Opportunistic infections in the acquired inmunodeficiency syndrome: The history in Mexico 20 years after the beginning of the epidemic;Infecciones oportunistas en el síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida: La historia en México a 20 años del inicio de la epidemia

Revista de Investigacion Clinica

Volumn 56, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 169-180

  del Campo Rodríguez, Lucio Eduardo Martín ^a   Sifuentes Osornio, José ^a  

^a INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE CIENCIAS MÉDICAS Y NUTRICIÓN SALVADOR ZUBIRÁN   (Mexico)

Author keywords

AIDS; HAART; Mycobacterium avium; Opportunistic infections; Pneumocystis jiroveci; Toxoplasma gondii

Indexed keywords

ACICLOVIR; ANTIFUNGAL AGENT; ANTIRETROVIRUS AGENT; AZITHROMYCIN; CLARITHROMYCIN; COTRIMOXAZOLE; FLUCONAZOLE; FOSCARNET; GANCICLOVIR; ITRACONAZOLE; RIFABUTIN; VALACICLOVIR; VALGANCICLOVIR;

ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; CANDIDIASIS; CHEMOPROPHYLAXIS; CRYPTOCOCCOSIS; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM; DISEASE COURSE; ENTERITIS; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; EPIDEMIC; HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; HISTOPLASMOSIS; HISTORY; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; IMMUNE DEFICIENCY; INCIDENCE; MEDICAL CARE; MEXICO; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; MYCOBACTERIOSIS; MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM; OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION; PNEUMOCYSTIS; PNEUMONIA; PREVALENCE; RETINITIS; REVIEW; SANITATION; SOCIOECONOMICS; SOUTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA; SURVIVAL; TOXOPLASMOSIS; TUBERCULOSIS; UNITED STATES; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN HEMISPHERE;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY, HIGHLY ACTIVE; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; FEMALE; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; INFANT; MALE; MEXICO; MIDDLE AGED; OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS; TIME FACTORS;

EID: 4243116492     PISSN: 00348376     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (84)

