Agenda-setting effects among the media, the public, and Congress, 1946-2004

Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly

Volumn 84, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 729-744

  Tan, Yue ^a   Weaver, David H ^a  

^a INDIANA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

MEDIA ROLE; PUBLIC ATTITUDE;

EID: 42449141152     PISSN: 10776990     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/107769900708400405     Document Type: Article

References (71)

1. James W. Dearing and Everett M. Rogers, Agenda-Setting (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1996), 5.
2. See also Everett M. Rogers and James W. Dearing, "Agenda-Setting Research: Where Has It Been, Where Is It Going?" in Media Power in Politics, ed. Doris A. Graber (Washington, DC: CQ Press, 2000), 68-85.
3. Everett M. Rogers, "Theoretical Diversity in Political Communication," in Handbook of Political Communication Research, ed. Lynda Lee Kaid (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2004), 3-16.
4. Dearing and Rogers, Agenda-Setting, 72.
5. Maxwell McCombs, Setting the Agenda: The Mass Media and Public Opinion (Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 2004), 102.
6. Maxwell McCombs and Jian-Hua Zhu, "Capacity, Diversity, and Volatility of the Public Agenda: Trends from 1954 to 1994," Public Opinion Quarterly 59 (winter 1995): 495-525.
7. McCombs, Setting the Agenda, 32.
8. McCombs, Setting the Agenda, 32.
9. Walter Lippmann, Public Opinion (NY: Macmillan, 1922), 1-17.
10. Bernard Cohen, The Press and Foreign Policy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press).
11. Maxwell McCombs and Donald Shaw, "The Agenda-Setting Function of Mass Media," Public Opinion Quarterly 36 (summer 1972): 176-87.
12. McCombs, Setting the Agenda, 19.
13. Wayne Wanta and Salma Ghanem, "Effects of Agenda Setting," in Mass Media Effects Research: Advances Through Meta-Analysis, ed. Raymond W. Preiss, Barbara Mae Gayle, Nancy Burrell, Mike Allen, and Jennings Bryant (Mahwah, NJ, 2007), 37-52.
14. Shanto Iyengar and Donald R. Kinder, News That Matters: Television and American Opinion (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987).
15. Bryan D. Jones and Frank R. Baumgartner, The Politics of Attention: How Government Prioritizes Problems (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005).
16. Frank R. Baumgartner and Bryan D. Jones, Agendas and Instability in American Politics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993).
17. Stefaan Walgrave and Peter Van Aelst, "The Contingency of the Mass Media's Political Agenda Setting Power: Toward a Preliminary Theory," Journal of Communication 56 (March 2006): 88-109.
18. Christopher A. Cooper, "Media Tactics in the State Legislature," State Politics and Policy Quarterly 2 (winter 2002): 353-71.
19. Cooper, "Media Tactics in the State Legislature," 353-71.
20. Doris A. Graber, Mass Media and American Politics (Washington, DC: CQ Press, 2002), 7.
21. Daniel Riffe, "Comparison of Media and Other Sources of Information for Alabama Legislators," Journalism Quarterly 65 (spring 1988): 46-53;
22. Alan Rosenthal, Heavy Lifting: The Job of the American Legislature (Washington, DO CQ Press, 2004), 38.
23. Daniel Riffe, "Media Roles and Legislators' News Media Use," Journalism Quarterly 67 (summer 1990): 323-29.
24. Martin Linsky, Impact: How the Press Affects Federal Policymaking (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1986), 239.
25. See also, Karen M. Kedrowski, "How Members of Congress Use the Media to Influence Public Policy" in Media Power in Politics, ed. Doris A. Graber (Washington, DC: CQ Press), 235.
26. On average, a mid-level Congressman issues about three press releases a week. Congress also prepares and distributes many press releases because wire service reporters are unable to attend the many hearings occurring simultaneously. Press releases enable members of the Congress to tell their stories in their own words. Now all House officers have at least one staff member with press responsibilities, according to Roger H. Davidson and Walter J. Oleszek, Congress and Its Members (Washington, DC: CQ Press, 2002), 155-56.
27. Davidson and Oleszek, Congress and Its Members, 156.
28. Graber, Mass Media and American Politics, 295.
29. Rogers and Dearing, "Agenda-Setting Research," 79;
30. Walgrave and Van Aelst, "The Contingency of the Mass Media's Political Agenda Setting Power," 88-109.
31. Barbara J. Nelson, Making an Issue of Child Abuse (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1984).
32. Fay Lomax Cook and Wesley G. Skogan, "Convergent and Divergent Voice Models of the Rise and Fall of Policy Issues," in Agenda Setting: Readings on Media, Public Opinion, and Policymaking, ed. David L. Protess and Maxwell McCombs (Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1991), 189-206.
33. Marcus Brewer and Maxwell McCombs, "Setting the Community Agenda," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 73 (spring 1996): 7-16.
