메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 76, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 227-263

A new species of camptosaurus (Ornithopoda: Dinosauria) from the morrison formation (Upper Jurassic) of dinosaur national monument, Utah, and a biomechanical analysis of its forelimb

Author keywords

Biomechanics; Camptosaurus aphanoecetes; Camptosaurus dispar; Planicoxa depressa; Quadrupedal

Indexed keywords

BIOMECHANICS; CLASSIFICATION; DINOSAUR; JURASSIC; LIMB; LOCOMOTION; NEW SPECIES; TAXONOMY;

EID: 42549159108     PISSN: 00974463     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2992/0097-4463(2008)76[227:ANSOCO]2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (108)

References (54)
  • 1
    • 42549171406 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • BILBEY, S.A. 1998. Cleveland-Lloyd Dinosaur Quarry - age, stratigraphy and depositional environments. Pp. 87-120, in The Morrison Formation: An Interdisciplinary Study (K. Carpenter, D. Chure, and J.I. Kirkland, eds.). Modern Geology, 23.
    • BILBEY, S.A. 1998. Cleveland-Lloyd Dinosaur Quarry - age, stratigraphy and depositional environments. Pp. 87-120, in The Morrison Formation: An Interdisciplinary Study (K. Carpenter, D. Chure, and J.I. Kirkland, eds.). Modern Geology, 23.
  • 2
    • 42549103091 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • BOCK, W.J. (1974): The avian skeletomusculature system. Pp. 119-257, in Avian Biology (D.S. Farmer, J.R. King, and K.P. Parkes, eds.). 4. Academic Press, New York.
    • BOCK, W.J. (1974): The avian skeletomusculature system. Pp. 119-257, in Avian Biology (D.S. Farmer, J.R. King, and K.P. Parkes, eds.). vol. 4. Academic Press, New York.
  • 3
    • 42549155633 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • BOOKSTEIN, F.L. 1991. Morphometric Tools for Landmark Data: Geometry and Biology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
    • BOOKSTEIN, F.L. 1991. Morphometric Tools for Landmark Data: Geometry and Biology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • 4
    • 41249100924 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A description of a new ornithopod from the Lytle Member of the Purgatoire River Formation (Lower Cretaceous) and a reassessment of the skull of Camptosaurus
    • Pp, K. Carpenter, ed, University of Indiana Press, Bloomington
    • BRILL, K., AND K. CARPENTER. 2006. A description of a new ornithopod from the Lytle Member of the Purgatoire River Formation (Lower Cretaceous) and a reassessment of the skull of Camptosaurus. Pp. 49-67, in Horns and Beaks: Ceratopsian and Ornithopod Dinosaurs (K. Carpenter, ed.). University of Indiana Press, Bloomington.
    • (2006) Horns and Beaks: Ceratopsian and Ornithopod Dinosaurs , pp. 49-67
    • BRILL, K.1    CARPENTER, K.2
  • 5
    • 0025136272 scopus 로고
    • Observations and comments on the reliability of muscle reconstruction in fossil vertebrates
    • BRYANT, H.N., AND K.L. SEYMOUR. 1990. Observations and comments on the reliability of muscle reconstruction in fossil vertebrates. Journal of Morphology, 206:109-117.
    • (1990) Journal of Morphology , vol.206 , pp. 109-117
    • BRYANT, H.N.1    SEYMOUR, K.L.2
  • 6
    • 42549103588 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CARPENTER, K. 1998. Vertebrate biostratigraphy of the Morrison Formation near Cañon City, Colorado. Pp. 407-426, in The Morrison Formation: An Interdisciplinary Study (K. Carpenter, D. Chure, and J.I. Kirkland, eds.). Modern Geology, 23.
    • CARPENTER, K. 1998. Vertebrate biostratigraphy of the Morrison Formation near Cañon City, Colorado. Pp. 407-426, in The Morrison Formation: An Interdisciplinary Study (K. Carpenter, D. Chure, and J.I. Kirkland, eds.). Modern Geology, 23.
  • 7
    • 0036060525 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Forelimb biomechanics of nonavian theropod dinosaurs in predation
    • CARPENTER, K. 2002. Forelimb biomechanics of nonavian theropod dinosaurs in predation. Senckenbergiana Lethaea, 82:59-76.
