Problems in the treatment of upper rectal carcinoma;Probleme bei der Therapie des Oberen Rektumkarzinoms

Chirurg

Volumn 79, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 327-339

  Junginger, T ^a   Hermanek, P ^b  

^a JOHANNES GUTENBERG UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL ERLANGEN   (Germany)

Author keywords

Adjuvant radiochemotherapy; Anatomy; Mesorectal excision; Neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy; Pathology; Upper rectal tumor

Indexed keywords

ADJUVANT CHEMOTHERAPY; ADJUVANT THERAPY; ALGORITHM; ARTICLE; CANCER INVASION; CANCER STAGING; COLORECTAL TUMOR; HUMAN; LYMPH NODE; LYMPH NODE METASTASIS; MULTIMODALITY CANCER THERAPY; PATHOLOGY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; RECTUM;

ALGORITHMS; CHEMOTHERAPY, ADJUVANT; COLORECTAL NEOPLASMS; COMBINED MODALITY THERAPY; HUMANS; LYMPH NODES; LYMPHATIC METASTASIS; NEOADJUVANT THERAPY; NEOPLASM INVASIVENESS; NEOPLASM STAGING; PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC; RADIOTHERAPY, ADJUVANT; RECTUM;

EID: 42449109804     PISSN: 00094722     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00104-008-1467-0     Document Type: Article

References (121)

