Approaches for prevention of restenosis

Journal of Biomedical Materials Research - Part B Applied Biomaterials

Volumn 85, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 583-603

  Kraitzer, Amir ^a   Kloog, Yoel ^a   Zilberman, Meital ^a  

^a TEL AVIV UNIVERSITY   (Israel)

Author keywords

Bioresorbable polymers; Drug delivery; Paclitaxel; Restenosis; Stent

Indexed keywords

BIOMEDICAL EQUIPMENT; BLOOD VESSELS; CARDIOVASCULAR SURGERY; DRUG DELIVERY; SCAFFOLDS;

BIORESORBABLE POLYMERS; PACLITAXEL; RESTENOSIS; STENTS;

DISEASE CONTROL;

ABCIXIMAB; ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ALPHA CYANO 3 ETHOXY 4 HYDROXY 5 (PHENYLTHIOMETHYL)CINNAMAMIDE; ANGIOPEPTIN; ANTITHROMBOCYTIC AGENT; ARGATROBAN; CILOSTAZOL; CLOPIDOGREL; DACTINOMYCIN; DEXAMETHASONE; EPTIFIBATIDE; EVEROLIMUS; FARNESYLTHIOSALICYLIC ACID; FIBRINOGEN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; HEPARIN; HIRUDIN; ILOPROST; L 703081; METHYLPREDNISOLONE; MYCOPHENOLIC ACID; NITROPRUSSIDE SODIUM; PACLITAXEL; POLYGLACTIN; RAPAMYCIN; TACROLIMUS; TAXANE DERIVATIVE; TICLOPIDINE; TROGLITAZONE; TYRPHOSTIN; UNINDEXED DRUG; ZOTAROLIMUS;

ARTERY DISSECTION; ATHERECTOMY; BLEEDING; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED DRUG RELEASE; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; CORONARY STENT; DRUG COATING; DRUG ELUTING STENT; HEART MUSCLE REVASCULARIZATION; HUMAN; IN-STENT RESTENOSIS; NONHUMAN; PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION; PROPHYLAXIS; RESTENOSIS; REVIEW; THROMBOCYTE AGGREGATION;

ABSORBABLE IMPLANTS; ANIMALS; BLOOD VESSEL PROSTHESIS; CATHETER ABLATION; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; CORONARY RESTENOSIS; DRUG-ELUTING STENTS; HUMANS;

EID: 42649103004     PISSN: 15524973     EISSN: 15524981     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.30974     Document Type: Review

References (99)

