European integration and the nationalities question

Politics and Society

Volumn 32, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 367-388

  Keating, Michael ^a,b  

^a EUROPEAN UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

European integration; Minorities; Nationalism; Self determination

Indexed keywords

EID: 4344651524     PISSN: 00323292     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0032329204267295     Document Type: Review

References (115)

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2. Eric Hobsbawm, Nations and Nationalism since 1780 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990).
3. Yael Tamir, Liberal Nationalism (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993); Alexander B. Murphy, "Rethinking the Concept of European Identity," in Nested Identities: Nationalism, Territory, and Scale, ed. H. Herb Guntram and David H. Kaplan (Lanhmam, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 1999); and Richard Keamey, Postnationalist Ireland: Politics, Culture, Philosophy (London: Routledge, 1997).
4. Yael Tamir, Liberal Nationalism (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993); Alexander B. Murphy, "Rethinking the Concept of European Identity," in Nested Identities: Nationalism, Territory, and Scale, ed. H. Herb Guntram and David H. Kaplan (Lanhmam, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 1999); and Richard Keamey, Postnationalist Ireland: Politics, Culture, Philosophy (London: Routledge, 1997).
5. Yael Tamir, Liberal Nationalism (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993); Alexander B. Murphy, "Rethinking the Concept of European Identity," in Nested Identities: Nationalism, Territory, and Scale, ed. H. Herb Guntram and David H. Kaplan (Lanhmam, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 1999); and Richard Keamey, Postnationalist Ireland: Politics, Culture, Philosophy (London: Routledge, 1997).
6. Martin Creveld, The Rise and Decline of the State (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).
7. External security has been collectivized at the supranational level. The only question is whether this is to be within a predominantly European or a broader transatlantic framework.
8. Neil MacCormick, Questioning Sovereignty: Law, State and Nation in the European Commonwealth (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1999); Neil Walker, "European Constitutionalism and European Integration," Public Law (Summer 1996):266-90. Neil Walker, "Sovereignty and Differentiated Integration in the European Union," European Law Journal 4, no. 4 (1998): 355-88.
9. Neil MacCormick, Questioning Sovereignty: Law, State and Nation in the European Commonwealth (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1999); Neil Walker, "European Constitutionalism and European Integration," Public Law (Summer 1996):266-90. Neil Walker, "Sovereignty and Differentiated Integration in the European Union," European Law Journal 4, no. 4 (1998): 355-88.
10. Neil MacCormick, Questioning Sovereignty: Law, State and Nation in the European Commonwealth (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1999); Neil Walker, "European Constitutionalism and European Integration," Public Law (Summer 1996):266-90. Neil Walker, "Sovereignty and Differentiated Integration in the European Union," European Law Journal 4, no. 4 (1998): 355-88.
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13. In the United Kingdom, the only statutory charter of rights is the European one, incorporated differently into the legal systems of the four nations.
14. The concept is discussed at greater length in Michael Keating, Plurinational Democracy: Stateless Nations in a Post-sovereignty Era (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2001).
15. Montserrat Guibernau, Nations without States: Political Communities in a Global Age (Cambridge, UK: Polity, 1999); David MCCrone, The Sociology of Nationalism (London: Routledge, 1998); and Stéphane Paquin, La revanche des petites nations: Le Québec, l'Écosse et la Catalogne face à la mondialisation (Montreal, Canada: vlb, 2001).
16. Montserrat Guibernau, Nations without States: Political Communities in a Global Age (Cambridge, UK: Polity, 1999); David MCCrone, The Sociology of Nationalism (London: Routledge, 1998); and Stéphane Paquin, La revanche des petites nations: Le Québec, l'Écosse et la Catalogne face à la mondialisation (Montreal, Canada: vlb, 2001).
17. Montserrat Guibernau, Nations without States: Political Communities in a Global Age (Cambridge, UK: Polity, 1999); David MCCrone, The Sociology of Nationalism (London: Routledge, 1998); and Stéphane Paquin, La revanche des petites nations: Le Québec, l'Écosse et la Catalogne face à la mondialisation (Montreal, Canada: vlb, 2001).
18. Juan José Ibarretxe, Nuevo pacto político para la convivencia (www.Euskadi.net/konponbideak/nuevopacto, Basque Government, 2002).