1. ABCSG (Austrian Breast and Colorectal Cancer Study Group) (2004) Empfehlungen zur Diagnostik und multimodalen Primärtherapie des Rektumkarzinoms 2004. Wien Klin Wochenschr 117: 154-171
2. Adloff M, Arnaud JP, Schloegel M, Thibaud D (1985) Factors influencing local recurrence after abdominoperineal resection for cancer of the rectum. Dis Colon Rectum 28: 413-415
3. Andreola S, Leo E, Belli F et al. (1997) Distal intramural spread in adenocarcinoma of the lower third of the rectum treated with total rectal resection and coloanal anastomosis. Dis Colon Rectum 40: 25-29
4. Arnaud JP, Nordlinger B, Bosset JF et al. (1997) Radical surgery and postoperative radiotherapy as combined treatment in rectal cancer. Final results of a phase III study of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer. Br J Surg 84: 352-357
5. Arnoletti JP, Bland KI (2006) Noeadjuvant and adjuvant therapy for rectal cancer. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 15: 147-157
6. AXIS Collaborators (2003) Randomized clinical trial of adjuvant radiotherapy and 5-fluorouracil infusion in colorectal cancer (AXIS). Br J Surg 90: 1200-1212
7. Belli L, Beati CA, Frongi M et al. (1988) Outcome of patients with rectal cancer treated by stapled anterior rescetion. Br J Surg 75: 422-424
8. Bittner R, Burghardt J, Gross E et al. (2007) Arbeitsgruppe Workflow Rektumkarzinom II. Qualitätsindikatoren bei Diagnostik und Therapie des Rektumkarzinoms. Zbl Chir 132: 85-94
9. Blair JB, Holyoke DA, Best RR (1950) A note on the lymphatics of the middle and lower rectum and anus. Anat Rec 108: 635-644
10. Bokey EL, Öjerskog B, Chapuis PH et al. (1999) Local recurrence after curative excision of the rectum for cancer without adjuvant therapy: role of total anatomical dissection. Br J Surg 86: 1164-1170
11. Bossset JF, Collette L, Calais G et al. (2006) Chemotherapy with preoperative radiotherapy in rectal cancer. New Engl J Med 355: 1114-1123
12. Boulis-Wassif S, Gerard A, Loygue J et al. (1984) Final results of a randomised trial on the treatment of rectal cancer with preoperative radiotherapy alone or in combination with 5-fluorouracil, followed by radical surgery. Cancer 53: 1811-1818
13. Buhr HJ, Dommisch K, Fleischer GM et al. (2006) Arbeitsgruppe Workflow Rektumkarzinom. Klinischer Ablaufpfad (Workflow) zu Diagnostik, Therapie und Nachsorge des Rektumkarzinoms. Zbl Chir 131: 285-297
14. Bujko K, Nowacki MP, Nasierowska-Guttmejer A et al. (2004) Sphincter preservation following radiotherapy for rectal cancer: report of a randomised trial comparing short-term radiotherapy vs. conventionally fractionated radiochemotherapy. Radiother Oncol 72: 15-24
15. Cedermark B, Johansson H, Rutqvist LE, Wilking N for the Stockholm Colorectal Cancer Study Group (1995) The Stockholm I trial of preoperative short term radiotherapy in operable rectal carcinoma. A prospective randomized trial. Cancer 75: 2269-2275
16. Ceelen W, Pattyn P, Boterberg T, Peeters M (2006) Pre-operative combined modality therapy in the management of locally advanced rectal cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol 32: 259-268
17. Compton CC for the Members of the Cancer Committee, College of American Pathologists (2000) Updated protocol for the examination of specimens from patients with carcinomas of the colon and rectum, excluding carcinoid tumors, lymphomas, sarcomas, and tumors of the vermiform appendix. A basis for checklists. Arch Pathol Lab Med 124: 1016-1025
18. Compton CC (2003) Colorectal carcinoma: diagnostic, prognostic, and molecular features. Mod Pathol 16: 376-385
19. Dahl O, Horn A, Morild I et al. (1990) Low dose preoperative radiation postpones recurrences in operable rectal cancer. Results of a randomized multicenter trial in Western Norway. Cancer 66: 2286-2294
20. Eriksen MT, Wibe A, Syse A et al. on behalf of the Norwegian Rectal Cancer Group and the Norwegian Gastrointestinal Cancer Group (2004) Inadvertent perforation during rectal cancer resection in Norway. Br J Surg 91: 210-216
21. Fielding LP, Arsenault PA, Chapuis PH et al. (1991) Clinicopathologic staging for colorectal cancer: an International Documentation System (IDS) and an International Comprehensive Anatomical Terminology (ICAT). J Gastroenterol Hepatol 6: 325-344
22. Fisher B, Wolmark N, Rockette H et al. (1988) Postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy or radiation therapy for rectal cancer: results from NSABP Protocol R-01.J Natl Cancer Inst 80: 21-29
23. Folkesson J, Birgisson H, Pahlman L et al. (2005) Swedish Rectal Cancer Trial: long lasting benefits from radiotherapy on survival and local recurrence rate. J Clin Oncol 23: 5644-5650