1. Moore RD, Hidalgo J, Sugland BW, Chaisson RE. Zidovudine and the natural history of the AIDS. N Engl J Med 1991; 324: 1412-16.
2. Blaser MJ, Cohn J. Opportunistic infections in patients with AIDS: clues to the epidemiology of AIDS and the relative virulence of pathogens. Rev Infect Dis 1986; 8: 21-30.
3. Jones JL, Hanson DL, Dworkin MS et al, Surveillance for AIDS-defining opportunistic illnesses, 1992-1997. In CDC surveillance summaries. MMWR 1999; 48(SS-2): 1-22.
4. Update on acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)-United States. MMWR 1982; 31: 507-14.
5. Selik RM, Haverkos HW, Curran JW. Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) trends in the United States, 1978-1982. Am J Med 1984; 76: 493-500.
6. Moore RD, Chaisson RE. Natural history of opportunistic disease in an HIV infected urban clinical cohort. Ann Intern Med 1996; 124: 633-42.
7. García-García ML, Bravo-García E, Palacios-Martínez M, Mora-Galindo JL, Valdespino-Gómez JL. Initial clinical manifestations in patients with AIDS. Salud Publica Mex 1988; 30: 528-43.
8. Ponce de León S, Macías AE, Cruz A, Calva J, Carlos Tinoco J, Ruiz C, Ojeda F, Bobadilla M, Lilia Rolon A, Villalobos I et al. The first 5 years of the AIDS outbreak in Mexico. Salud Publica Mex 1988; 30: 544-54.
9. Villasís-Keever A, Rangel-Frausto MS, Ruiz-Palacios G, Ponce de Leon-Rosales S. Clinical manifestations and survival trends during the first 12 years of the AIDS epidemic in Mexico. Arch Med Res 2001; 32: 62-5.
10. Mohar A, Romo J, Salido F, Jessurum J, Ponce de León S, Reyes E, Volkow P, Larraza O, Peredo MA, Cano C, et al. The spectrum of clinical manifestations of AIDS in a consecutive series of autopsied patients in Mexico. AIDS 1992; 6: 467-73.
11. Welch K, Finkbeiner W, Alpers CE, Blumenfeld W, Davis RL, Smuckler EA, Beckstead JH. Autopsy findings in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. JAMA 1984; 252: 1152-9.
12. Hui AN, Koss MN, Meyer PR. Necropsy findings in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: A comparison of premortem diagnoses with postmortem findings. Hum Pathol 1984; 15: 670-6.
13. Guarda LA, Luna MA, Smith JL Jr, Mansell PW, Gyorkey F, Roca AN. Acquired immune deficiency syndrome: Postmortem findings. Am J Clin Pathol 1984; 81: 549-57.
14. Reichert CM, O'Leary TJ, Levens DL, Simrell CR, Macher AM. Autopsy pathology in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Am J Pathol 1983; 112: 357-82.
15. Sehonanda A, Choi YJ, Blum S. Changing patterns of autopsy findings among persons with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in an inner-city population. A 12-year retrospective study. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1996; 120: 459-64.
16. Klatt EC, Nichols L, Noguchi TT. Evolving trends revealed by autopsies of patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. 565 autopsies in adults with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, Los Angeles, Calif, 1982-1993. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1994; 118: 884-90.
17. Gómez CG, Villarreal UC, Robles RM, Cano DC. Hallazgos histopatológicos en 102 autopsias de pacientes con sí ndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida. Rev Med IMSS (Méx) 1992; 30: 171-6.
18. Jessurun J, Angeles-Angeles A, Gasman N. Comparative demographic and autopsy findings in acquired immune deficiency syndrome in two Mexican populations. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1990; 3: 579-83.
19. Masliah E, De Teresa RM, Mallory ME, Hansen LA. Changes in pathological findings at autopsy in AIDS cases for the last 15 years. AIDS 2000; 14: 69-74.
20. Pape JW, Liautaud B, Thomas F, Mathurin JR, St Amand MM, Boncy M, Pean V, Pamphile M, Laroche AC, Johnson WD Jr. Characteristics of the acquired immuno deficiency syndrome (AIDS) in Haiti. N Engl J Med 1983; 309: 945-50.
21. St. John RK, Zacarias R. Status of AIDS in the Americas. In Abstracts of the III International conference in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Service WHO; 1987, p. 17-21.
22. Biggar RJ. The clinical features of HIV infection in Africa. Br Med J 1986; 293: 1453-4.
23. Current Trends Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Update. MMWR 1983; 32: 309-11.
24. Human immunodeficiency virus infection in the United States: A review of Current Knowledge. MMWR 1987; 36(S6): 1-20.
25. Selik RM, Chu SY, Ward JW. Trends in infectious disease and cancers among persons dying of HIV infection in the United States from 1987 to 1992. Ann Intern Med 1995; 123: 933-6.
26. Góngora-Rivera F, Santos-Zambrano J, Moreno-Andrade T, Calzada-López P, Soto-Hernández JL. The clinical spectrum of neurological manifestations in AIDS patients in Mexico. Arch Med Res 2000; 31: 393-8.
27. Dirección General de Epidemiología. Bol. Mensual SIDA 1988; 2: 1-2.
28. Volkow P, Ponce De Leon S, Calva J, Ruiz Palacios G, Mohair A. Transfusion associated AIDS in Mexico. Clinical spectrum, conditional latency distribution, and survival. Rev Invest Clin 1993; 45: 133-8.