    • (2002) Senckenbergiana Lethaea , vol.82 , pp. 59-76
    • CARPENTER, K.1
  • 8
    • 42549168425 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CARPENTER, K. 2006. Biggest of the big: a critical re-evaluation of the megasauropod Amphicoelias fragillimus. Pp. 131-137, in Paleontology and Geology of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation (J.R. Foster and S.G. Lucas, eds). New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin, 36.
    • CARPENTER, K. 2006. Biggest of the big: a critical re-evaluation of the megasauropod Amphicoelias fragillimus. Pp. 131-137, in Paleontology and Geology of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation (J.R. Foster and S.G. Lucas, eds). New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin, 36.
  • 9
    • 0003108889 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Forelimb osteology and biomechanics of Tyrannosaurus rex
    • Pp, D.H. Tanke and K. Carpenter, eds, Indiana University Press, Bloomington
    • CARPENTER, K., AND M. SMITH. 2001. Forelimb osteology and biomechanics of Tyrannosaurus rex. Pp. 90-116, in Mesozoic Vertebrate Life (D.H. Tanke and K. Carpenter, eds.). Indiana University Press, Bloomington.
    • (2001) Mesozoic Vertebrate Life , pp. 90-116
    • CARPENTER, K.1    SMITH, M.2
  • 10
    • 4644273162 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A new ornithopod from the Cedar Mountain Formation (Lower Cretaceous) of eastern Utah
    • Pp, D.H. Tanke and K. Carpenter, eds, Indiana University Press, Bloomington
    • DICROCE, T., AND K. CARPENTER. 2001. A new ornithopod from the Cedar Mountain Formation (Lower Cretaceous) of eastern Utah. Pp. 183-196, in Mesozoic Vertebrate Life (D.H. Tanke and K. Carpenter, eds.). Indiana University Press, Bloomington.
    • (2001) Mesozoic Vertebrate Life , pp. 183-196
    • DICROCE, T.1    CARPENTER, K.2
  • 11
    • 0034653354 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • DILKES, D.W. 2000. Appendicular myology of the hadrosaurian dinosaur Maiasaura peeblesorum from the Late Cretaceous (Campanian) of Montana. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Earth Sciences, 90:87-125.
    • DILKES, D.W. 2000. Appendicular myology of the hadrosaurian dinosaur Maiasaura peeblesorum from the Late Cretaceous (Campanian) of Montana. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Earth Sciences, 90:87-125.
  • 12
    • 0002732194 scopus 로고
    • Comparative osteology of the American omithopods Camptosaurus and Tenontosaurus
    • DODSON, P. 1980. Comparative osteology of the American omithopods Camptosaurus and Tenontosaurus. Mémoires de In Société géologique de France, 139:81-85.
    • (1980) Mémoires de In Société géologique de France , vol.139 , pp. 81-85
    • DODSON, P.1
  • 13
  • 15
    • 42549166468 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ERICKSON, B.R. 1988. Notes on the postcranium of Camptosaurus. Scientific Publications of the Science Museum of Minnesota, 6(4):1-13.
    • ERICKSON, B.R. 1988. Notes on the postcranium of Camptosaurus. Scientific Publications of the Science Museum of Minnesota, 6(4):1-13.
  • 16
    • 42549105902 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • FOSTER, J.R. 2003. Paleoecological analysis of the vertebrate fauna of the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic), Rocky Mountain region, U.S.A. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin, 23:1-95.
    • FOSTER, J.R. 2003. Paleoecological analysis of the vertebrate fauna of the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic), Rocky Mountain region, U.S.A. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin, 23:1-95.
  • 17
    • 42549095509 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GALTON, P.M. 1980. European Jurassic ornithopod dinosaurs of the families Hypsilophodontidae and Camptosauridae. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen, 160(1):73-95.
    • GALTON, P.M. 1980. European Jurassic ornithopod dinosaurs of the families Hypsilophodontidae and Camptosauridae. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen, 160(1):73-95.
  • 18
    • 65749312537 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GALTON, P.M. 1981. Dryosaurus, a hypsilophodontid dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic of North America and Africa. Posteranial skeleton. Paläontologische Zeitschrift, 55(3/4):271-312.
    • GALTON, P.M. 1981. Dryosaurus, a hypsilophodontid dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic of North America and Africa. Posteranial skeleton. Paläontologische Zeitschrift, 55(3/4):271-312.