19. John MCGarry, "Globalization, European Integration and the Northern Ireland Conflict," in Minority Nationalism and the Changing International Order, ed. Michael Keating and John MCGarry (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2001).
20. Wanda Dressier Holohan and Maria Ciechocinska, "The Recomposition of Identity and Political Space in Europe: The Case of Upper Silesia," in Borders, Nations and States, ed. Liam O'Dowd and Thomas M. Wilson (Aldershot, UK: Averbury, 1996).
21. Judy Batt "Reinventing Banat," Regional and Federal Studies 12, no. 2 (2002): 178-202; Judy Batt, '"Fuzzy Statehood' versus Hard Borders: The Impact of EU Enlargement on Romania and Yugoslavia," in The Regional Challenge in Central and Eastern Europe, Territorial Restructuring and European Integration, ed. Michael Keating and James Hughes (Brussels: Presses interuniversitaires européennes/Peter Lang, 2003).
22. Judy Batt "Reinventing Banat," Regional and Federal Studies 12, no. 2 (2002): 178-202; Judy Batt, '"Fuzzy Statehood' versus Hard Borders: The Impact of EU Enlargement on Romania and Yugoslavia," in The Regional Challenge in Central and Eastern Europe, Territorial Restructuring and European Integration, ed. Michael Keating and James Hughes (Brussels: Presses interuniversitaires européennes/Peter Lang, 2003).
23. DAHR, Democratic Alliance of Hungarians of Romania, Programme, 1998. www.hhrf.org/rmdsz/.
24. Karoly Gruber, Constitutional Regions, Stateless Nations and the Future of Europe Debate (Brussels: European Policy Centre, 2002).
25. Michael Keating, Nations against the State: The New Politics of Nationalism in Quebec, Catalonia and Scotland, 2nd ed. (London: Palgrave, 2001.)
26. Alexander Ugalde, "Las relaciones internacionales del nacionalismo vasco," in Paradiplomacia: las relaciones internacionales de las regiones, ed. Francisco Aldecoa and Michael Keating (Madrid, Spain: Marcial Pons, 2001).
27. Roberto Biorcio, La Padania Promessa (Milan, Italy: II Saggiatore, 1997).
28. Peter Lynch, Minority Nationalism and European Integration (Cardiff, UK: University of Wales Press, 1996).
29. Cesáreo Aguilera de Prat, Partidos y estrategias nacionalistas en Cataluña, Escocia y Flandes (Valencia, Spain: Tirant lo Blanc, 2002).
30. Michael Keating, "Les nationalités minoritaires d'Espagne face à l'Europe," Etudes Internationales 30, no. 4 (1999): 729-43; Michael Keating, "Rethinking the Region: Culture, Institutions and Economic Development in Catalonia and Galicia," European Urban and Regional Studies 8, no.3 (1999): 217-34; and Michael Keating, "The Minority Nations of Spain and European Integration: A New Framework for Autonomy?" Journal of Spanish Cultural Studies, 1, no. 1 (2000): 29-42.
31. Michael Keating, "Les nationalités minoritaires d'Espagne face à l'Europe," Etudes Internationales 30, no. 4 (1999): 729-43; Michael Keating, "Rethinking the Region: Culture, Institutions and Economic Development in Catalonia and Galicia," European Urban and Regional Studies 8, no.3 (1999): 217-34; and Michael Keating, "The Minority Nations of Spain and European Integration: A New Framework for Autonomy?" Journal of Spanish Cultural Studies, 1, no. 1 (2000): 29-42.
32. Michael Keating, "Les nationalités minoritaires d'Espagne face à l'Europe," Etudes Internationales 30, no. 4 (1999): 729-43; Michael Keating, "Rethinking the Region: Culture, Institutions and Economic Development in Catalonia and Galicia," European Urban and Regional Studies 8, no.3 (1999): 217-34; and Michael Keating, "The Minority Nations of Spain and European Integration: A New Framework for Autonomy?" Journal of Spanish Cultural Studies, 1, no. 1 (2000): 29-42.
33. Michael Keating, Nations against the State; Michel Nicolas, Bretagne, un destin européen (Rennes, France: Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2001).