1. Babapulle MN, Eisenberg MJ. Coated stents for the prevention of restenosis: Part II. Circulation 2002;106:2859-2866.
2. Woods TC, Marks AR. Drug-eluting stents. Annu Rev Med 2004;55:169-178.
3. Lewis AL, Tolhurst LA, Stratford PW. Analysis of a phosphorylcholine- based polymer coating on a coronary stent pre-and post-implantation. Biomaterials 2002;23:1697-1706.
4. Hofma SH, van Beusekom HM, Serruys PW, van Der Giessen WJ. Recent developments in coated stents. Curr Interv Cardiol Rep 2001;3:28-36.
5. Welt FG, Rogers C. Inflammation and restenosis in the stent era. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2002;22:1769-1776.
6. Duda SH, Poerner TC, Wiesinger B, Rundback JH, Tepe G, Wiskirchen J, Haase KK. Drug-eluting stents: Potential applications for peripheral arterial occlusive disease. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2003;14:291-301.
7. Haery C, Sachar R, Ellis SG. Drug-eluting stents: The beginning of the end of restenosis? Cleve Clin J Med 2004;71815-824.
8. Sousa JE, Serruys PW, Costa MA. New frontiers in cardiology: Drug-eluting stents: Part I. Circulation 2003;107:2274-2279.
9. Garza L, Aude YW, Saucedo JF. Can we prevent in-stent restenosis? Curr Opin Cardiol 2002;17518-525.
10. Freed M, Safian RD, Grines C. Manual of Interventional Cardiology. Birmingham, MI: Physicians' Press; 1996. 818 p.
11. Kimura T, Yokoi H, Nakagawa Y, Tamura T, Kaburagi S, Sawada Y, Sato Y, Yokoi H, Hamasaki N, Nosaka H, Nobuyoshi M. Three-year follow-up after implantation of metallic coronary-artery stents. N Engl J Med 1996;334:561-566.
12. Hoffmann R, Mintz GS, Dussaillant GR, Popma JJ, Pichard AD, Satler LF, Kent KM, Griffin J, Leon MB. Patterns and mechanisms of in-stent restenosis. A serial intravascular ultrasound study. Circulation 1996;94:1247-1254.
13. Mudra H, Regar E, Klauss V, Werner F, Henneke KH, Sbarouni E, Theisen K. Serial follow-up after optimized ultrasound-guided deployment of Palmaz-Schatz stents. In-stent neointimal proliferation without significant reference segment response. Circulation 1997;95:363-370.
14. Masaki T, Kamerath CD, Kim SJ, Leypoldt JK, Mohammad SF, Cheung AK. In vitro pharmacological inhibition of human vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation for the prevention of hemodialysis vascular access stenosis. Blood Purif 2004;22:307-312.
15. Hoffmann R, Mintz GS, Haager PK, Bozoglu T, Grube E, Gross M, Beythien C, Mudra H, vom Dahl J, Hanrath P. Relation of stent design and stent surface material to subsequent in-stent intimal hyperplasia in coronary arteries determined by intravascular ultrasound. Am J Cardiol 2002;89:1360-1364.
16. Tanabe K, Serruys PW, Grube E, Smits PC, Selbach G, van der Giessen WJ, Staberock M, de Feyter P, Muller R, Regar E, Degertekin M, Ligthart JM, Disco C, Backx B, Russell ME. TAXUS III Trial: in-stent restenosis treated with stent-based delivery of paclitaxel incorporated in a slow-release polymer formulation. Circulation 2003;107:559-564.
17. Fischman DL, Leon MB, Baim DS, Schatz RA, Savage MP, Penn I, Detre K, Veltri L, Ricci D, Nobuyoshi M, Cleman M, Heuser R, Almond D, Teirstein PS, Fish RD, Colombo A, Brinker J, Moses J, Shaknovish A, Hirshfeld J, Bailey S, Ellis S, Rake R, Goldberg S. A randomized comparison of coronary-stent placement and balloon angioplasty in the treatment of coronary artery disease. Stent Restenosis Study Investigators. N Engl J Med 1994;331:496-501.
18. Serruys PW, de Jaegere P, Kiemeneij F, Macaya C, Rutsch W, Heyndrickx G, Emanuelsson H, Marco J, Legrand V, Materne P, Belardi J, Sigwart U, Colombo A, Goy JJ, van den Heuvel P, Delcan J, Morel MA. A comparison of balloon-expandable-stent implantation with balloon angioplasty in patients with coronary artery disease. Benestent Study Group. N Engl J Med 1994;331:489-495.
19. Williams DO, Holubkov R, Yeh W, Bourassa MG, Al-Bassam M, Block PC, Coady P, Cohen H, Cowley M, Dorros G, Faxon D, Holmes DR, Jacobs A, Kelsey SF, King SB, 3rd, Myler R, Slater J, Stanek V, Vlachos HA, Detre KM. Percutaneous coronary intervention in the current era compared with 1985-1986: the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Registries. Circulation 2000;102:2945-2951.