34. See also George C. Edwards III and B. Dan Wood, "Who Influences Whom? The President, Congress, and the Media," The American Political Science Review 93 (June 1999): 327-44.
35. Stuart N. Soroka, "Issue Attributes and Agenda-Setting by Media, the Public, and Policymakers in Canada," International Journal of Public Opinion Research 14 (autumn 2002): 264-85.
36. Bryan D. Jones and Frank R. Baumgartner, "Agenda Dynamics and Policy Subsystems," The Journal of Politics 53 (November 1991): 1044-74.
37. See also Frank R. Baumgartner, Bryan D. Jones, and Beth L. Leech, "Media Attention and Congressional Agendas," in Do the Media Govern? Politicians, Voters, and Reporters in America, ed. Shanto Iyengar and Richard Reeves (Thousand Oaks: Sage, 1996), 349-63;
38. Jones and Baumgartner, The Politics of Attention: How Government Prioritizes Problems.
39. John W. Kingdon, Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies (New York: Longman, 2003).
40. Edwards III and Wood, "Who Influences Whom?"
41. Soroka, "Issue Attributes and Agenda-Setting by Media, the Public, and Policymakers in Canada."
42. Maxwell McCombs, "The Agenda Setting Function of the Press," in The Press, ed. Geneva Overholser and Kathleen Hall Jamieson (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), 156-68.
43. Walgrave and Van Aelst, "The Contingency of the Mass Media's Political Agenda Setting Power: Toward a Preliminary Theory," 104.
44. Graber, Mass Media and American Politics, 167.
45. Robert Weissberg, "Collective vs. Dyadic Representation in Congress," The American Political Science Review 72 (June 1978): 535-47.
46. Robert S. Erikson, "The Relationship between Public Opinion and State Policy: A New Look Based on Some Forgotten Data, " American Journal of Political Science 20 (Febuary 1976): 25-36.
47. Benjamin I. Page and Robert Y. Shapiro, "Effects of Public Opinion on Policy," The American Political Science Review 77 (March 1983): 175-90;
48. Robert S. Erikson, Michael B. MacKuen, and James A. Stimson, The Macro Polity (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2002), 320.
49. Soroka, "Issue Attributes and Agenda-Setting by Media, the Public, and Policymakers in Canada."
50. Cecile Gaziano, "Relationship between Public Opinion and Supreme Court Decisions: Was Mr. Dooley Right?" Communication Research 5 (April 1978): 131-49.
51. Robert S. Erikson, Michael B. MacKuen, and James A. Stimson, The Macro Polity (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2002), 320.
52. Robert S. Erikson, Gerald C. Wright, and John P. McIver, Statehouse Democracy: Public Opinion and Policy in the American States (Cambridge, UK: Cambride University Press, 1993), 89.
53. Jones and Baumgartner, The Politics of Attention.
54. James Winter and Chaim Eyal, "Agenda Setting for the Civil Rights Issues," Public Opinion Quarterly 45 (autumn 1981): 376-83.
55. McCombs and Zhu, "Capacity, Diversity, and Volatility of the Pu5blic Agenda," 515.
56. Wayne Wanta and Yu-Wei Hu, "Time-lag Difference in the Agenda Setting Process:: An Examination of Five News Media," International Journal of Public Opinion Research 6 (fall 1994): 225-40.
57. Anthony Downs, "Up and Down With Ecology: The 'Issue Attention Cycle,'" The Public Interest 28 (summer 1972): 38-50.
58. Nelson, Making an Issue of Child Abuse.
59. Cook and Skogan, "Convergent and Divergent Voice Models."
60. Jones and Baumgartner, "Agenda Dynamics and Policy Sub- systems." See also Baumgartner, Jones, and Leech, "Media Attention and Congressional Agendas."
61. Edward G. Carmines and James A. Stimson, Issue Evolution: Race and the Transformation of American Politics (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1989).
62. G. Ray Funkhouser, "The Issues of the Sixties: An Exploratory Study in the Dynamics of Public Opinion," Public Opinion Quarterly 37 (spring 1973): 62-75.
63. This is a very commonly used measure of association between two sets of rankings. It varies from -1 to 1.
64. According to Jones and Baumgartner's description, the sample is derived by coding the first entry on every odd-numbered page of the index.
65. For more detail, including examples of each topic see the detailed topic codebook at www.policyagendas, org/codebooks.
66. McCombs, Setting the Agenda. According to McCombs, 10% is the threshold of a salient issue on the public agenda. In this study, an issue is regarded as salient if its yearly average has reached 5% of the total on any two of the three agendas. The standard of salience is lowered because no issue can reach the 10% standard across the 58 years on all three agendas. Four issues are analyzed across the 58 years: defense, international affairs, law and crime, and government operations.
67. Soroka, "Issue Attributes and Agenda-Setting by Media, the Public, and Policymakers in Canada."
68. Nelson, Making an Issue of Child Abuse.
69. Cook and Skogan, "Convergent and Divergent Voice Models."
70. Edwards III and Wood, "Who, Influences Whom?"
71. Ronald D. Elving, "Making News, Making Law," Media Studies Journal 10 (winter 1996): 5.