34. Michael Keating, Nations against the State; Michel Nicolas, Bretagne, un destin européen (Rennes, France: Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2001).
35. Sabino Arana, "Bizkaya por su independencia, extract in Documentos para la historia del nacionalismo vasco, ed. Santiago de Pablo, José Luis de la Granja, and Ludger Mees (Barcelona, Spain: Ariel, 1998).
36. Michael Keating, Plurinational Democracy.
37. Celia Applegate, "A Europe of Regions: Reflections on the Historiography of Sub-national Places in Modern Times," American Historical Review 104, no. 4 (1999): 1157-82.
38. Norman Davies, Europe: A History (London: Pimlico, 1997).
39. Neil MacCormick, "Is There a Scottish Path to Constitutional Independence?" Parliamentary Affairs 53 (2000): 721-36; William Ferguson, The Identity of the Scottish Nation: An Historic Quest (Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press, 1998); and Paul H. Scott, Andrew Fletcher and the Treaty of Union (Edinburgh, UK: John Donald, 1992).
40. Neil MacCormick, "Is There a Scottish Path to Constitutional Independence?" Parliamentary Affairs 53 (2000): 721-36; William Ferguson, The Identity of the Scottish Nation: An Historic Quest (Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press, 1998); and Paul H. Scott, Andrew Fletcher and the Treaty of Union (Edinburgh, UK: John Donald, 1992).
41. Neil MacCormick, "Is There a Scottish Path to Constitutional Independence?" Parliamentary Affairs 53 (2000): 721-36; William Ferguson, The Identity of the Scottish Nation: An Historic Quest (Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press, 1998); and Paul H. Scott, Andrew Fletcher and the Treaty of Union (Edinburgh, UK: John Donald, 1992).
42. Eduarde Moreno and Francisco Martí, Catalunya para españoles (Barcelona, Spain: DORESA, 1977); Salvador Giner and others, La cultura catalana: el sagrat i el profà (Barcelona, Spain: Edicions 62, 1996); Ricard Lobo, "La devolutión de la soberanía," in El modelo catalán: Un talante político, ed. Xavier Bru de Sala and others (Barcelona, Spain: Flor del Viento, 1997); Joaquim Albareda i Salvadò and Pere Gifre i Ribes, Historia de la Catalunya moderna (Barcelona, Spain: Edicions de la Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, 1999); and Jaime Vicens Vives, Approaches to the History of Spain, 2nd ed. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1970).
43. Eduarde Moreno and Francisco Martí, Catalunya para españoles (Barcelona, Spain: DORESA, 1977); Salvador Giner and others, La cultura catalana: el sagrat i el profà (Barcelona, Spain: Edicions 62, 1996); Ricard Lobo, "La devolutión de la soberanía," in El modelo catalán: Un talante político, ed. Xavier Bru de Sala and others (Barcelona, Spain: Flor del Viento, 1997); Joaquim Albareda i Salvadò and Pere Gifre i Ribes, Historia de la Catalunya moderna (Barcelona, Spain: Edicions de la Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, 1999); and Jaime Vicens Vives, Approaches to the History of Spain, 2nd ed. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1970).
44. Eduarde Moreno and Francisco Martí, Catalunya para españoles (Barcelona, Spain: DORESA, 1977); Salvador Giner and others, La cultura catalana: el sagrat i el profà (Barcelona, Spain: Edicions 62, 1996); Ricard Lobo, "La devolutión de la soberanía," in El modelo catalán: Un talante político, ed. Xavier Bru de Sala and others (Barcelona, Spain: Flor del Viento, 1997); Joaquim Albareda i Salvadò and Pere Gifre i Ribes, Historia de la Catalunya moderna (Barcelona, Spain: Edicions de la Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, 1999); and Jaime Vicens Vives, Approaches to the History of Spain, 2nd ed. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1970).
45. Eduarde Moreno and Francisco Martí, Catalunya para españoles (Barcelona, Spain: DORESA, 1977); Salvador Giner and others, La cultura catalana: el sagrat i el profà (Barcelona, Spain: Edicions 62, 1996); Ricard Lobo, "La devolutión de la soberanía," in El modelo catalán: Un talante político, ed. Xavier Bru de Sala and others (Barcelona, Spain: Flor del Viento, 1997); Joaquim Albareda i Salvadò and Pere Gifre i Ribes, Historia de la Catalunya moderna (Barcelona, Spain: Edicions de la Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, 1999); and Jaime Vicens Vives, Approaches to the History of Spain, 2nd ed. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1970).