  • 19
    • 0000781417 scopus 로고
    • The ornithischian dinosaur Camptosaurus prestwichii from the Upper Jurassic of England
    • GALTON, P.M., AND H.P. POWELL. 1980. The ornithischian dinosaur Camptosaurus prestwichii from the Upper Jurassic of England. Palaeontology, 23:411-443.
    • (1980) Palaeontology , vol.23 , pp. 411-443
    • GALTON, P.M.1    POWELL, H.P.2
  • 20
    • 23244440018 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Late Jurassic Cleveland-Lloyd dinosaur quarry as a drought-induced assemblage
    • GATES, T. 2005. The Late Jurassic Cleveland-Lloyd dinosaur quarry as a drought-induced assemblage. PALAIOS, 20:363-375.
    • (2005) PALAIOS , vol.20 , pp. 363-375
    • GATES, T.1
  • 21
    • 42549152776 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GOLMORE, C.W. 1909. Osteology of the Jurassic reptile Camptosaurus, with a revision of the species of the genus, and description of two new species. Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum, 36:197-332.
    • GOLMORE, C.W. 1909. Osteology of the Jurassic reptile Camptosaurus, with a revision of the species of the genus, and description of two new species. Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum, 36:197-332.
  • 22
    • 42549137798 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GOLMORE, C.W. 1912. The mounted skeletons of Camptosaurus in the United States National Museum. Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum, 41:687-696.
    • GOLMORE, C.W. 1912. The mounted skeletons of Camptosaurus in the United States National Museum. Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum, 41:687-696.
  • 23
    • 42549105419 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GOLMORE, C.W. 1925. Osteology of ornithpodous dinosaurs from Dinosaur National Monument, Utah. Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum, 10:385-410.
    • GOLMORE, C.W. 1925. Osteology of ornithpodous dinosaurs from Dinosaur National Monument, Utah. Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum, 10:385-410.
  • 25
    • 33644754579 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An integrative phylogenetic and extrapolatory approach to the reconstruction of dromaeosaur (Theropoda: Eumaniraptora) shoulder musculature
    • JASINSKI, S.C., A.P. RUSSELL, AND P.J. CURRIE. 2006. An integrative phylogenetic and extrapolatory approach to the reconstruction of dromaeosaur (Theropoda: Eumaniraptora) shoulder musculature. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 146:301-344.
    • (2006) Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society , vol.146 , pp. 301-344
    • JASINSKI, S.C.1    RUSSELL, A.P.2    CURRIE, P.J.3
  • 27
    • 42549113419 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • KOWALLIS, B.J., E.H. CHRISTIANSEN, A.L. DEINO, F. PETERSON, C.E. TURNER, M.J. KUNK, AND J.D. OBRADOVICH. 1998. The age of the Morrison Formation. Pp. 235-260, in The Morrison Formation: An Interdisciplinary Study (K. Carpenter, D. Chure, and J.I. Kirkland, eds.). Modern Geology, 23.
    • KOWALLIS, B.J., E.H. CHRISTIANSEN, A.L. DEINO, F. PETERSON, C.E. TURNER, M.J. KUNK, AND J.D. OBRADOVICH. 1998. The age of the Morrison Formation. Pp. 235-260, in The Morrison Formation: An Interdisciplinary Study (K. Carpenter, D. Chure, and J.I. Kirkland, eds.). Modern Geology, 23.
  • 28
    • 42549129852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • LIPKIN, C., AND K. CARPENTER. IN PRESS. A re-look at the forelimb of Tyrannosaurus rex. In Tyannosaurus rex: The Tyrant King (P. Larson and K. Carpenter, eds.). Indiana University Press, Bloomington.
    • LIPKIN, C., AND K. CARPENTER. IN PRESS. A re-look at the forelimb of Tyrannosaurus rex. In Tyannosaurus rex: The Tyrant King (P. Larson and K. Carpenter, eds.). Indiana University Press, Bloomington.
  • 29
    • 0002477483 scopus 로고
    • Triassic Life of the Connecticut Valley; revised. Connecticut State Geological and Natural History Survey
    • Lull, R.S. 1953. Triassic Life of the Connecticut Valley; revised. Connecticut State Geological and Natural History Survey. Bulletin, 24:1-331.
    • (1953) Bulletin , vol.24 , pp. 1-331
    • Lull, R.S.1
  • 30
    • 42549126795 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MARSH, O.C. 1894. The typical Ornithopoda of the American Jurassic. American Journal of Science, 148:85-90.
