Transport of ionizing radiation in terrestrial-like exoplanet atmospheres

Icarus

Volumn 171, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 229-253

  Smith, David Smith ^a   Scalo, John ^a   Wheeler, J Craig ^a  

^a University of Texas at Austin   (United States)

Author keywords

Astrobiology; Extrasolar planets; Photochemistry; Radiative transfer scattering

Indexed keywords

EID: 4344566082     PISSN: 00191035     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.icarus.2004.04.009     Document Type: Article

References (134)

1. Adami C. Ofria C. Collier T.C. Evolution of biological complexity Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 97 2000 4463-4468
2. Alpen E.L. Radiation Biophysics 1998 Academic Press San Diego
3. Aschwanden M.J. Tarbell T.D. Nightingale R.W. Schrijver C.J. Title A. Kankelborg C.C. Martens P. Warren H.P. Time variability of the "quiet" Sun observed with TRACE. II. Physical parameters, temperature evolution, and energetics of extreme-ultraviolet nanoflares Astrophys. J. 535 2000 1047-1065
4. Audard M. Güdel M. Drake J.J. Kashyap V.L. Extreme-ultraviolet flare activity in late-type stars Astrophys. J. 541 2000 396-409
5. Band D. Matteson J. Ford L. Schaefer B. Palmer D. Teegarden B. Cline T. Briggs M. Paciesas W. Pendleton G. Fishman G. Kouveliotou C. Meegan C. Wilson R. Lestrade P. BATSE observations of gamma-ray burst spectra. I-spectral diversity Astrophys. J. 413 1993 281-292
6. Banks P.M. Kockarts G. Aeronomy: Part A 1973 Academic Press New York
7. Barbon R. Buondi V. Cappellaro E. Turatto M. The Asiago Supernova Catalogue-10 years after Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. 139 1999 531-536
8. Begelman M.C. Rees M.J. Can cosmic clouds cause climatic catastrophes Nature 261 1976 298-299
9. Brasseur G.P. Orlando J.J. Tyndall G.S. Atmospheric Chemistry and Global Change 1999 Oxford Univ. Press New York
10. Brown R.T. Ionospheric effects of cosmic gamma-ray bursts Nature 246 1973 83-84
11. Cabrera-Juarez E. Setlow J.K. Mutation of Haemophilus inluenzae transforming DNA in vitro with near-ultraviolet radiation: action spectrum Mutat. Res. 35 1976 199-206
12. Chabrier G. Galactic stellar and substellar initial mass function Publ. Astron. Soc. Pacific 115 2003 763-795
13. Chamberlain J. Physics of Aurora and Airglow 1961 Academic Press New York
14. Chamberlain J.W. Theory of Planetary Atmospheres: An Introduction to Their Physics and Chemistry 1978 Academic Press New York
15. Chapman S. The absorption and dissociative or ionizing effect of monochromatic radiation in an atmosphere on a rotating Earth Proc. Phys. Soc. 43 1931 26-45
16. Chesson P. Huntly N. The roles of harsh and fluctuating conditions in the dynamics of ecological communities Am. Nat. 150 1997 519-553
17. Cockell C.S. Photobiological uncertainties in the Archaean and post-Archaean world Intl. J. Astrobiol. 1 2002 31-38
18. Crisp D. Ionosphere Cox A.N. (Ed.). Allen's Astrophysical Quantities 2000 271-272 Springer New York
19. Crosby N.B. Aschwanden M.J. Dennis B.R. Frequency distributions and correlations of solar X-ray flare parameters Sol. Phys. 143 1993 275-299
20. Crosby N. Vilmer N. Lund N. Sunyaev R. Deka-keV X-ray observations of solar bursts with WATCH/GRANAT: frequency distributions of burst parameters Astron. Astrophys. 334 1998 299-313
21. Cully S.L. Siegmund O.H.W. Vedder P.W. Vallerga J.V. Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer deep survey observations of a large flare on AU microscopii Astrophys. J. 414 1993 L49-L52
22. Edgar B.C. Miles W.T. Green A.E.S. Energy deposition of protons in molecular nitrogen and applications to proton auroral phenomena J. Geophys. Res. 78 1973 6595-6606
23. El-Borie M.A. Major solar-energetic particle fluxes: I. Comparison with the associated ground level enhancements of cosmic rays Astroparticle Phys. 19 2003 549-558