46. Eduarde Moreno and Francisco Martí, Catalunya para españoles (Barcelona, Spain: DORESA, 1977); Salvador Giner and others, La cultura catalana: el sagrat i el profà (Barcelona, Spain: Edicions 62, 1996); Ricard Lobo, "La devolutión de la soberanía," in El modelo catalán: Un talante político, ed. Xavier Bru de Sala and others (Barcelona, Spain: Flor del Viento, 1997); Joaquim Albareda i Salvadò and Pere Gifre i Ribes, Historia de la Catalunya moderna (Barcelona, Spain: Edicions de la Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, 1999); and Jaime Vicens Vives, Approaches to the History of Spain, 2nd ed. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1970).
47. Miguel Herrero de Miñon, Derechos Históricos y Constitutión (Madrid, Spain: Taurus, 1998); and Miguel Herrero de Miñon and Ernest Lluch, Derechos Históricos y Constitucionalismo Util (Barcelona, Spain: Crítica, 2001).
48. Miguel Herrero de Miñon, Derechos Históricos y Constitutión (Madrid, Spain: Taurus, 1998); and Miguel Herrero de Miñon and Ernest Lluch, Derechos Históricos y Constitucionalismo Util (Barcelona, Spain: Crítica, 2001).
49. Michel Nicolas, Bretagne.
50. Lode Wils, Histoire des national belges (Ottignies: Quorum, 1996); Louis Vos, "Reconstructions of the Past in Belgium and Flanders," in Secession, History and the Social Sciences, ed. Bruno Coppieters and Michel Huysseune (Brussels: Brussels University Press, 2002).
51. Lode Wils, Histoire des national belges (Ottignies: Quorum, 1996); Louis Vos, "Reconstructions of the Past in Belgium and Flanders," in Secession, History and the Social Sciences, ed. Bruno Coppieters and Michel Huysseune (Brussels: Brussels University Press, 2002).
52. G. Oneto, L'invenzione della Padania: La rinascita della communità più antica d'Europa (Bergamo, Italy: Foedus, 1997).
53. Luiza Bialasiewicz, "Upper Silesia: Rebirth of a Regional Identity in Poland," Regional and Federal Studies 12, no. 2 (2002): 111-32.
54. Judy Bart, "Reinventing Banat," Regional and Federal Studies 12, no. 2 (2002): 178-202.
55. Batt, '"Fuzzy Statehood.'"
56. I b i d.
57. I b i d.
58. Otto Bauer, The Question of Nationalities and Social Democracy, trans. Joseph O'Donnell, ed. Ephraim Nimni (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2000); Ephraim Nimni, "Nationalist Multiculturalism in Late Imperial Austria as a Critique of Contemporary Liberalism: The Case of Bauer and Renner," Journal of Political Ideologies 4, no. 3 (1999): 289-314.
59. Otto Bauer, The Question of Nationalities and Social Democracy, trans. Joseph O'Donnell, ed. Ephraim Nimni (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2000); Ephraim Nimni, "Nationalist Multiculturalism in Late Imperial Austria as a Critique of Contemporary Liberalism: The Case of Bauer and Renner," Journal of Political Ideologies 4, no. 3 (1999): 289-314.
60. C. A. Macartney, The Habsburg Empire, 1790-1918 (New York: Russell and Russell, 1969); Frederick Hertz, Nationality in History and Politics (London: Kegan Paul, Trench and Turner, 1944); Robert A. Kann, The Multinational Empire: Nationalism and National Reform in the Habsburg Monarchy, 1848-1919 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1950); and Aviel Roshwald, Ethnic Nationalism and the Fall of Empires: Central Europe, Russia and the Middle East, 1914-1923 (London: Routledge, 2001).
