. SJÖBERG Ö. and TAMMARU T. (1999) Transitional statistics: internal migration and urban growth in post-Soviet Estonia, Europe-Asia Studies 51, 821-842.
63. SMITH A. and PICKLES J. (1997) Introduction: theorising transition and the political economy of transformation, in PICKLES J. and SMITH A. (Eds) Theorising Transition: The Political Economy of Post-Communist Transformations, pp. 1-22. Routledge, London.
64. STATISTICAL OFFICE OF ESTONIA (2002) Tööturg (Labour market) (available at: http://www.stat.vil.ee/l-market/index.html).
65. STEELE E, DIAMOND I. and AMIN S. (1996) Immunization uptake in rural Bangladesh: a multilevel analysis, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society 159, 289-299.
66. SYKORA L. and CERMAK Z. (1998) City growth and migration patterns in the context of 'communist' and 'transitory' periods in Prague's urban development, Espace, Populations, Societies, 405-416.
67. TAMMARU T. and KULU H. (2003) The ethnic minorities of Estonia: changing size, location and composition, Eurasian Geography and Economics 44, 105-120.
68. VIKAT A. and NOTKOLA V. (1996) Keitä he ovat?: Virosta ja entisestä Neuvostoliitosta Suomeen muuttaneet vuosina 1988 ja 1992 [Who They Are? Migrants from Estonia and the Former Soviet Union to Finland in 1988 and 1992]. Helsingin kaupunki, Helsinki.
69. WHITE M. J. and LIANG Z. (1998) The effect of immigration on the internal migration of the native-born population, 1981-1990, Population Research and Policy Review 17, 141-166.
70. WHITE S. E. (1980) A philosophical dichotomy in migration research, Professional Geographer 32, 6-13.
71. WOLPERT J. (1965) Behavioral aspects of the decision to migrate, Papers and Proceedings of the Regional Science Association 15, 159-169.
72. YAMAGUCHI K. (1991) Event History Analysis. Sage, Newbury Park.