24. Evans D. Precipitating electron fluxes formed by a magnetic field aligned potential difference J. Geophys. Res. 79 1974 2853-2858
25. Fano U. Penetration of protons, alpha particles, and mesons Annu. Rev. Nucl. Sci. 13 1963 1-66
26. Farquhar J. Wing B.A. McKeegan K.D. Harris J.W. Cartigny P. Thiemens M.H. Mass-independent sulfur of inclusions in diamond and sulfur recycling on early Earth Science 298 2002 2369-2372
27. Favata F. Reale F. Micela G. Sciortino S. Maggio A. Matsumoto H. An extreme X-ray flare observed on EV Lac by ASCA in July 1998 Astron. Astrophys. 353 2000 987-997
28. Feder M.E. Hofmann G.E. Heat-shock proteins, molecular chaperones, and the stress response: evolutionary and ecological physiology Annu. Rev. Physiol. 61 1999 243-282
29. Foukal P. Solar Astrophysics 1990 Wiley New York
30. 2 gas Planet. Space Sci. 36 1988 329-352
31. Güdel M. Audard M. Kashyap V.L. Drake J.J. Guinan E.F. Are coronae of magnetically active stars heated by flares? II. Extreme ultraviolet and X-ray flare statistics and the differential emission measure distribution Astrophys. J. 582 2003 423-442
32. Gershberg R.E. Shakhovskaya N.I. Characteristics of activity energetics of the UV Ceti-type flare stars Astrophys. Space Sci. 95 1983 235-253
33. Gehrels N. 5 colleagues. Ozone depletion from nearby supernovae Astrophys. J. 585 2003 1169-1176
34. Gershberg R.E. Katsova M.M. Lovkaya M. Terebizh A.V. Shakhovskaya N.I. Catalogue and bibliography of the UV Ceti-type flare stars and related objects in the solar vicinity Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. Ser. 139 1999 555-558
35. Giraud A. Matic I. Tenaillon O. Clara A. Radman M. Fons M. Taddei F. Costs and benefits of high mutation rates: adaptive evolution of bacteria in the mouse gut Science 291 2001 2606-2608
36. Golub L. Pasachoff J.M. The Solar Corona 1997 Cambridge Univ. Press New York
37. Gomez F. Miikkulainen R. Incremental evolution of complex general behavior Adapt. Behav. 5 1997 317-342
38. Gonzalez G. Brownlee D. Ward P. The galactic habitable zone: galactic chemical evolution Icarus 152 2001 185-2001
39. Gredel R. Lepp S. Dalgarno A. Herbst E. Cosmic-ray-induced photodissociation and photoionization rates of interstellar molecules Astrophys. J. 347 1989 289-293
40. Guinan E.F. Ribas I. Our changing Sun: the role of solar nuclear evolution and magnetic activity on Earth's atmosphere and climate Montesinos B. Gimenez A. Guinan E.F. (Eds.). The Evolving Sun and its Influence on Planetary Environments. Astron. Soc. Pacific vol. 269 2002 85-106 ASP San Francisco
41. 2 on Mars Icarus 109 1994 102-120
42. Hammersley J.M. Handscomb D.C. Monte Carlo Methods 1979 Chapman and Hall London
43. Hawley S.L. Pettersen B.R. The great flare of 1985 April 12 on AD Leonis Astrophys. J. 378 1991 725-741
44. Heath M.J. Doyle L.R. Joshi M.M. Haberle R.M. Habitability of planets around red dwarf stars Origins Life Evol. Biosphere 29 1999 405-424
45. Henke B.L. Gullikson E.M. Davis J.C. X-ray interactions: photoabsorption, scattering, transmission, and reflection at E = 50-30,000 eV, Z = 1-92 At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 54 1993 181-342
46. Höflich P. Wheeler J.C. Khokhlov A. Hard X-rays and gamma rays from type Ia supernovae Astrophys. J. 492 1998 228-245
47. Huber K.P. Herzberg G. Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure. IV. Constants of Diatomic Molecules 1979 van Nostrand-Reinhold New York
48. Ingersoll A.P. The runaway greenhouse: a history of water on Venus J. Atmos. Sci. 26 1969 1191-1198
49. Itoh T. Martin W. Nei M. Acceleration of genomic evolution caused by enhanced mutation rate in endocellular symbionts Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 99 2002 12944-12948
50. Jagger J. Solar-UV Actions on Living Cells 1985 Prager New York
51. Jones A.V.J. Aurora 1974 Reidel Dordrecht