61. C. A. Macartney, The Habsburg Empire, 1790-1918 (New York: Russell and Russell, 1969); Frederick Hertz, Nationality in History and Politics (London: Kegan Paul, Trench and Turner, 1944); Robert A. Kann, The Multinational Empire: Nationalism and National Reform in the Habsburg Monarchy, 1848-1919 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1950); and Aviel Roshwald, Ethnic Nationalism and the Fall of Empires: Central Europe, Russia and the Middle East, 1914-1923 (London: Routledge, 2001).
62. C. A. Macartney, The Habsburg Empire, 1790-1918 (New York: Russell and Russell, 1969); Frederick Hertz, Nationality in History and Politics (London: Kegan Paul, Trench and Turner, 1944); Robert A. Kann, The Multinational Empire: Nationalism and National Reform in the Habsburg Monarchy, 1848-1919 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1950); and Aviel Roshwald, Ethnic Nationalism and the Fall of Empires: Central Europe, Russia and the Middle East, 1914-1923 (London: Routledge, 2001).
63. C. A. Macartney, The Habsburg Empire, 1790-1918 (New York: Russell and Russell, 1969); Frederick Hertz, Nationality in History and Politics (London: Kegan Paul, Trench and Turner, 1944); Robert A. Kann, The Multinational Empire: Nationalism and National Reform in the Habsburg Monarchy, 1848-1919 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1950); and Aviel Roshwald, Ethnic Nationalism and the Fall of Empires: Central Europe, Russia and the Middle East, 1914-1923 (London: Routledge, 2001).
64. André Liebich, Ethnic Minorities and Long-Term Implications of EU Enlargement, RSC Working Paper 98/49 (Florence, Italy: European University Institute, 1998).
65. Alan Sked, The Decline and Fall of the Habsburg Empire, 1815-1918 (London: Longman, 1989).
66. Pau Puig i Scotoni, Pensar els camins a la sobirania (Barcelona, Spain: Mediterrànea, 1998).
67. Brubaker, Nationalism Reframed.
68. Bertrand Badie, La fin des territories: Essai sur le désordre international et sur l'utilité sociale du respect (Paris: Fayard, 1995).
69. Yael Tamir, Liberal Nationalism (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993).
70. Michael Keating, The New Regionalism in Western Europe: Territorial Restructuring and Political Change (Aldershot, UK: Edward Elgar, 1998).
71. Allen Scott, Regions and the World Economy (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1998); Michael Storper, The Regional World: Territorial Development in a Global Economy (New York: Guilford, 1997).
72. Allen Scott, Regions and the World Economy (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1998); Michael Storper, The Regional World: Territorial Development in a Global Economy (New York: Guilford, 1997).
73. Michael Keating, John Loughlin, and Kris Deschouwer, Culture, Institutions and Economic Development: A Study of Eight European Regions (Aldershot, UK: Edward Elgar, 2003).
74. Scott, Regions and the World Economy.
75. Kenichi Ohmae, The End of the Nation State: The Rise of Regional Economies (New York: Free Press, 1995).
76. Thomas J. Courchene, A State of Minds: Toward a Human Capital Future for Canadians (Montreal, Canada: Institute for Research in Public Policy, 2001).
77. Alain-G. Gagnon, "Le Québec, une nation inscrite au sein d'une démocratie étriquée," in Repères en mutation: Identité et citoyenneté dans le Québec contemporain, ed. Jocelyn MCCure and Alain-G. Gagnon (Montréal, Canada: Québec-Amérique, 2001).
78. Nùria Sales, Els sigles de la decadència, Vol. IV of Història de Catalunya (Barcelona, Spain: Edicions 62, 1989).
79. Georg Jellinek, Fragmentos de Estado, translation of Uber Staatsfragmente (Madrid, Spain: Civitas, 1981).
80. Will Kymlicka, "Reply and Conclusion," in Can Liberal Pluralism be Exported? Western Political Theory and Ethnic Relations in Eastern Europe, ed. Will Kymlicka and Magda Opalski (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2001).
81. Anssi Paasi, "Place and Region: Regional World and Words," Progress in Human Geography 26, no. 6 (2002): 802-11.
82. Slovenia, Romania, Hungary, and Slovakia passed such laws and Poland considered it. Only the Hungarian law specified the neighboring countries to which it would apply: Romania, Ukraine, Slovakia, Yugoslavia, Croatia, and Slovenia.