20. Fitzgerald PJ, Oshima A, Hayase M, Metz JA, Bailey SR, Baim DS, Cleman MW, Deutsch E, Diver DJ, Leon MB, Moses JW, Oesterle SN, Overlie PA, Pepine CJ, Safian RD, Shani J, Simonton CA, Smalling RW, Teirstein PS, Zidar JP, Yeung AC, Kuntz RE, Yock PG. Final results of the Can Routine Ultrasound Influence Stent Expansion (CRUISE) study. Circulation 2000;102:523-530.
21. Martinez-Elbal L, Ruiz-Nodar JM, Zueco J, Lopez-Minguez JR, Moreu J, Calvo I, Ramirez JA, Alonso M, Vazquez N, Lezaun R, Rodriguez C. Direct coronary stenting versus stenting with balloon pre-dilation: Immediate and follow-up results of a multicentre, prospective, randomized study. The DISCO trial. Direct Stenting of COronary Arteries. Eur Heart J 2002;23:633-640.
22. Bhargava B, Karthikeyan G, Abizaid AS, Mehran R. New approaches to preventing restenosis. BMJ 2003;327:274-279.
23. vom Dahl J, Dietz U, Haager PK, Silber S, Niccoli L, Buettner HJ, Schiele F, Thomas M, Commeau P, Ramsdale DR, Garcia E, Hamm CW, Hoffmann R, Reineke T, Klues HG. Rotational atherectomy does not reduce recurrent in-stent restenosis: Results of the angioplasty versus rotational atherectomy for treatment of diffuse in-stent restenosis trial (ARTIST). Circulation 2002;105:583-588.
24. Sharma SK, Kini A, Mehran R, Lansky A, Kobayashi Y, Marmur JD. Randomized trial of Rotational Atherectomy Versus Balloon Angioplasty for Diffuse In-stent Restenosis (ROSTER). Am Heart J 2004;147:16-22.
25. Topol EJ, Leya F, Pinkerton CA, Whitlow PL, Hofling B, Simonton CA, Masden RR, Serruys PW, Leon MB, Williams DO, B KS, Mark DB, Isner JM, Holmes DR, Ellis SG, Lee KL, Keeler GP, Berdan LG, Hinohara T, Califf RM. A comparison of directional atherectomy with coronary angioplasty in patients with coronary artery disease. The CAVEAT Study Group. N Engl J Med 1993;329:221-227.
26. Baim DS, Cutlip DE, Sharma SK, Ho KK, Fortuna R, Schreiber TL, Feldman RL, Shani J, Senerchia C, Zhang Y, Lansky AJ, Popma JJ, Kuntz RE. Final results of the Balloon vs Optimal Atherectomy Trial (BOAT). Circulation 1998;97:322-331.
27. Stankovic G, Colombo A, Bersin R, Popma J, Sharma S, Cannon LA, Gordon P, Nukta D, Braden G, Collins M. Comparison of directional coronary atherectomy and stenting versus stenting alone for the treatment of de novo and restenotic coronary artery narrowing. Am J Cardiol 2004;93:953-958.
28. Niccoli G, Testa L, Mongiardo R, Ricco A, Belloni F, Romagnoli E, Leone AM, Burzotta F, Trani C, Mazzari MA, Rebuzzi AG, Crea F. Directional atherectomy before stenting versus stenting alone in percutaneous coronary interventions: A meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol 2006;112:178-183.
29. Williams DO, Fahrenbach MC. Directional coronary atherectomy: But wait, there's more. Circulation 1998;97:309-311.
30. Schomig A, Kastrati A, Wessely R. Prevention of restenosis by systemic drug therapy: Back to the future? Circulation 2005;112:2759-2761.
31. Babapulle MN, Eisenberg MJ. Coated stents for the prevention of restenosis: Part I. Circulation 2002;106:2734-2740.
32. Suh H, Jeong B, Rathi R, Kim SW. Regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation using paclitaxel-loaded poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(lactide/ glycolide) nanospheres. J Biomed Mater Res 1998;42:331-338.
33. Rubin P, Soni A, Williams JP. The molecular and cellular biologic basis for the radiation treatment of benign proliferative diseases. Semin Radiat Oncol 1999;9:203-214.
34. Teirstein PS, Massullo V, Jani S, Popma JJ, Russo RJ, Schatz RA, Guarneri EM, Steuterman S, Sirkin K, Cloutier DA, Leon MB, Tripuraneni P. Three-year clinical and angiographic follow-up after intracoronary radiation: Results of a randomized clinical trial. Circulation 2000;101:360-365.
35. Kleiman NS, Califf RM. Results from late-breaking clinical trials sessions at ACCIS 2000 and ACC 2000. American College of Cardiology. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;36:310-325.
36. Hafeez N. Prevention of coronary restenosis with radiation therapy: A review. Clin Cardiol 2002;25:313-322.