52. Joshi M. Climate model studies of synchronously rotating planets Astrobiology 3 2003 415-428
53. Joshi M.M. Haberle R.M. Reynolds R.T. Simulations of the atmospheres of synchronously rotating terrestrial planets orbiting M dwarfs: conditions for atmospheric collapse and the implications for habitability Icarus 129 1997 450-465
54. Kallman T.R. McCray R. X-ray nebular models Astrophys. J. Suppl. 50 1982 263-317
55. Kalos M.H. Whitlock P.A. Monte Carlo Methods, vol. I: Basics 1986 Wiley New York
56. Karam P.A. Gamma and neutrino radiation dose from gamma ray bursts and nearby supernovae Health Phys. 82 2002 491-499
57. Kasting J.F. Runaway and moist greenhouse atmospheres and the evolution of Earth and Venus Icarus 74 1988 472-494
58. Kasting J.F. Donahue T.M. The evolution of atmospheric ozone J. Geophys. Res. 85 1980 3255-3263
59. Kasting J.F. Holland H.D. Pinto J.P. Oxidant abundances in rainwater and the evolution of atmospheric oxygen J. Geophys. Res. 90 1985 10497-10510
60. Kasting J.F. Whitmire D.P. Reynolds R.T. Habitable zones around main sequence stars Icarus 101 1993 108-128
61. Kasturirangan K. Rao U.R. Rastogi R.G. Chakravarty S.C. Sharma D.P. Ionospheric effects of transient celestial X-ray and gamma-ray events Astrophys. Space Sci. 42 1976 57-62
62. Kewley L.J. Geller M.J. Jansen R.A. [OII] as a star formation rate indicator Astron. J. 127 2004 2002-2030
63. Krucker S. Lin R.P. Relative timing and spectra of solar flare hard X-ray sources Sol. Phys. 210 2002 220-243
64. Lang K.R. The Sun from Space 2000 Springer-Verlag New York
65. Larkin A. Haigh J.D. Djavidnia S. The effect of solar UV irradiance variations on the Earth's atmosphere Space Sci. Rev. 94 2000 199-214
66. Leblanc F. Johnson R.E. Sputtering of the martian atmosphere by solar wind pick-up ions Planet. Space Sci. 49 2001 645-656
67. Levy M. Miller S.L. The stability of the RNA bases: implications for the origin of life Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 95 1998 7933-7938
68. Liebert J. Kirkpatrick J.D. Reid I.N. Fisher M.D. A 2MASS ultracool M dwarf observed in a spectacular flare Astrophys. J. 519 1999 345-353
69. Lin R.P. Feffer P.T. Schwartz R.A. Solar hard X-ray bursts and electron acceleration down to 8 keV Astrophys. J. 557 2001 L125-128
70. Lingenfelter R.E. Rothschild R.E. Gamma-ray and neutrino astronomy In: Cox A.N. (Ed.). Allen's Astrophysical Quantities 2000 215-234 Springer New York
71. Lofthus A. Krupenie P.H. The spectrum of molecular nitrogen J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 6 1977 113-307
72. Matsumoto M. Nishimura T. A 623-dimensionally equidistributed uniform pseudorandom number generator ACM Trans. Model. Comput. Simulat. 8 1998 3-27
73. Melott A.L. Lieberman B.S. Laird C.M. Martin L.D. Medvedev M.V. Thomas B.C. Cannizzo J.K. Gehrels N. Jackman C.H. Did a gamma-ray burst initiate the late Ordovician mass extinction? Intl. J. Astrobiol. 2004
74. Michod R.E. Wojciechowski M.F. DNA repair and the evolution of transformation in the bacterium Bacillus subtilis. IV. DNA damage increases transformation J. Evolution Biol. 7 1994 147-175
75. Mitchner M. Kruger C.H. Partially Ionized Gases 1973 Wiley New York
76. Molina-Cuberos G.J. Stumptner W. Lammer H. Komle N.I. Cosmic ray and UV radiation models on the ancient martian surface Icarus 154 2001 216-222
77. Moriarty D.E. Miikkulainen R. Discovering complex Othello strategies through evolutionary neural networks Conn. Sci. 7 1995 195-209
78. Moriarty D.E. Miikkulainen R. Learning sequential decision tasks through symbiotic evolution of neural networks In: Honavar V. Patel M. Balakrishnan K. (Eds.). Advances in the Evolutionary Synthesis of Neural Systems 1999 367-382 MIT Press Cambridge
79. Moxon E.R. Rainey P.B. Nowak M.A. Lenski R.E. Adaptive evolution of highly mutable loci in pathogenic bacteria Curr. Biol. 4 1994 23-33
