Predators reverse the direction of density dependence for juvenile salmon mortality

Oecologia

Volumn 156, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 515-522

  Ward, Darren M ^a   Nislow, Keith H ^b   Folt, Carol L ^a  

^a Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS   (United States)

Author keywords

Generalist predator; Inverse density dependence; Predator swamping; Salmon restoration; Stream fish

Indexed keywords

BEHAVIORAL RESPONSE; DENSITY DEPENDENCE; EXTINCTION RISK; GENERALIST; JUVENILE; MORTALITY; POPULATION DENSITY; PREDATOR; SALMONID; STREAMWATER;

ANIMAL; ARTICLE; ATLANTIC SALMON; ECOSYSTEM; FISH; GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND AGING; PHYSIOLOGY; POPULATION DENSITY; PREDATION; RIVER; SURVIVAL;

ANIMALS; ECOSYSTEM; FISHES; POPULATION DENSITY; PREDATORY BEHAVIOR; RIVERS; SALMO SALAR; SURVIVAL ANALYSIS;

ANIMALIA; COTTUS COGNATUS; SALMO SALAR; SALMONIDAE;

EID: 43349090911     PISSN: 00298549     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00442-008-1011-4     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. Anderson TW (2001) Predator responses, prey refuges, and density-dependent mortality of a marine fish. Ecology 82:245-257
2. Armstrong JD (2005) Spatial variation in population dynamics of juvenile Atlantic salmon: implications for conservation and management. J Fish Biol 67[Suppl B]:35-52
3. Baker JP et al (1996) Episodic acidification of small streams in the northeastern United States: effects on fish populations. Ecol Appl 6:422-437
4. Beall E, Dumas J, Claireaux D, Barriere L, Marty C (1994) Dispersal patterns and survival of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) juveniles in a nursery stream. ICES J Mar Sci 51:1-9
5. Benke AC, Huryn AD, Smock LA, Wallace JB (1999) Length-mass relationships for freshwater macroinvertebrates in North America with particular reference to the southeastern United States. J North Am Benthol Soc 18:308-343
6. Berejikian BA (1995) The effects of hatchery and wild ancestry and experience on the relative ability of steelhead trout fry (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to avoid a benthic predator. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 52:2476-2482
7. Brannas E (1995) First access to territorial space and exposure to strong predation pressure: a conflict in early emerging Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.) fry. Evol Ecol 9:411-420
8. Carle FL, Strub MR (1978) A new method for estimating population size from removal data. Biometrics 34:621-830
9. de Gaudemar B, Schroder SL, Beall EP (2000) Nest placement and egg distribution in Atlantic salmon redds. Environ Biol Fishes 57:37-47
10. Egglishaw HJ, Shackley PE (1977) Growth, survival and production of juvenile salmon and trout in a Scottish stream, 1966-75. J Fish Biol 11:647-672
11. Einum S, Nislow KH (2005) Local-scale density-dependent survival of mobile organisms in continuous habitats: an experimental test using Atlantic salmon. Oecologia 143:203-210
12. Elliott JM (1994) Quantitative ecology and the brown trout. Oxford University Press, Oxford
13. Elliott JM (2006) Periodic habitat loss alters the competitive coexistence between brown trout and bullheads in a small stream over 34 years. J Anim Ecol 75:54-63
14. Folt CL, Burns CW (1999) Biological drivers of zooplankton patchiness. Trends Ecol Evol 14:300-305
15. Folt CL, Nislow KH, Power ME (1998) Implications of temporal and spatial scale for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) research. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 55:9-21
16. Foote CJ, Brown GS (1998) Ecological relationship between freshwater sculpins (genus Cottus) and beach-spawning sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in Iliamna Lake, Alaska. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 55:1524-1533
17. Gascoigne JC, Lipcius RN (2004) Allee effects driven by predation. J Appl Ecol 41:801-810
18. Gaudin P, Caillere L (2000) Experimental study of the influence of presence and predation by sculpin, Cottus gobio L., on the drift of emergent brown trout, Salmo trutta L. Arch Hydrobiol 147:257-271
19. Gephard S, McMenemy JR (2004) An overview of the program to restore Atlantic salmon and other diadromous fishes to the Connecticut River with notes on the current status of these species in the river. Am Fish Soc Monogr 9:287-317
20. Ginzburg LR, Ferson S, Akcakaya HR (1990) Reconstructibility of density dependence and the conservative assessment of extinction risks. Conserv Biol 4:63-70
21. Gray MA, Cunjak RA, Munkittrick KR (2004) Site fidelity of slimy sculpin (Cottus cognatus): insights from stable carbon and nitrogen analysis. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 61:1717-1722
22. Henderson JN, Letcher BH (2003) Predation on stocked Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fry. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 60:32-42
23. Hixon MA, Carr MH (1997) Synergistic predation, density dependence, and population regulation in marine fish. Science 277:946-949
24. Hixon MA, Jones GP (2005) Competition, predation, and density-dependent mortality in demersal marine fishes. Ecology 86:2847-2859
25. Hixon MA, Pacala SW, Sandin SA (2002) Population regulation: historical context and contemporary challenges of open vs. closed systems. Ecology 83:1490-1508
26. Holling CS (1959) The components of predation as revealed by a study of small-mammal predation of the European sawfly. Can Entomol 91:293-320
27. Johnson DW (2006) Predation, habitat complexity, and variation in density-dependent mortality of temperate reef fishes. Ecology 87:1179-1188
28. Jonsson N, Jonsson B, Hansen LP (1998) The relative role of density-dependent and density-independent survival in the life cycle of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. J Anim Ecol 67:751-762