24. Frykholm GJ, Glimelius B, Pahlman L (1993) Preoperative or postoperative irradiation in adenocarcinoma of the rectum: final treatment results of a randomized trial and an evaluation of late secondary effects. Dis Colon Rectum 36: 564-572
25. Gastrointestinal Tumor Study Group (GITSG) (1985) Prolongation of the disease-free interval in surgically treated rectal carcinoma. N Engl J Med 312: 1465-1472
26. Gastrointestinal Tumor Study Group (GITSG) (1992) Radiation therapy and fluorouracil with or without semustine for the treatment of patients with surgical adjuvant adenocarcinoma of the rectum. J Clin Oncol 10: 549-557
27. Gerard A, Buyse M, Nordlinger B et al. (1988) Preoperative radiotherapy as adjuvant treatment in rectal cancer: final results of a randomized study of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC). Ann Surg 208: 606-614
28. Gerard JP, Chapet O, Nemoz C et al. (2004) Improved sphincter preservation in low rectal cancer with high-dose preoperative radiotherapy: the Lyon R96-02 randomized trial. J Clin Oncol 22: 2204-2209
29. Gerard J-P, Conroy T, Bonnetain F et al. (2006) Preoperative radiotherapy with or without concurrent fluorouracil and leucovorin in T3-4 cancers: results of FFCD 9203. J Clin Oncol 24: 4620-4625
30. Glehen O, Chalet O, Adham M et al. (2003) Long-term results of the Lyons R90-01 randomized trial of preoperative radiotherapy with delayed surgery and its effect on sphincter-saving surgery in rectal cancer. Brit J Surg 90: 996-998
31. Goldberg PA, Nicholls RJ, Porter NH et al. (1994) Long-term results of a randomised trial of short-course low-dose adjuvant pre-operative radiotherapy for rectal cancer: reduction in local treatment failure. Eur J Cancer 30: 1602-1606
32. Goldstein NS, Soman A, Sacksner J (1999) Disparate surgical margin lengths of colorectal resection specimens between in vivo and in vitro measurements. The effects of surgical resection and formalin fixation on organ shrinkage. Am J Clin Pathol 111: 349-351
33. Guillem JG, Chessin DB, Cohen AM et al. (2005) Long-term oncological outcome following preoperative combined modality therapy and total mesorectal excision of locally advanced rectal cancer. Ann Surg 241: 829-835
34. Hainsworth PJ, Egan MJ, Cunliffe WJ (1997) Evaluation of a policy of total mesorectal excision for rectal and rectosigmoid cancers. Br J Surg 84: 652-656
35. Heald RJ, Husband EM, Ryall RDH (1982) The mesorectum in rectal cancer surgery - the clue to pelvic recurrence? Brit J Surg 69: 613-618
36. Heald RJ, Ryall RDH (1986) Recurrence and survival after total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer. Lancet i: 1480-1482
37. Heald RJ, Moran BJ, Ryall RDH et al. (1998) Rectal cancer. The Basingstoke experience of total mesorectal excision, 1978-1997. Arch Surg 133: 894-899
38. Hermanek P, Mansmann U, Staimmer D et al. (2000) The German experience: the surgeon as a prognostic factor in colon and rectal cancer surgery. Surg Oncol Clin N Amer 9: 33-49
39. Hermanek P, Junginger T (2005) The circumferential resection margin in rectal carcinoma surgery. Tech Coloproctol 9: 193-200
40. Hida J, Yasutomi M, Maruyama T et al. (1997) Lymph node metastasis detected in the mesorectum distal to carcinoma of the rectum by the clearing method: justification of total mesorectal excision. J Am Coll Surg 184: 584-588
41. Holm T, Johansson H, Rutqvist LE, Cedermark B (2001) Tumour location and the effects of preoperative radiotherapy in the treatment of rectal cancer. Brit J Surg 88: 839-843
42. Hyams DM, Mamounas EP, Petrelli N et al. (1997) A clinical trial to evaluate the worth of preoperative multimodality therapy in patients with operable carcinoma of the rectum. A progress report of National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Protocol R-03. Dis Colon Rectum 40: 131-139
43. James RD, Haboubi N, Schofield PF et al. (1991) Prognostic factors in colorectal carcinoma treated by preoperative radiotherapy and immediate surgery. Dis Colon Rectum 34: 546-551
44. Japanese Society for Cancer of the Colon and Rectum (1997) Japanese classification of colorectal carcinoma. First English edition. Kanehara & Co, Tokyo
45. Jatzko G, Lisborg P, Wette V (1992) Improving survival rates for patients with colorectal cancer. Br J Surg 79: 588-591
46. Jatzko GR, Jagoditzsch M, Lisborg PH et al. (1999) Long-term results of radical surgery for rectal cancer: multivariate analysis of prognostic factors influencing survival and local recurrence. Eur J Surg Oncol 25: 284-291