    • MARSH, O.C. 1894. The typical Ornithopoda of the American Jurassic. American Journal of Science, 148:85-90.
  • 31
    • 42549086639 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MCGINNIS, H.J. 1982. Carnegie's Dinosaurs. Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh.
    • MCGINNIS, H.J. 1982. Carnegie's Dinosaurs. Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh.
  • 32
    • 42549171847 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MCINTOSH, J.S. 1981. Annotated catalogue of the dinosaurs (Reptilia, Archosauria) in the collections of Carnegie Museum of Natural History. Bulletin of Carnegie Museum of Natural History, 18:1-67.
    • MCINTOSH, J.S. 1981. Annotated catalogue of the dinosaurs (Reptilia, Archosauria) in the collections of Carnegie Museum of Natural History. Bulletin of Carnegie Museum of Natural History, 18:1-67.
  • 33
    • 0142011480 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Crocodylian forelimb musculature and its relevance to Archosauria
    • MEERS, M. 2003. Crocodylian forelimb musculature and its relevance to Archosauria. The Anatomical Record, 274A;891-916.
    • (2003) The Anatomical Record , vol.274 A , pp. 891-916
    • MEERS, M.1
  • 34
    • 42549129851 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Historical update
    • Pp, J.H. Ostrom and J.S. McIntosh, eds, Yale University Press, New Haven
    • MILES, C.A., AND HAMBLIN, D.W. 1999. Historical update. Pp. vii-xiv, in Marsh's Dinosaurs: The Collection from Como Bluff (J.H. Ostrom and J.S. McIntosh, eds.). Yale University Press, New Haven.
    • (1999) Marsh's Dinosaurs: The Collection from Como Bluff
    • MILES, C.A.1    HAMBLIN, D.W.2
  • 35
    • 33846463013 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Morphological changes in pedal phalanges through omithopod dinosaur evolution: A biomechanical approach
    • MORENO, K., M.T. CARRANO, AND R. SYNDER. 2007. Morphological changes in pedal phalanges through omithopod dinosaur evolution: a biomechanical approach. Journal of Morphology, 268:50-63.
    • (2007) Journal of Morphology , vol.268 , pp. 50-63
    • MORENO, K.1    CARRANO, M.T.2    SYNDER, R.3
  • 36
    • 84891470008 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NORMAN, D.B. 2004. Basal Iguanodontia. Pp. 413-437, in The Dinosauria, Second Edition (D.B. Weishempel, P. Dodson, and H. Osmólska, eds.). University of California Press, Berkeley.
    • NORMAN, D.B. 2004. Basal Iguanodontia. Pp. 413-437, in The Dinosauria, Second Edition (D.B. Weishempel, P. Dodson, and H. Osmólska, eds.). University of California Press, Berkeley.
  • 37
    • 42549086177 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ornithischian dinosaurs from the Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian) of England
    • NORMAN, D.B., AND P.M. BARRETT. 2002. Ornithischian dinosaurs from the Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian) of England, Palaeontology, 68:61-189.
    • (2002) Palaeontology , vol.68 , pp. 61-189
    • NORMAN, D.B.1    BARRETT, P.M.2
  • 39
    • 33845347370 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ORGAN, C.L. 2006. Biomechanics of ossified tendons in ornithopod dinosaurs. Paleobiology, 32:652-665.
    • ORGAN, C.L. 2006. Biomechanics of ossified tendons in ornithopod dinosaurs. Paleobiology, 32:652-665.
  • 41
    • 0035531141 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A new method to calculate allometric length-mass relationships of dinosaurs
    • SEEBACHER, F. 2001. A new method to calculate allometric length-mass relationships of dinosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 21:51-60.
    • (2001) Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology , vol.21 , pp. 51-60
    • SEEBACHER, F.1
  • 42
    • 24344493870 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Function in the stunted forelimbs of Mononykus olecranus (Theropoda), a dinosaurian anteater
    • SENTER, P. 2005. Function in the stunted forelimbs of Mononykus olecranus (Theropoda), a dinosaurian anteater. Paleobiology, 31:373-381.
    • (2005) Paleobiology , vol.31 , pp. 373-381
    • SENTER, P.1
  • 43
    • 33846059804 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of forelimb function between Deinonychus and Bambiraptor
    • SENTER, P. 2006. Comparison of forelimb function between Deinonychus and Bambiraptor. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 26:897-906.