29. Jones JL, Hanson DL, Dworkin MS, Kaplan JE, Ward JW. Trends in AIDS-related opportunistic infections among men who have sex with men and among injecting drug users, 1991-1996. J Infect Dis 1998; 178: 114-20.
30. Palella FJ Jr, Delaney KM, Moorman AC, Loveless MO, Fuhrer J, Satten GA, Aschman DJ, Holmberg SD. Declining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. HIV Outpatient Study Investigators. N Engl J Med 1998; 338: 853-60.
31. Jahnke N, Montessori V, Hogg R, Anis AH, O'Shaughnessy M, Montaner JS. Impact of triple drug therapy on morbidity, mortality, and cost. AIDS Rev 1999; 1: 57-60.
32. Lemp GF, Payne SF, Neal D, Temelso T, Rutherford GW. Survival trends for patients with AIDS. JAMA 1990; 263: 402-6.
33. Lavalle C, Aguilar JC, Peña F, Estrada-Aguilar JL, Aviña-Zubieta JA, Madrazo M. Reduction in hospitalization cost, morbidity, disability, and mortality in patients with AIDS treated with protease inhibitors. Arch Med Res 2000; 31: 515-19.
34. Kaplan JE, Hanson D, Dworkin MS, Frederick T, Bertolli J, Lindegren ML, Holmberg S, Jones JL. Epidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus-associated opportunistic infections in the United States in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 30: S5-14.
35. Forrest DM, Seminary E, Hogg RS, Yip B, Raboud J, Lawson L, Phillips P, Schechter MT, O'Shaughnessy MV, Montaner JS. The incidence and spectrum of AIDS-defining illnesses in persons treated with antiretroviral drugs. Clin Infect Dis 1998; 27: 1379-85.
36. Mocroft A, Vella S, Benfield TL, Chiesi A, Miller V, Gargalianos P, d'Arminio Monforte A, Yust I, Bruun JN, Phillips AN, Lundgren JD. Changing patterns of mortality across Europe in patients infected with HIV-1. EuroSIDA Study Group. Lancet 1998; 352: 1725-30.
37. Peglow SL, Smulian AG, Linke MJ, Pogue CL, Nurre S, Crisler J, Phair J, Gold JW, Armstrong D, Walzer PD. Serologic responses to Pneuymocystis carinii antigens in health and disease. J Infect Dis 1990; 161: 296-306.
38. Bessudo L. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Clinicopathologic study of the first 2 cases diagnosed in Mexico. Rev Invest Clin 1967; 19: 265-74.
39. Bacchetti P, Osmond D, Chaisson RE, Dritz S, Rutherford GW, Swig L, Moss AR. Survival patterns of the first 500 patients with AIDS in San Francisco. J Infect Dis 1988; 157: 1044-7.
40. Garcia-Sancho M, Pérez-González L, Franco-Marina F, Reyes-Teran G. Infecciones oportunistas pulmonares en pacientes con infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana del Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias 1991-2001. Rev Inst Nal Enf Resp Mex 2003; 16: 6-10.
41. Inderlied CB, Kemper CA, Bermudez LE. The Mycobacterium avium complex. Clin Microbiol Rev 1993; 6: 266-310.
42. Horsburgh CR Jr, Selik MR. The epidemiology of disseminated nontuberculous mycobacterial infection in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Am Rev Respir Dis 1989; 139: 4-7.
43. Benson CA. Disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex infection: Implications of recent clinical trials on prophylaxis and treatment. AIDS Clin Rev 1997; 98: 271-87.
44. Update: trends in AIDS incidence, deaths, and prevalence-United States, 1996. MMWR 1997; 46: 165-73.
45. Zhang LJ, Hanff P, Rutherford C, Churchill WH, Crumpacker CS. Detection of human cytomegalovirus DNA, RNA, and antibody in normal donor blood. J infect Dis 1995; 171: 1002-6.
46. Drew WL, Mintz L, Miner RC, Sands M, Ketterer B. Prevalence of cytomegalovirus infection in homosexual men. J Infect Dis 1981; 143: 188-92.
47. Chan IS, Neaton JD, Saravolatz LD, Crane LR, Osterberger J. Frequencies of opportunistic diseases prior to death among HIV-infected persons. Community programs for clinical research on AIDS. AIDS 1995; 9: 1145-51.
48. Drew WL, Stempienrding MJ, Kheraj M, Eerlich KS. Management of herpes virus infections (Cytomegalovirus, Herpes simplex virus, and Varicella zoster virus). In: Sande MA, Volberding PA. The Medical management of AIDS 6th ed. EUA. WB Saunders 1999; p. 429-52.
49. Dohn MN, Frame PT. Protozoan infections. In: Powderly WG. Manual of HIV therapeutics. Philadelphia: Lippincott- Raven; 1997, p. 165-75.
50. Price RW. Neurological complications of HIV infection. Lancet 1996; 348: 445-52.
51. Levy RM, Bredesen DE, Rosenblum ML. Neurological manifestations of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS): experience at UCSF and review of the literature. J Neurosurg 1985; 62: 475-95.
52. Luft BJ, Remington JS. Toxoplasmic encephalitis in AIDS. Clin Infect Dis 1992; 15: 211-22.
53. Dalston MO, Oliveira SA, Hahn MD, et al. Neurological manifestation of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Revista Brasileira de Neurología 1994; 30: 103-9.
54. Fragoso YD, Mendes V, Adamo AP, et al. Neurological manifestations of AIDS a review of fifty cases in Santos, Sao Paulo Brasil. Rev Sao Paul Med 1998; 116: 1715-20.
55. González AM, Plata T, Carvajal A, et al. Infecciones oportunistas del sistema nervioso central en pacientes con SIDA: Factores que afectan la sobrevida en el primer episodio. Antibiot Infect 1998; 6: 21-40.
56. Oksenhendler E, Charreau I, Tournerie C, Azihary M, Carbon C, Aboulker JP. Toxoplasma gondii infection in advanced HIV infection. AIDS 1994; 8: 483-7.