80. Mullan D.J. Mathioudakis M. Extreme-ultraviolet flares in an F2 star Astrophys. J. 544 2000 475-480
81. Nilsson A. Ultraviolet Reflections: Life Under a Thinning Ozone Layer 1996 Wiley New York
82. Omongain E. Baird G.A. Ionospheric techniques for the detection of transient X- and gamma-ray bursts Astrophys. Space Sci. 42 1976 63-67
83. Pagano I. Ventura R. Rodono M. Peres G. Micela G. A major optical flare on the recently discovered X-ray active dMe star G 102-21 Astron. Astrophys. 318 1997 467-471
84. Paul N.D. Gwynn-Jones D. Ecological roles of solar UV radiation: towards an integrated approach Trends Ecol. Evol. 18 2003 48-55
85. Peak I.R.A. Jennings M.P. Hood D.W. Bisercic M. Moxon E.R. Tetrameric reeat units associated with virulence factor phase variation in Haemophilus also occur in Neisseria spp. and Moraxella catarrhalis FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 137 1996 109
86. Peterson W.K. Opal C.B. Beaty E.C. Energy distributions of electrons ejected in ionizing collisions of electrons with helium J. Phys. B 4 1971 1020-1025
87. Peterson W.K. Beaty E.C. Opal C.B. Measurements of energy and angular distributions of secondary electrons produced in electron-impact ionization of helium Phys. Rev. A 5 1972 712-723
88. Pinaud R. Tremere L.A. Penner M.R. Hess F.F. Robertson H.A. Currie R.W. Complexity of sensory environment drives the expression of candidate-plasticity gene, nerve growth factor induced-A Neurosci. 112 2002 573-582
89. Prasad S.S. Tarafdar S.P. UV radiation field inside dense clouds-its possible existence and chemical implications Astrophys. J. 267 1983 603-609
90. Preece R.D. Briggs M.S. Mallozzi R.S. Pendleton G.N. Paciesas W.S. Band D.L. The BATSE gamma-ray burst spectral catalog. I. High time resolution spectroscopy of bright bursts using high energy resolution data Astrophys. J. Suppl. 126 2000 19-36
91. Pugliucci M. Buffer zone Nature 417 2002 598-599
92. Radman M. Matic I. Taddei F. Evolution of evolvability Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 870 1999 146-155
93. Radman M. Taddei F. Matic I. Evolution-driving genes Res. Microbiol. 151 2000 91-95
94. Rainey P.B. Travisano M. Adaptive radiation in a heterogeneous environment Nature 394 1998 69-72
95. Reznick D.N. Shaw F.H. Rodd F.H. Shaw R.G. Evaluation of the rate of evolution in natural populations of guppies (Poecilia reticulata) Science 275 1997 1934-1937
96. Ross R.R. Spectral formation in compact X-ray sources Astrophys. J. 233 1979 334-343
97. Ross R.R. Fabian A.C. The effects of photoionization on X-ray reflection spectra in active galactic nuclei Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 261 1993 74-82
98. Rothschild L.J. Enigmatic microorganisms and life in extreme environments In: Seckbach J. (Ed.). Microbes and Radiation 1999 551-562 Kluwer Dordrecht
99. Ruderman M.A. Possible consequences of nearby supernova explosions for atmospheric ozone and terrestrial life Science 184 1974 1079-1081
100. Rutherford S.L. Lindquist S. Hsp90 as a capacitor for morphological evolution Nature 396 1998 336-342
101. Sagan C. Chyba C. The early faint Sun paradox: organic shielding of ultraviolet-labile greenhouse gases Science 276 1997 1217-1221
102. Scalo J. Wheeler J.C. Astrophysical and astrobiological implications of gamma-ray burst properties Astrophys. J. 566 2002 723-737
103. Scalo J. Wheeler J.C. Williams P. Intermittent jolts of galactic UV radiation: mutagenetic effects In: Celnikier L.M. Tron Thon Van J. (Eds.). Frontiers of Life 2004 221-228 Gioi Vietnam
104. Schaefer B.E. King J.R. Deliyannis C.P. Superflares on ordinary solar-type stars Astrophys. J. 529 2000 1026-1030
105. Schuster A. Radiation through a foggy atmosphere Astrophys. J. 21 1905 1-22
106. Seager S. Sasselov D.D. Extrasolar giant planets under strong stellar irradiation Astrophys. J. 502 1998 L157-L161