37. Nguyen KT, Su SH, Zilberman M, Bohluli P, Frenkel P, Tang L, Eberhart RC. Biomaterials and stent technology. In: Yaszemski M, Rantolo D, Lewandrowski KU, Hasirci V, Altobelli D, Wise D, editors. Tissue Engineering and Novel Delivery Systems. New York: Marcel Dekker; 2004. p 107-130.
38. Wieneke H, Dirsch O, Sawitowski T, Gu YL, Brauer H, Dahmen U, Fischer A, Wnendt S, Erbel R. Synergistic effects of a novel nanoporous stent coating and tacrolimus on intima proliferation in rabbits. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2003;60:399-407.
39. Verheye S, Markou CP, Salame MY, Wan B, King SB III, Robinson KA, Chronos NA, Hanson SR. Reduced thrombus formation by hyaluronic acid coating of endovascular devices. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000;20:1168-1172.
40. Shikanov A, Vaisman B, Krasko MY, Nyska A, Domb AJ. Poly(sebacic acid-co-ricinoleic acid) biodegradable carrier for paclitaxel: In vitro release and in vivo toxicity. J Biomed Mater Res A 2004;69:47-54.
41. Lee SH, Szinai I, Carpenter K, Katsarava R, Jokhadze G, Chu CC, Huang Y, Verbeken E, Bramwell O, De Scheerder I, Hong MK. In-vivo biocompatibility evaluation of stents coated with a new biodegradable elastomeric and functional polymer. Coron Artery Dis 2002;13:237-241.
42. Eberhart RC, Su SH, Nguyen KT, Zilberman M, Tang L, Nelson KD, Frenkel P. Bioresorbable polymeric stents: Current status and future promise. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 2003;14:299-312.
43. Sousa JE, Serruys PW, Costa MA. New frontiers in cardiology: Drug-eluting stents: Part II. Circulation 2003;107:2383-2389.
44. Feng S, Huang G. Effects of emulsifiers on the controlled release of paclitaxel (Taxol) from nanospheres of biodegradable polymers. J Control Release 2001;71:53-69.
45. Silber S, Grudel E. The Boston scientific antipropliferative, paclitaxel eluting stent (TAXUS). In: Serruys PW, Rensing BJ, editors. Handbook of Coronary Stents. London: Martin Dunitz; 2001. pp 311-319.
46. Hwang CW, Wu D, Edelman ER. Physiological transport forces govern drug distribution for stent-based delivery. Circulation 2001;104:600-605.
47. Creel CJ, Lovich MA, Edelman ER. Arterial paclitaxel distribution and deposition. Circ Res 2000;86:879-884.
48. Nguyen KT, Shaikh N, Wawro D, Zhang S, Schwade ND, Eberhart RC, Tang L. Molecular responses of vascular smooth muscle cells to paclitaxel-eluting bioresorbable stent materials. J Biomed Mater Res A 2004;69:513-524.
49. Heldman AW, Cheng L, Jenkins GM, Heller PF, Kim DW, Ware M Jr, Nater C, Hruban RH, Rezai B, Abella BS, Bunge KE, Kinsella JL, Sollott SJ, Lakatta EG, Brinker JA, Hunter WL, Froehlich JP. Paclitaxel stent coating inhibits neointimal hyperplasia at 4 weeks in a porcine model of coronary restenosis. Circulation 2001;103:2289-2295.
50. Dhanikula AB, Panchagnula R. Localized paclitaxel delivery. Int J Pharm 1999;183:85-100.
51. Scheller B, Speck U, Schmitt A, Bohm M, Nickenig G. Addition of paclitaxel to contrast media prevents restenosis after coronary stent implantation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;42:1415-1420.
52. Fonseca C, Simoes S, Gaspar R. Paclitaxel-loaded PLGA nanoparticles: Preparation, physicochemical characterization and in vitro anti-tumoral activity. J Control Release 2002;83:273-286.
53. Dordunoo SK, Burt HM. Solubility and stability of Taxol: Effect of buffers and cyclodextrins. Int J Pharm 1996;133:191-201.
54. Liistro F, Stankovic G, Di Mario C, Takagi T, Chieffo A, Moshiri S, Montorfano M, Carlino M, Briguori C, Pagnotta P, Albiero R, Corvaja N, Colombo A. First clinical experience with a paclitaxel derivate-eluting polymer stent system implantation for in-stent restenosis: Immediate and long-term clinical and angiographic outcome. Circulation 2002;105:1883-1886.
55. Hayashi Y, Skwarczynski M, Hamada Y, Sohma Y, Kimura T, Kiso Y. A novel approach of water-soluble paclitaxel prodrug with no auxiliary and no byproduct: Design and synthesis of isotaxel. J Med Chem 2003;46:3782-3784.
56. Banai S, Gertz SD, Gavish L, Chorny M, Perez LS, Lazarovichi G, Ianculuvich M, Hoffmann M, Orlowski M, Golomb G, Levitzki A. Tyrphostin AGL-2043 eluting stent reduces neointima formation in porcine coronary arteries. Cardiovasc Res 2004;64:165-171.