57. US. Public Health Service (USPHS) and Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA). USPHS/IDSA Prevention of Opportunistic Infections Working Group 2002 USPHS/IDSA. Guidelines for the Prevention of Opportunistic Infections in Persons Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus 2002;51: 1-46.
58. Chuck SL, Sande MA. Infections with Cryptococcus neoformans in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med 1989; 321: 794-9.
59. Clark RA, Greer D, Atkinson W, Valainis GT, Hyslop N. Spectrum of Cryptococcus neoformans infection in 68 patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Rev Infect Dis 1990; 12: 768-77.
60. Dismukes WE. Cryptococcal meningitis in patients with AIDS. J Infect Dis 1988; 157: 624-8.
61. Eng RH, Bishburg E, Smith SM, Kapila R. Cryptococcal infections in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am J Med 1986; 81: 19-23.
62. Hajjeh R, Stephen D, Baughman W, et al. A case control study of risk factors for cryptococcosis in HIV infected persons. In Abstracts of the XIth International conference on AIDS Vancouver 1996 Abstract Tu.B.186.
63. Saldarriaga NH, Medina LA, Muñoz A. Infecciones del sistema nervioso central en pacientes con SIDA: correlación clinico-etiológica. Acta Médica Colombiana 1995; 20: 116-23.
64. Fayer R, Ungar BL. Cryptosporidium spp. and cryptosporidiosis. Microbiol Rev 1986; 50: 458-83.
65. Graybill JR. Histoplasmosis and AIDS. J Infect Dis 1988; 158: 623-6.
66. Sarosi GA, Johnson PC. Disseminated histoplasmosis in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Infect Dis 1992; S1: 60-7.
67. Redondo MC. Disseminated histoplasmosis in Venezuelan AIDS patients. Infect Dis Clin Pract 1995; 4: 300-3.
68. Murillo J, Castro KG. HIV infection and AIDS in Latin America: epidemiologic features and clinical manifestations. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1994; 8: 1-11.
69. Orozco B, Estrada S, Velázquez G, et al. AIDS and skin. In programs and abstracts from the VIII International conference on AIDS. Amsterdam the Netherlands 1992 abstract 7396.
70. Astarloa L, Negroni R, de Bouza J, et al. Histoplasmosis (H): Cutaneous compromise in AIDS patients (PTS). In programs and abstracts from the VIII international conference on AIDS. Amsterdam, The Netherlands 1992 abstract 7020.
71. Orozco TRL, Reyes E. Cutaneous histoplasmosis in nine patients with AIDS. Rev Invest Clin 1998; 50: 525-8.
72. Corey L, Adams HG, Brown ZA, Holmes KK. Genital herpes simplex virus infections: clinical manifestations, course and complications. Ann Intern Med 1983; 98: 958-72.
73. Fleming DT, McQuillan GM, Johnson RE, Nahmias AJ, Aral SO, Lee FK, St Louis ME. Herpes simplex virus type 2 in the United States, 1976 to 1994. N Engl J Med 1997; 337: 1105-11.
74. Johnson RE, Nahmias AJ, Magder LS, Lee FK, Brooks CA, Snowden CB. A seroepidemiologic survey of the prevalence of herpes simplex virus type 2 infection in the United States. N Engl J Med 1989; 321: 7-12.
75. Nahmias AJ, Keyserling H, Lee FK. Herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2. In Evans A (ed). Viral infections of humans: epidemiology and control, 3rd ed. New York: Plenum Press; 1989, p. 393-8.
76. Quinnan GV Jr, Masur H, Rook AH, Armstrong G, Frederick WR, Epstein J, Manischewitz JF, Macher AM, Jackson L, Ames J, et al. Herpesvirus infections in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. JAMA 1984; 252: 72-7.
77. Klein RS, Harris CA, Small CB, Moll B, Lesser M, Friedland GH. Oral candidiasis in high-risk patients as the initial manifestation of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med 1984; 311: 354-8.
78. Murray HW, Hillman JK, Rubin BY, Kelly CD, Jacobs JL, Tyler LW, Donelly DM, Carriero SM, Godbold JH, Roberts RB. Patients at risk for AIDS-related opportunistic infections. Clinical manifestations and impaired gamma interferon production. N Engl J Med 1985; 313: 1504-10.
79. Katz MH, Greenspan D, Westenhouse J, Hessol NA, Buchbinder SP, Lifson AR, Shiboski S, Osmond D, Moss A, Samuel M, et al. Progression to AIDS in HIV-infected homosexual and bisexual men with hairy leukoplakia and oral candidiasis. AIDS 1992; 6: 95-100.
80. Epidemiology notes and reports tuberculosis, final data-United States. 1986. MMWR 1988; 36: 817-20.
81. Valdespino JL, García-Sancho C, Salcedo AR, Zacarías F, Sepúlveda J (1995a). Epidemiology of AIDS and tuberculosis. Bulletin of PAHO 1995; 29: 37-58.
82. García ML, Valdespino JL, Palacios M, Mayar EM, García-Sancho C, Sepúlveda J (1995b). Tuberculosis y SIDA en México. Salud Pública de México 1995; 37: 539-48.
83. Romo J, Salido F. The difficult diagnosis of tuberculosis in AIDS patients VIII International conference on AIDS and III STD World congress 1994. Amsterdam, Holanda, Abstract Pub 094.
84. Ruiz-Palacios GM, Ponce de Leon S, Cruz Lopez A, Tinoco JC, Schnieders B, Macias A, Ortiz E, Valpuesta V, Nares F. Features of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in 93 patients at the Instituto Nacional de la Nutrición Salvador Zubirán. Rev Invest Clin 1987; 39(Suppl.): 7-12.