29. Karels TJ, Byrom AE, Boonstra R, Krebs CJ (2000) The interactive effects of food and predators on reproduction and overwinter survival of arctic ground squirrels. J Anim Ecol 69:235-247
30. Kennedy BP, Klaue B, Blum JD, Folt C (2004) Integrative measures of consumption rates in salmon: expansion and application of a trace element approach. J Appl Ecol 41:1009-1020
31. Kocik JF, Ferreri CP (1998) Juvenile production variation in salmonids: population dynamics, habitat, and the role of spatial relationships. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 55:191-200
32. Le Cren ED (1973) The population dynamics of young trout (Salmo trutta) in relation to density and territorial behavior. Rapports et Proces-Verbaux des Reunions, Conseil International pour L'exploration de la Mer 164:241-246
33. Letcher BH, Dubreuil T, O'Donnell MJ, Obedzinski M, Griswold K, Nislow KH (2004) Long-term consequences of variation in timing and manner of fry introduction on juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) growth, survival, and life-history expression. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 61:2288-2301
34. Lobon-Cervia J, Rincon PA (2004) Environmental determinants of recruitment and their influence on the population dynamics of stream-living brown trout Salmo trutta. Oikos 105:641-646
35. Mather ME, Parrish DL, Folt CL, DeGraaf RM (1998) Integrating across scales: effectively applying science for the successful conservation of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Can J Fish Aquat Sci 55:1-8
36. McMenemy JR (1995) Survival of Atlantic salmon fry stocked at low density in the West River, Vermont. North Am J Fish Manage 15:366-374
37. Milner NJ, Elliott JM, Armstrong JD, Gardiner R, Welton JS, Ladle M (2003) The natural control of salmon and trout populations in streams. Fish Res 62:111-125
38. Mirza RS, Chivers DP (2000) Predator-recognition training enhances survival of brook trout: evidence from laboratory and field-enclosure studies. Can J Zool 78:2198-2208
39. Mirza RS, Chivers DP, Godin JGJ (2001) Brook charr alevins alter timing of nest emergence in response to chemical cues from fish predators. J Chem Ecol 27:1775-1785
40. Morgan CR, Ringler NH (1992) Experimental manipulation of sculpin (Cottus cognatus) populations in a small stream. J Freshw Ecol 7:227-232
41. Moyle PB (1977) In defense of sculpins. Fisheries 2:20-23
42. Murdoch WW, Oaten A (1975) Predation and population stablility. Adv Ecol Res 9:1-132
43. Naiman RJ, Bilby RE, Schindler DE, Helfield JM (2002) Pacific salmon, nutrients, and the dynamics of freshwater and riparian ecosystems. Ecosystems 5:399-417
44. Nehlsen W, Williams JE, Lichatowich JA (1991) Pacific salmon at the crossroads: stocks at risk from California, Oregon, Idaho, and Washington. Fisheries 16:4-21
45. Nislow KH, Folt C, Seandel M (1998) Food and foraging behavior in relation to microhabitat use and survival of age-0 Atlantic salmon. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 55:116-127
46. Nislow KH, Folt CL, Parrish DL (2000) Spatially explicit bioenergetic analysis of habitat quality for age-0 Atlantic salmon. Trans Am Fish Soc 129:1067-1081
47. Nislow KH, Einum S, Folt C (2004) Testing predictions of the critical period for survival concept using experiments with stocked Atlantic salmon. J Fish Biol 65[Suppl A]:1-13
48. Osenberg CW, St Mary CM, Schmitt RJ, Holbrook SJ, Chesson P, Byrne B (2002) Rethinking ecological inference: density dependence in reef fishes. Ecol Lett 5:715-721
49. Sandin SA, Pacala SW (2005) Fish aggregation results in inversely density-dependent predation on continuous coral reefs. Ecology 86:1520-1530
50. Schmitt RJ, Holbrook SJ (2007) The scale and cause of spatial heterogeneity in strength of temporal density dependence. Ecology 88:1241-1249
51. Shepherd JG, Cushing DH (1990) Regulation in fish populations: myth or mirage. Philos Trans R Soc B 330:151-164
52. Shima JS, Osenberg CW (2003) Cryptic density dependence: effects of covariation between density and site quality in reef fish. Ecology 84:46-52
53. Sinclair ARE, Pech RP (1996) Density dependence, stochasticity, compensation and predator regulation. Oikos 75:164-173
54. Sinclair ARE, Pech RP, Dickman CR, Hik D, Mahon P, Newsome AE (1998) Predicting effects of predation on conservation of endangered prey. Conserv Biol 12:564-575
55. Symons PEK (1979) Estimated escapement of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) for maximum smolt production in rivers of different productivity. J Fish Res Board Can 36:132-140
56. Utzinger J, Roth C, Peter A (1998) Effects of environmental parameters on the distribution of bullhead Cottus gobio with particular consideration of the effects of obstructions. J Appl Ecol 35:882-892
57. Varley GC, Gradwell GR (1960) Key factors in population studies. J Anim Ecol 29:399-401
58. Walters CJ, Juanes F (1993) Recruitment limitation as a consequence of natural selection for use of restricted feeding habitats and predation risk taking by juvenile fishes. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 50:2058-2070
59. Ward DM (2007) Linking density-dependent survival and growth of juvenile Atlantic salmon to their predators and prey. PhD thesis. Dartmouth College, Hanover
60. Ward DM, Nislow KH, Folt C (2008) Do native species limit survival of reintroduced Atlantic salmon in historic rearing streams? Biol Conserv 141:146-152
61. Whalen KG, Parrish DL, Mather ME, McMenemy JR (2000) Cross-tributary analysis of parr to smolt recruitment of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Can J Fish Aquat Sci 57:1607-1616
62. Zanette L, Smith JNM, van Oort H, Clinchy M (2003) Synergistic effects of food and predators on annual reproductive success in song sparrows. Proc R Soc B 270:799-803