    • (2006) Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology , vol.26 , pp. 897-906
    • SENTER, P.1
  • 44
    • 22344453126 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Range of motion in the forelimb of the theropod dinosaur Acrocanthosaurus atokensis, and implications for predatory behaviour
    • SENTER, P., AND J.H. ROBINS. 2005. Range of motion in the forelimb of the theropod dinosaur Acrocanthosaurus atokensis, and implications for predatory behaviour. Journal of Zoology, 266:307-318.
    • (2005) Journal of Zoology , vol.266 , pp. 307-318
    • SENTER, P.1    ROBINS, J.H.2
  • 45
    • 0000078093 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SERENO, P.C. 1991. Lesothosaurus, fabrosaurids, and the early evolution of Ornithischia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 11:168-197.
    • SERENO, P.C. 1991. Lesothosaurus, "fabrosaurids," and the early evolution of Ornithischia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 11:168-197.
  • 46
    • 85010384444 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • THOMPSON, D'A.W. 1961. On Growth and Form. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
    • THOMPSON, D'A.W. 1961. On Growth and Form. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • 47
    • 42549138262 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • THULBORN, R.A. 1972. The post-cranial skeleton of the Triassic ornithischian dinosaur Fabrosaurus australis. Palaeontology, 15:29-60.
    • THULBORN, R.A. 1972. The post-cranial skeleton of the Triassic ornithischian dinosaur Fabrosaurus australis. Palaeontology, 15:29-60.
  • 48
    • 42549124528 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • TRUJILLO, K.C. 2006. Clay mineralogy of the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic-?Lower Cretaceous), and its use in long distance correlation and paleoenvironmental analysis. Pp, 17-23, in Paleontology and Geology of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation (J.R. Foster and S.G. Lucas). New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin, 36.
    • TRUJILLO, K.C. 2006. Clay mineralogy of the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic-?Lower Cretaceous), and its use in long distance correlation and paleoenvironmental analysis. Pp, 17-23, in Paleontology and Geology of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation (J.R. Foster and S.G. Lucas). New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin, 36.
  • 49
    • 42549166946 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oxfordian U/Pb ages from SHRIMP analysis for the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of southeastern Wyoming with implications for biostratigraphic, correlations
    • TRUJILLO, K.C., K. R. CHAMBERLAIN, AND A. STRICKLAND. 2006. Oxfordian U/Pb ages from SHRIMP analysis for the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of southeastern Wyoming with implications for biostratigraphic, correlations. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, 38(6):7.
    • (2006) Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs , vol.38 , Issue.6 , pp. 7
    • TRUJILLO, K.C.1    CHAMBERLAIN, K.R.2    STRICKLAND, A.3
  • 50
    • 42549121082 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • TURNER, C.E., AND F. PETERSON. 1999. Biostratigraphy of dinosaurs in the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of the Western Interior, U.S.A. Pp.77-114, in Vertebrate Paleontology in Utah (D.D. Gillette, ed.). Utah Geological Survey Miscellaneous Publication, 99-1.
    • TURNER, C.E., AND F. PETERSON. 1999. Biostratigraphy of dinosaurs in the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of the Western Interior, U.S.A. Pp.77-114, in Vertebrate Paleontology in Utah (D.D. Gillette, ed.). Utah Geological Survey Miscellaneous Publication, 99-1.
  • 51
    • 42549105418 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • TURNER, C.E., F. PETERSON, AND S.P. DUNAGAN (EDS.). 2004. Reconstruction of the extinction ecosystem of the Upper Jurassic Formation. Sedimentary Geology, 167:111-355.
    • TURNER, C.E., F. PETERSON, AND S.P. DUNAGAN (EDS.). 2004. Reconstruction of the extinction ecosystem of the Upper Jurassic Formation. Sedimentary Geology, 167:111-355.
  • 52
    • 42549104557 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • UHLER, P.R. 1864. Orthopterological contributions. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia, 2:549.
    • UHLER, P.R. 1864. Orthopterological contributions. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia, 2:549.
  • 53
    • 33749431823 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • WILSON, J.A. 2006. Anatomical nomenclature of fossil vertebrates: standardized terms or 'Lingua Franca'? Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 26:511-518.
    • WILSON, J.A. 2006. Anatomical nomenclature of fossil vertebrates: standardized terms or 'Lingua Franca'? Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 26:511-518.


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.