47. Junginger T, Lorenz W (Hrsg) (2005) Interdisziplinäre S3-Leitlinie"Diagnostik, Therapie und Nachsorge des kolorektalen Karzinoms". www.klinik.uni-mainz.de/Allgemein.chir/Leitlinienmanuskript. pdf.
48. Junginger T, Hermanek P, Oberholzer K, Schmidberger H (2006) Rektumkarzinom: behandeln wir zu häufig neoadjuvant? Vorschläge zu einer selektiveren, MRT-basierten Indikation. Zbl Chir 131: 275-284
49. Kameda K, Furusawa M, Mori M, Sugimachi K (1990) Proposed distal margin for resection of rectal cancer. Jpn J Cancer Res 81: 100-104
50. Kapiteijn E, Marijnen CAM, Colenbrander AC et al. (1998) Local recurrence in patients with rectal cancer diagnosed between 1988 and 1992: a population-based study in the west Netherlands. Eur J Surg Oncol 24: 528-535
51. Kapiteijn E, Marijnen CAM, Nagtegaal ID et al. (2001) Preoperative radiotherapy combined with total mesorectal excision for resectable rectal cancer. New Engl J Med 345: 638-646
52. Kruschewski M, Rieger H, Pohlen U et al. (2007) Risk factors for clinical anastomotic leakage and postoperative mortality in elective surgery for rectal cancer. Int J Colorect Dis 22: 919-927
53. Kwok SPY, Lau WY, Leung KL et al. (1996) Prospective analysis of the distal margin of clearance in anterior resection for rectal carcinoma. Brit J Surg 83: 969-997
54. Law WL, Chu KW (2004) Anterior resection for rectal cancer with mesorectal excision. A prospective evaluation of 622 patients. Ann Surg 240: 260-268
55. Lazorthes F, Voigt JJ, Roques J et al. (1990) Distal intramural spread of carcinoma of the rectum correlated with lymph nodal involvement. Surg Gyn Obstet 170: 45-48
56. Leong AFPK (2000) Selective total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 43: 1237-1240
57. Liersch T, Langer C, Ghadimi BM et al. (2006) Technik der mesorektalen Exzision beim Rektumkarzinom - immer noch ein aktuelles Thema? Viszeralchir 41: 313-323
58. Lopez-Kostner F, Lavery IC, Hool GR et al. (1998) Total mesorectal excision is not necessary for cancers of the upper rectum. Surgery 124: 612-618
59. Madsen PM, Christiansen J (1986) Distal intramural spread of rectal carcinomas. Dis Colon Rectum 29: 279-282
60. Manson PN, Corman ML, Coller JA, Veidenheimer MC (1976) Anastomotic recurrence after anterior resection for carcinoma: Lahey Clinic experiences. Dis Colon Rectum 19: 219-229
61. Marsh PJ, James RD, Schofield PF (1994) Adjuvant preoperative radiotherapy for locally advanced rectal carcinoma. Results of a prospective, randomized trial. Dis Colon Rectum 37: 1205-1214
62. Maslekar S, Sherma A, MacDonald A et al. (2006) Mesorectal grades predict recurrences after curative resection for rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 50: 168-175
63. McDermott FT, Hughes ESR, Pihl E et al. (1985) Local recurrence after potentially curative resection for rectal cancer in a series of 1008 patients. Br J Surg 72: 34-37
64. Medical Research Council (MRC) (1996) Rectal Cancer Working Party. Randomised trial of surgery alone vs. radiotherapy followed by surgery for potentially operable locally advanced rectal cancer. Lancet 348: 1605-1610
65. MERCURY (Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Rectal Cancer European Equivalence Study) (2002) Final Protocol 2002. Pelican Centre, North Hampshire Hospital, Aldermaston Reed, Basingstoke, Hants RG24 9NA, UK
66. Merkel S, Meyer T, Göhl J, Hohenberger W (2002) Late locoregional recurrence in rectal carcinoma. Eur J Surg Oncol 28: 716-722
67. Metzger U, Weber W, Weber E et al. (1985) Lokalrezidive nach anteriorer Rektumresektion - Handnaht versus Klammernaht. Chirurg 56: 266-268
68. Moossa AR, Ree PC, Marks JE et al. (1975) Factors influencing local recurrence after abdomino-perineal resection for cancer of the rectum and rectosigmoid. Brit J Surg 62: 727-730
69. Morikawa E, Yasutomi M, Shindou K et al. (1994) Distribution of metastatic lymph nodes in colorectal cancer by the modified clearing method. Dis Colon Rect 37: 219-223
70. Moriya Y (1997) Importance of lymphatic spread. In: Soreide O, Norstein J (eds) Rectal cancer surgery. Optimisation - standardisation - documentation. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 153-164
71. Morson BC, Vaughan EG, Bussey HJR (1963) Pelvic recurrence after excision of rectum for carcinoma. Br Med J ii: 13-18
72. Nagtegaal ID, Velde CJH van de, Worp E van der et al. (2002) Macroscopic evalutation of rectal cancer resection specimen: clinical significance of the pathologist in quality control. J Clin Oncol 20: 1729-1734
