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42149167832
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42149146020
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United Nations. Basic Principles for the Treatment of Prisoners. Adopted and proclaimed by General Assembly resolution 45/111 of 14 December 1990. Available at: [Accessed June 30, 2007]; United Nations. Principles of Medical Ethics relevant to the Role of Health Personnel. Adopted by General Assembly resolution 37/194of 18 December 1982. Available at: [Accessed June 30, 2007].
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United Nations. Basic Principles for the Treatment of Prisoners. Adopted and proclaimed by General Assembly resolution 45/111 of 14 December 1990. Available at: http://www.hri.ca/uninfo/treaties/35.shtml [Accessed June 30, 2007]; United Nations. Principles of Medical Ethics relevant to the Role of Health Personnel. Adopted by General Assembly resolution 37/194of 18 December 1982. Available at: http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/h_comp40.htm [Accessed June 30, 2007].
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King's College London. International Centre for Prison Studies. Available at: http://www.kcl.ac.uk/depsta/rel/icps/links-resources.html and http://www.hri.ca/uninfo/treaties/ [Accessed June 20, 2007].
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42149195916
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United Nations. Body of Principles for the Protection of All Persons under Any Form of Detention or Imprisonment. Adopted by General Assembly resolution 43/173 of 9 December 1988. UN Document Series Symbol: ST/HR/. UN Issuing Body: Secretariat Centre for Human Rights. Available at: [Accessed April 2007].
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United Nations. Body of Principles for the Protection of All Persons under Any Form of Detention or Imprisonment. Adopted by General Assembly resolution 43/173 of 9 December 1988. UN Document Series Symbol: ST/HR/. UN Issuing Body: Secretariat Centre for Human Rights. Available at: http://www.hri.ca/uninfo/treaties/36.shtml [Accessed April 2007].
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42149133537
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United Nations. Standard Minimum Rules for Non-custodial Measures (The Tokyo Rules). Adopted by General Assembly resolution 45/110 of 14 December 1990. UN Document Series Symbol: ST/HR/ UN Issuing Body: Secretariat Centre for Human Rights. Available at: [Accessed January 2007].
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United Nations. Standard Minimum Rules for Non-custodial Measures (The Tokyo Rules). Adopted by General Assembly resolution 45/110 of 14 December 1990. UN Document Series Symbol: ST/HR/ UN Issuing Body: Secretariat Centre for Human Rights. Available at: http://www.hri.ca/uninfo/treaties/46.shtml [Accessed January 2007].
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42149141091
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European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CPT) The CPT standards 'Substantive' sections of the CPT's General Reports (2004). Available at: [Accessed June 30, 2007].
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European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CPT) The CPT standards 'Substantive' sections of the CPT's General Reports (2004). Available at: http://www.cpt.coe.int/en/documents/ eng-standards-scr.pdf [Accessed June 30, 2007].
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23
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42149107343
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Ibid.
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Ibid.
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24
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42149157077
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European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CPT) The CPT standards 'Substantive' sections of the CPT's General Reports (2004). Available at: [Accessed June 30, 2007].
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European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CPT) The CPT standards 'Substantive' sections of the CPT's General Reports (2004). Available at: http://www.cpt.coe.int/en/documents/ eng-standards-scr.pdf [Accessed June 30, 2007].
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25
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42149091562
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Council of Europe. Committee of Ministers. European prison rules. Recommendation No. R(87)3. Adopted by the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe on 12 February 1987. Available at: [Accessed June 30, 2007].
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Council of Europe. Committee of Ministers. European prison rules. Recommendation No. R(87)3. Adopted by the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe on 12 February 1987. Available at: http://www.uncjin.org/Laws/prisrul. htm [Accessed June 30, 2007].
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26
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42149161605
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The revised version from 2006: Council of Europe. Recommendation Rec(2006)2 of the Committee of Ministers to member states on the European Prison Rules (Adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 11 January 2006 at the 952nd meeting of the Ministers' Deputies). Available at:, accessed September 2007.