83. Brigid Fowler, Fuzzing Citizenship, Nationalising Political Space: A Framework for Interpreting the Hungarian 'Status Law' as a New Form of Kin-State Policy in Central and Eastern Europe, One Europe or Several Programme Working Paper, 40/02 (Brighton, UK: Sussex European Institute, 2002); European Commission for Democracy through Law (Venice Commission), Paper Containing the Position of the Hungarian Government in Relation to the Act on Hungarians Living in Neighbouring Countries (Strasbourg, France: Council of Europe, 2001).
84. Brigid Fowler, Fuzzing Citizenship, Nationalising Political Space: A Framework for Interpreting the Hungarian 'Status Law' as a New Form of Kin-State Policy in Central and Eastern Europe, One Europe or Several Programme Working Paper, 40/02 (Brighton, UK: Sussex European Institute, 2002); European Commission for Democracy through Law (Venice Commission), Paper Containing the Position of the Hungarian Government in Relation to the Act on Hungarians Living in Neighbouring Countries (Strasbourg, France: Council of Europe, 2001).
85. The law on Hungarians abroad, however, was promoted as a substitute for dual citizenship.
86. Lieven De Winter and Margarita Gomez-Reino Cachafeiro, "European Integration and Ethnoregionalist Parties," Party Politics 8, no. 4 (2002): 483-503; and Lieven De Winter, The Impact of European Integration on Ethnoregionalist Parties, Working Papers, 195 (Barcelona, Spain: Institut de Ciències Politiques i Socials, 2001).
87. Lieven De Winter and Margarita Gomez-Reino Cachafeiro, "European Integration and Ethnoregionalist Parties," Party Politics 8, no. 4 (2002): 483-503; and Lieven De Winter, The Impact of European Integration on Ethnoregionalist Parties, Working Papers, 195 (Barcelona, Spain: Institut de Ciències Politiques i Socials, 2001).
88. Lieven De Winter, "The Volksunie and the Dilemma between Policy Success and Electoral Survival in Flanders," in Regionalist Parties in Western Europe, ed. Lieven de Winter and Huri Tursan (London: Routlege, 1998); Peter Lynch, Minority Nationalism and European Integration (Cardiff, UK: University of Wales Press, 1996); Nicolas, Bretagne; and Keating, "Minority Nations of Spain."
89. Lieven De Winter, "The Volksunie and the Dilemma between Policy Success and Electoral Survival in Flanders," in Regionalist Parties in Western Europe, ed. Lieven de Winter and Huri Tursan (London: Routlege, 1998); Peter Lynch, Minority Nationalism and European Integration (Cardiff, UK: University of Wales Press, 1996); Nicolas, Bretagne; and Keating, "Minority Nations of Spain."
90. Lieven De Winter, "The Volksunie and the Dilemma between Policy Success and Electoral Survival in Flanders," in Regionalist Parties in Western Europe, ed. Lieven de Winter and Huri Tursan (London: Routlege, 1998); Peter Lynch, Minority Nationalism and European Integration (Cardiff, UK: University of Wales Press, 1996); Nicolas, Bretagne; and Keating, "Minority Nations of Spain."2
91. Udo Bullman, Die Politik der dritten Ebene: Regionen im Europa der Union (Baden-Baden, Germany: Nomos, 1994).
92. Technically, these are separate initiatives, but only for institutional reasons, as one is based on the EU and the other on the Council of Europe.
93. Zoe Bray, "Boundaries and Identities in Bidasoa-Txingudi on the Franco-Spanish Frontier (Ph.D. diss., European University Institute, Florence, 2002); David Kaplan, "Conflict and Compromise among Borderland Identities in Northern Italy," Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie 91, no. 1 (2000): 44-60; Peter Sahlins, Boundaries: The Making of France and Spain in the Pyrenees (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989); and Jorunn Sem Fure, The German-Polish Border Region: A Case of Regional Integration? ARENA Working Papers, 97/19 (Oslo, Norway: ARENA Project, 1997).