73. Nakagoe T, Yamaguchi E, Tanaka K et al. (2003) Distal intramural spread is an independent prognostic factor for distant metastasis and poor outcome in patients with rectal cancer: a multivariate analysis. Ann Surg Oncol 10: 163-170
74. Nelson H, Petrelli N, Carlin A et al. (2001) Guidelines 2000 for colon and rectal cancer surgery. J Natl Cancer Inst 93: 583-596
75. Nesbakken A, Njgaard K, Westerheim O et al. (2002) Local recurrence after mesorectal excision for rectal cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol 28: 126-134
76. NHMRC (National Health and Medical Research Council, Australian Government) (2005) Clinical practice guidelines for the prevention, early detection and management of colorectal cancer. Australian Cancer Network. http://www.nhmrc. health.gov.au. (accessed February 16, 2006)
77. NIH (National Institute of Health) Consensus Conference (1990) Adjuvant therapy for patients with colon and rectal cancer. JAMA 264: 1444-1450
78. Norstein J, Langmark F (1997) Results of rectal cancer treatment: a national experience. In: Soreide O, Norstein J (eds) Rectal cancer surgery. Optimisation - standardisation - documentation. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 17-28
79. Nymann T, Jess P, Christiansen J (1995) Rate and treatment of pelvic recurrence after abdominoperineal resection and low anterior resection for rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rect 38: 799-802
80. O'Connell MJ, Martenson JA, Wieand HS et al. (1994) Improving adjuvant therapy for rectal cancer by combining protracted infusion fluorouracil with radiation therapy after curative surgery. New Engl J Med 331: 502-507
81. Ono C, Yoshinaga K, Enomoto M, Sugihara K (2002) Discontinuous rectal cancer spread in the mesorectum and the optimal distal clearance margin in situ. Dis Colon Rectum 45: 744-749
82. Pahlman L, Glimelius B (1984) Local recurrences after surgical treatment for rectal carcinoma. Acta Chir Scand 150: 331-335
83. Pahlman L, Gunnarsson U, Karlbom U (2005) The influence on treatment outcome of structuring rectal cancer care. Eur J Surg Oncol 31: 645-649
84. Peeters KCMJ, Marijnen CAM, Nagtegaal ID et al. (2007) The TME trial after a median follow-up of 6 years: increased local control but no survival benefit in irradiated patients with resectable rectal carcinoma. Ann Surg 246: 693-701
85. Petersen S, Hellmich G, Baumann M et al. (1998) Präoperative Kurzzeitstrahlentherapie in der chirurgischen Therapie des Rectumcarcinoms. Langzeitergebnisse einer prospektiv-randomisierten Studie. Chirurg 69: 759-765
86. Pichlmaier H, Hossfeld D, Sauer R (1994) Konsensus der CAO, AIO und ARO zur adjuvanten Therapie bei Colon- und Rectumcarcinom vom 11. März 1994. Chirurg 65: 411-412
87. Porter GA, O'Keefe GE, Yakimets WW (1996) Inadvertent perforation of the rectum during abdominoperineal resection. Am J Surg 172: 324-327
88. Ptok H, Steinert R, Meyer F et al. (2006) Operative Behandlung von Rektumkarzinomen im Vergleich. Chirurg 77: 709-717
89. Quirke P, Sebag-Montefiore D, Steele R et al. (2006) Local recurrence after rectal cancer resection is strongly related to the plane of surgical resection and is further reduced by preoperative short course radiotherapy. Preliminary results of the MRC CR07 trial. J Clin Oncol 24 [Suppl 18]: Abstr 3512
90. Reynolds JV, Joyce WP, Dolan J et al. (1996) Pathological evidence in support of total mesorectal excision in the management of rectal cancer. Brit J Surg 83: 1112-1115
91. Rödel C, Liersch T, Hermann RM et al. (2007) Multicenter phase II trial of chemoradiation with oxaliplatin for rectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 25: 110-117
92. Sauer I, Bacon HE (1952) A new approach for excision of carcinoma of the lower portion of the rectum and anal canal. Surg Gynec Obstet 95: 229-235
93. Sauer R, Becker H, Hohenberger W et al. (2004) Preoperative versus postoperative chemoradiotherapy for rectal cancer. New Engl J Med 351: 1731-1740
94. Sause WT, Pajak TF, Noyes RD et al. (1994) Evaluation of preoperative radiation therapy in operable colorectal cancer. Ann Surg 220: 668-675
95. Schmiegel W, Pox C, Adler G et al. (2004) S3-Leitlinienkonferenz., Kolorektales Karzinom". Z Gastroenterol 42: 1129-1177
96. Scott N, Jackson P, Al-Jaberi T et al. (1995) Total mesorectal excision and local recurrence: a study of tumour spread in the mesorectum distal to the rectal cancer. Brit J Surg 82: 1031-1033
97. Shirouzu K, Isomoto H, Kakegawa T (1995) Distal spread of rectal cancer and optimal distal margin of resection for sphincter preserving surgery. Cancer 78: 389-392