107. Setlow R.B. Pollard E.C. Molecular Biophysics 1962 Addison-Wesley Reading, MA
108. Shakhovskaya N.I. Flare activity among nearby stars In: Greiner J. Duerbeck H.W. Gershberg R.E. (Eds.). Flares and Flashes Proc. IAU Colloq. vol. 151 1995 61-62 Springer-Verlag New York
109. Shea M.A. Smart D.F. Solar proton fluxes as a function of the observation location with respect to the parent solar activity Adv. Space Res. 17 1996 225-228
110. Shklovsky I.S. Supernovae 1969 Wiley New York
111. Shklovskii I.S. Sagan C. Intelligent Life in the Universe 1966 Holden-Day San Francisco
112. Smith D.S. Scalo J. Statistics of galactic cosmic-ray modulation variations on habitable planets Astrophys. J. 2004
113. Smith E.J. Marsden R.G. Balogh A. Gloeckler G. Geiss J. McComas D.J. McKibben R.B. MacDowall R.J. Lanzerotti L.J. Krupp N. Krueger H. Landgraf M. The Sun and heliosphere at solar maximum Science 302 2003 1165-1169
114. Smith D.S. Scalo J. Wheeler J.C. Importance of biologically active aurora-like UV emission: stochastic irradiation of Earth and Mars Origins Life Evol. Biosphere 2004
115. Sniegowski P.D. Gerrish P.J. Johnson T. Shaver A. The evolution of mutation rates: separating causes from consequences BioEssays 22 2000 1057-1066
116. Spitzer L. Physics of Fully Ionized Gases 1962 Wiley-Interscience New York
117. Spitzer L. Physical Processes in the Interstellar Medium 1978 Wiley-Interscience New York
118. Swartz W. Nisbet J. Green A. Analytic expression for the energy-transfer rate from photoelectrons to thermal-electrons J. Geophys. Res. 76 1971 8425-8426
119. Tavani M. Band D. Ghirlanda G. Time resolved GRB spectroscopy In: Kippen R.M. Mallozzi R.S. Fishman G.J. (Eds.). Gamma-ray Bursts, 5th Huntsville Symposium AIP Conf. Proc. vol. 526 2000 185-189
120. Tucker W.H. Koren M. Radiation from a high-temperature low-density plasma: the X-ray spectrum of the solar corona Astrophys. J. 168 1971 283-312
121. Turnbull M.C. Tarter J.C. Target selection for SETI.I. A catalog of nearby habitable stellar systems Astrophys. J. Suppl. 145 2003 181-198
122. van Belkum A. Scherer S. van Alphen L. Verbrugh H. Short-sequence DNA repeats in prokaryotic genomes Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 62 1998 275-293
123. Veronig A. Temmer M. Hanslmeier A. Otruba W. Messerotti M. Temporal aspects and frequency distributions of solar soft X-ray flares Astron. Astrophys. 382 2002 1010-1080
124. von Sonntag C. The Chemical Basis of Radiation Biology 1987 Taylor & Francis New York
125. Ward P.D. Brownlee D. Rare Earth: Why Complex Life is Uncommon in the Universe 2000 Copernicus Books New York
126. Watson A.M. Henney W.J. An efficient Monte Carlo algorithm for a restricted class of scattering problems in radiation transfer Revista Mex. Astron. Astr. 37 2001 221-236
127. Whalen J.A. O'Neil R.R. Picard R.H. The aurora In: Jursa A.S. (Ed.). Handbook of Geophysics and the Space Environment 1985 12-34
128. Wiechert U.H. Earth's early atmosphere Science 298 2002 2341-2342
129. Witt A.N. Multiple scattering in reflection nebulae. I-A Monte Carlo approach Astrophys. J. Suppl. 35 1977 1-6
130. Wood B.E. Muller H.R. Zank G.P. Linsky J.L. Measured mass-loss rates of solar-like stars as a function of age and activity Astrophys. J. 574 2002 412-425
131. Xu Y. Ross R.R. McCray R. Comptonization of gamma rays by cold electrons Astrophys. J. 371 1991 280-288
132. Yung Y.L. DeMore W.B. Photochemistry of Planetary Atmospheres 1999 Oxford Univ. Press New York
133. Zank G.P. Frisch P.C. Consequences of a change in the galactic environment of the Sun Astrophys. J. 518 1999 963-965
134. Zirin H. Sammis I. Tang F. The magnetic circumstances of large flares In: Ramaty R. Mandzhavidze N. (Eds.). High Energy Solar Physics Workshop-Anticipating HESSI ASP Conf. Ser. vol. 206 2000 37-42