57. Kloog Y, Cox AD, Sinensky M. Concepts in Ras-directed therapy. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 1999;8:2121-2140.
58. Blum R, Kloog Y. Tailoring Ras-pathway - inhibitor combinations for cancer therapy. Drug Resist Updat 2005;8:369-380.
59. George J, Sack J, Barshack I, Keren P, Goldberg I, Haklai R, Elad-Sfadia G, Kloog Y, Keren G. Inhibition of intimal thickening in the rat carotid artery injury model by a nontoxic Ras inhibitor. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004;24:363-368.
60. Hill RA, Dundar Y, Bakhai A, Dickson R, Walley T. Drug-eluting stents: an early systematic review to inform policy. Eur Heart J 2004;25:902-919.
61. Kraitzer A, Zilberman M. Paclitaxel-loaded composite fibers: Microstructure and emulsion stability. J Biomed Mater Res A 2007;81:427-436.
62. Jayaraman T, Marks AR. Rapamycin-FKBP12 blocks proliferation, induces differentiation, and inhibits cdc2 kinase activity in a myogenic cell line. J Biol Chem 1993;268:25385-25388.
63. Tanaka K, Honda M, Kuramochi T, Morioka S. Prominent inhibitory effects of tranilast on migration and proliferation of and collagen synthesis by vascular smooth muscle cells. Atherosclerosis 1994;107:179-185.
64. Miyazawa K, Kikuchi S, Fukuyama J, Hamano S, Ujiie A. Inhibition of PDGF- and TGF-β 1-induced collagen synthesis, migration and proliferation by tranilast in vascular smooth muscle cells from spontaneously hypertensive rats. Atherosclerosis 1995;118:213-221.
65. Fukuyama J, Ichikawa K, Hamano S, Shibata N. Tranilast suppresses the vascular intimal hyperplasia after balloon injury in rabbits fed on a high-cholesterol diet. Eur J Pharmacol 1996;318:327-332.
66. Miyazawa N, Umemura K, Kondo K, Nakashima M. Effects of pemirolast and tranilast on intimal thickening after arterial injury in the rat. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1997;30:157-162.
67. Ishiwata S, Verheye S, Robinson KA, Salame MY, de Leon H, King SB III, Chronos NA. Inhibition of neointima formation by tranilast in pig coronary arteries after balloon angioplasty and stent implantation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;35:1331-1337.
68. Alt E, Haehnel I, Beilharz C, Prietzel K, Preter D, Stemberger A, Fliedner T, Erhardt W, Schomig A. Inhibition of neointima formation after experimental coronary artery stenting: A new biodegradable stent coating releasing hirudin and the prostacyclin analogue iloprost. Circulation 2000;101:1453-1458.
69. Stefanidis IK, Tolis VA, Sionis DG, Michalis LK. Development in intracoronary stents. Hellenic J Cardiol 2002;43:63-67.
70. Carter AJ, Scott D, Rahdert D, Bailey L, De Vries J, Ayerdi K, Turnlund T, Jones R, Virmani R, Fischell TA. Stent design favorably influences the vascular response in normal porcine coronary arteries. J Invasive Cardiol 1999;11:127-134.
71. Dumonceau JM, Deviere J. Self-expandable metal stents. Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 1999;13:109-130.
72. Ozaki Y, Violaris AG, Serruys PW. New stent technologies. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1996;39:129-140.
73. Violaris AG, Ozaki Y, Serruys PW. Endovascular stents: A 'break through technology', future challenges. Int J Card Imaging 1997;13:3-13.
74. Nicholson T. Stents: An overview. Hosp Med 1999;60:571-573.
75. Cleveland TJ, Gaines P. Stenting in peripheral vascular disease. Hosp Med 1999;60:630-632.
76. Barras CD, Myers KA. Nitinol - its use in vascular surgery and other applications. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2000;19:564-569.
77. Alexis F, Venkatraman SS, Rath SK, Boey F. In vitro study of release mechanisms of paclitaxel and rapamycin from drug-incorporated biodegradable stent matrices. J Control Release 2004;98:67-74.
78. Tamai H, Igaki K, Kyo E, Kosuga K, Kawashima A, Matsui S, Komori H, Tsuji T, Motohara S, Uehata H. Initial and 6-month results of biodegradable poly-L-lactic acid coronary stents in humans. Circulation 2000;102:399-404.
79. Zidar J, Lincoff A, Stack R. Biodegradable stents. In: Topol EJ, editor. Textbook of Interventional Cardiology. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1999. pp 787-802.