98. Sidoni A, Bufalari A, Alberti PF (1991) Distal intramural spread in colorectal cancer: a reappraisal of the extent of distal clearance in fifty cases. Tumori 77: 514-517
99. SIGN (Scotish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network) (2003) Management of colorectal cancer. A national clinical guideline. SIGN, Royal College of Physicians, Edinburgh. www.sign.ac.uk (accessed Februar 16, 2006)
100. Sondenaa K, Kjellevold KH (1990) A prospective study of the length of the distal margin after low anterior resection for rectal cancer. Int J Colorect Dis 5: 103-105
101. Soreide O, Norstein J, Fielding LP, Silen W (1997) International standardization and documentation of the treatment of rectal cancer. In: Soreide O, Norstein J (eds) Rectal cancer surgery. Optimisation - standardisation - documentation. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 405-445
102. Staib L, Kornmann M, Roettinger E et al. (2004) Adjuvant radiochemotherapy in resectable stage II, III rectal cancer: results of the FOGT-2 trial. J Clin Oncol [Suppl] (Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol) 23: 272 (Abstr 3608)
103. Syk E, Torkzad MR, Blomqvist L et al. (2006) Radiological findings do not support lateral residual tumour as major cause of local recurrence of rectal cancer. Brit J Surg 93: 113-119, discussion 506-507
104. Tepper JE, O'Connell M, Niedzwiecki D et al. (2002) Adjuvant therapy in rectal cancer: analysis of stage, sex, and local control - final report of the Intergroup 0114. J Clin Oncol 20: 1744-1750
105. Thalheimer A, Bueter M, Kortuem M et al. (2006) Morbidity of temporary loop ileostomy in patients with colorectal cancer. Dis Colon Rect 49: 1011-1017
106. Tjandra JJ, Kilkenny JW, Buie WD et al. (2005) Practice parameters for the management of rectal cancer (revised). Dis Colon Rectum 48: 411-423
107. Tveit KM, Wiig JN, Olsen DR et al. (1997) Combined modality treatment including intraoperative radiotherapy in locally advanced and recurrent rectal cancer. Radiother Oncol 44: 277-282
108. th ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York. Deutsche Übersetzung (Wittekind C, Meyer H-J, Bootz F, eds) Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, 2003
109. rd ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York
110. Weese JL, O'Grady MG, Ottery FD (1986) How long is the five centimeter margin? Surg Gynec Obstet 163: 101-103
111. Wibe A, Rendedal PR, Svensson E et al. on behalf of the Norwegian Rectal Cancer Group (2002) Prognostic significance of the circumferential resection margin following total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer. Brit J Surg 89: 327-334
112. Wibe A, Moller B, Norstein J et al. for the Norwegian Rectal Cancer Group (2002) A national strategic change in treatment policy for rectal cancer - implementation of total mesorectal excision as routine treatment in Norway. A national audit. Dis Colon Rectum 45: 857-866
113. Wibe A, Eriksen MT, Syse A et al. on behalf of the Norwegian Rectal Cancer Group (2003) Total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer - what can be achieved by a national audit? Colorectal Disease 5: 471-477
114. Wibe A, Carlsen E, Dahl O et al. on behalf of the Norwegian Rectal Cancer Group (2006) Nationwide quality assurance of rectal cancer treatment. Colorectal Disease 8: 224-229
115. Williams NS (1984) The rationale for preservation of the anal sphincter in patients with low rectal cancer. Brit J Surg 71: 575-581
116. Wilson SM, Beahrs OH (1976) The curative treatment of carcinoma of the sigmoid, rectosigmoid and rectum. Ann Surg 183: 556-565
117. Wolmark N, Wieand HS, Hyams DM et al. (2000) Randomized trial of postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy with or without radiotherapy for carcinoma of the rectum: National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Protocol R-02. J Nat Cancer Inst 92: 388-396
118. Yanagi H, Kusunoki M, Shoji Y et al. (1996) Preoperative detection of distal intramural spread of lower rectal carcinoma using transrectal ultrasonography. Dis Colon Rectum 39: 1210-1214
119. Zaheer S, Pemberton JH, Farouk R et al. (1998) Surgical treatment of adenocarcinoma of the rectum. Ann Surg 227: 800-811
120. Zhao G-P, Zhou Z-G, Lei W-Z et al. (2005) Pathological study of distal mesorectal cancer spread to determine a proper distal resection margin. World J Gastroenterol 11: 319-322
121. Zirngibl H, Husemann B, Hermanek P (1990) Intraoperative spillage of tumor cells in surgery for rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 33: 610-612