94. Zoe Bray, "Boundaries and Identities in Bidasoa-Txingudi on the Franco-Spanish Frontier (Ph.D. diss., European University Institute, Florence, 2002); David Kaplan, "Conflict and Compromise among Borderland Identities in Northern Italy," Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie 91, no. 1 (2000): 44-60; Peter Sahlins, Boundaries: The Making of France and Spain in the Pyrenees (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989); and Jorunn Sem Fure, The German-Polish Border Region: A Case of Regional Integration? ARENA Working Papers, 97/19 (Oslo, Norway: ARENA Project, 1997).
95. Zoe Bray, "Boundaries and Identities in Bidasoa-Txingudi on the Franco-Spanish Frontier (Ph.D. diss., European University Institute, Florence, 2002); David Kaplan, "Conflict and Compromise among Borderland Identities in Northern Italy," Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie 91, no. 1 (2000): 44-60; Peter Sahlins, Boundaries: The Making of France and Spain in the Pyrenees (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989); and Jorunn Sem Fure, The German-Polish Border Region: A Case of Regional Integration? ARENA Working Papers, 97/19 (Oslo, Norway: ARENA Project, 1997).
96. Zoe Bray, "Boundaries and Identities in Bidasoa-Txingudi on the Franco-Spanish Frontier (Ph.D. diss., European University Institute, Florence, 2002); David Kaplan, "Conflict and Compromise among Borderland Identities in Northern Italy," Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie 91, no. 1 (2000): 44-60; Peter Sahlins, Boundaries: The Making of France and Spain in the Pyrenees (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989); and Jorunn Sem Fure, The German-Polish Border Region: A Case of Regional Integration? ARENA Working Papers, 97/19 (Oslo, Norway: ARENA Project, 1997).
97. Batt, '"Fuzzy Statehood.'"
98. John W. Scott, "European and North American Contexts for Cross-Border Regionalism," Regional Studies 33, no. 13 (1999): 605-17.
99. Christian Hillgruber and Matthias Jestaedt, The European Convention on Human Rights and the Protection of National Minorities (Cologne, Germany: Verlag Wissenschaft und Politik, 1994); and Alain Fenet, "L'Europe et les minorités," in Le Droit et les Minorités, ed. Alain Fenet (Brussels: Bruylant, 1995).
100. Christian Hillgruber and Matthias Jestaedt, The European Convention on Human Rights and the Protection of National Minorities (Cologne, Germany: Verlag Wissenschaft und Politik, 1994); and Alain Fenet, "L'Europe et les minorités," in Le Droit et les Minorités, ed. Alain Fenet (Brussels: Bruylant, 1995).
101. Of the Council of Europe, not the European Union.
102. Florence Benoît-Rohmer, The Minority Question in Europe (Strasbourg, France: Council of Europe, 1996).
103. Martin Brusis, "The European Union and Interethnic Power-Sharing Arrangements in Accession Countries," Journal of Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe 1 (2003): 1-20.
104. James Hughes and Gwendolyn Sasse, "Monitoring the Montors: EU Enlargement Conditionality and Minority Protection in the CEECs," Journal of Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe 1 (2003): 21-36.
105. Liebich, Ethnic Minorities.
106. Jennifer Jackson Preece, National Minorities and the European Nation-States System (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1998).
107. Hughes and Sasse, "Monitoring the Monitors."
108. MCGarry, "Globalization."
109. Liesbet Hooghe and Gary Marks, Multi-level Governance and European Integration (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2001).
110. Neil Walker, "The Idea of Constitutional Pluralism," Modern Law Review 65, no. 3 (2002): 317-59.
111. The Basque Nationalist Party recommended abstention in the referendum on the Spanish constitution but a vote in favor of the Basque Statute of Autonomy.
112. Gurutz Jáuregui, Los nacionalismos minoritarios y la Unión Europea (Barcelona, Spain: Ariel, 1997).
113. Miquel Caminal, El federalismo pluralista: Del federalismo nacional al federalismo plurinacional (Barcelona, Spain: Paidós, 2002).
114. Alain Lamassoure, a French MEP, has proposed that regions could become "partners of the Union" with broad responsibilities for applying EU policy directly. The Commission has pursued the idea in the form of tripartite contracts among the Commission, the Member State, and the region.
115. Carlos Closa, "La Pluralidad Nacional en un mismo Estado y en la UE," in Democracia y pluralismo nacional, ed. Ferran Requejo (Barcelona, Spain: Ariel, 2002).