80. Saito Y, Minarni K, Kobayashi M, Nakao Y, Omiya H, Imamura H, Sakaida N, Okamura A. New tubular bioabsorbable knitted airway stent: Biocompatibility and mechanical strength. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2002;123:161-167.
81. Stack RS, Califf RM, Phillips HR, Pryor DB, Quigley PJ, Bauman RP, Tcheng JE, Greenfield JC Jr. Interventional cardiac catheterization at Duke Medical Center. Am J Cardiol 1988;62 (10 Pt 2):3F-24F.
82. Gao R, Shi R, Qiao S, Song L, Li Y. A novel polymeric local heparin delivery stent: Initial experimental study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;27:85A.
83. Yamawaki T, Shimokawa H, Kozai T, Miyata K, Higo T, Tanaka E, Egashira K, Shiraishi T, Tamai H, Igaki K, Takeshita A. Intramural delivery of a specific tyrosine kinase inhibitor with biodegradable stent suppresses the restenotic changes of the coronary artery in pigs in vivo. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;32:780-786.
84. Nuutinen JP, Valimaa T, Clerc C, Tormala P. Mechanical properties and in vitro degradation of bioresorbable knitted stents. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 2002;13:1313-1323.
85. Tamai H, Igaki K, Tsuji T. A biodegradable poly-L-lactic acid coronary stent in porcine coronary artery. J Interv Cardiol 1999;12:443-449.
86. Schwartz RS, Huber KC, Murphy JG, Edwards WD, Camrud AR, Vlietstra RE, Holmes DR. Restenosis and the proportional neointimal response to coronary artery injury: Results in a porcine model. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992;19:267-274.
87. Karas SP, Gravanis MB, Santoian EC, Robinson KA, Anderberg KA, King SB III. Coronary intimal proliferation after balloon injury and stenting in swine: An animal model of restenosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992;20:467-474.
88. Tsuji T, Tamai H, Kyo E. The effect of PLLA stent design on neointimal hyperplasia. J Cardiol 1998;32:235A.
89. Tsuji T, Tamai H, Igaki K, Kyo E, Kosuga K, Hata T, Okada M, Nakamura T, Komori H, Motohara S, Uehata H. Biodegradable polymeric stents. Curr Interv Cardiol Rep 2001;3:10-17.
90. Vogt F, Stein A, Rettemeier G, Krott N, Hoffmann R, vom Dahl J, Bosserhoff AK, Michaeli W, Hanrath P, Weber C, Blindt R. Long-term assessment of a novel biodegradable paclitaxel-eluting coronary polylactide stent. Eur Heart J 2004;25:1330-1340.
91. Zilberman M, Kraitzer A. Paclitaxel-loaded composite fibers: Drug release and tensile mechanical properties. J Biomed Mater Res A 2008;84:313-323.
92. Zilberman M, Schwade ND, Eberhart RC. Protein-loaded bioresorbable fibers and expandable stents: Mechanical properties and protein release. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2004;69:1-10.
93. Su SH, Chao RY, Landau CL, Nelson KD, Timmons RB, Meidell RS, Eberhart RC. Expandable bioresorbable endovascular stent. I. Fabrication and properties. Ann Biomed Eng 2003;31:667-677.
94. Farb A, Heller PF, Shroff S, Cheng L, Kolodgie FD, Carter AJ, Scott DS, Froehlich J, Virmani R. Pathological analysis of local delivery of paclitaxel via a polymer-coated stent Circulation 2001;104:473-479.
95. Huang Y, Liu X, Wang L, Li S, Verbeken E, De Scheerder I. Long-term biocompatibility evaluation of a novel polymercoated stent in a porcine coronary stent model. Coron Artery Dis 2003;14:401-408.
96. Tsuji T, Tamai H, Igaki K, Kyo E, Kosuga K, Hata T, Nakamura T, Fujita S, Takeda S, Motohara S, Uehata H. Biodegradable stents as a platform to drug loading. Int J Cardiovasc Intervent 2003;5:13-16.
97. Uurto I, Mikkonen J, Parkkinen J, Keski-Nisula L, Nevalainen T, Kellomaki M, Tormala P, Salenius JP. Drug-eluting biodegradable poly-D/L-lactic acid vascular stents: An experimental pilot study. J Endovasc Ther 2005;12:371-379.
98. Radke PW, Kobella S, Kaiser A, Franke A, Schubert D, Grube E, Hanrath P, Hoffman R. Treatment of in-stent restenosis using a paclitaxel-eluting stent: acute results and long-term follow-up of a matched-pair comparison with intracoronary beta-radiation therapy. Eur Heart J 2004;25:920-925.
99. Hill RA, Dundar Y, Bakhai A, Dickson R, Walley T. Drug-eluting stents: an early systemic review to inform policy. Eur Heart J 2004;25:902-919.