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The revised version from 2006: Council of Europe. Recommendation Rec(2006)2 of the Committee of Ministers to member states on the European Prison Rules (Adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 11 January 2006 at the 952nd meeting of the Ministers' Deputies). Available at:, accessed September 2007.
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42149189919
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Council of Europe. Explanatory memorandum relating to the European Prison Rules. Revised European version of the Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners. Strasbourg 1987. Available at: http://www.uncjin.org/Laws/ prisrul.htm [Accessed June 30, 2007].
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42149117373
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Council of Europe. Committee of Ministers. Recommendation No. R (93) 6 of the Committee of Ministers to member states concerning prison and criminological aspects of the control of transmissible diseases including AIDS and related health problems in prison (adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 18 October 1993, at the 500th meeting of the Ministers' Deputies). Available at: [Accessed January 30, 2007].
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Council of Europe. Committee of Ministers. Recommendation No. R (93) 6 of the Committee of Ministers to member states concerning prison and criminological aspects of the control of transmissible diseases including AIDS and related health problems in prison (adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 18 October 1993, at the 500th meeting of the Ministers' Deputies). Available at: http://www.prison.eu.org/article.php3?id_article=2946 [Accessed January 30, 2007].
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29
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42149135321
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Council of Europe. Committee of Ministers. Explanatory Memorandum to Recommendation No. R (93) 6 on Prison and criminological aspects of the control of transmissible diseases including AIDS and related health problems in prison. (Adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 18 October 1993, at the 500th meeting of the Ministers' Deputies). Available at: [Accessed January 30, 2007].
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Council of Europe. Committee of Ministers. Explanatory Memorandum to Recommendation No. R (93) 6 on Prison and criminological aspects of the control of transmissible diseases including AIDS and related health problems in prison. (Adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 18 October 1993, at the 500th meeting of the Ministers' Deputies). Available at: http://www.prison.eu.org/article. php3?id_article=2946 [Accessed January 30, 2007].
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42149178333
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Council of Europe. Recommendation No. R (98) 7 of the Committee of Ministers to member states concerning the ethical and organizational aspects of healthcare in prison. (Adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 8 April 1998, at the 627th meeting of the Ministers' Deputies). Available at: [Accessed July 15, 2007].
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Council of Europe. Recommendation No. R (98) 7 of the Committee of Ministers to member states concerning the ethical and organizational aspects of healthcare in prison. (Adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 8 April 1998, at the 627th meeting of the Ministers' Deputies). Available at: http://www.prison.eu.org/article.php3?id_article=2963 [Accessed July 15, 2007].
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31
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42149195915
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Council of Europe. Committee of Ministers. Explanatory Memorandum to Recommendation No. R (98) 7 on the ethical and organizational aspects of healthcare in prison. (Adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 8 April 1998, at the 627th meeting of the Ministers' Deputies). Available at: [Accessed July 15, 2007].
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Council of Europe. Committee of Ministers. Explanatory Memorandum to Recommendation No. R (98) 7 on the ethical and organizational aspects of healthcare in prison. (Adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 8 April 1998, at the 627th meeting of the Ministers' Deputies). Available at: http://www.prison.eu.org/article.php3?id_article=2964 [Accessed July 15, 2007].
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32
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42149097692
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-
Ibid. note 26.
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Ibid. note 26.
-
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33
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-
42149159326
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-
Ibid note 27.
-
Ibid note 27.
-
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-
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34
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-
42149190516
-
-
Ibid. note 26.
-
Ibid. note 26.
-
-
-
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35
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-
42149150340
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-
Ibid. note 27.
-
Ibid. note 27.
-
-
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36
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-
42149179814
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Ibid. note 19.
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Ibid. note 19.
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37
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42149107933
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Council of Europe. Additional protocol to the Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine concerning biomedical research. Strasbourg 15.1.05. Available at: [Accessed June 20, 2007].
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Council of Europe. Additional protocol to the Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine concerning biomedical research. Strasbourg 15.1.05. Available at: http://www.coe.int/T/E/Legal_Affairs/Legal_co-operation/Bioethics/ Activities/Biomedical_research/195%20Protocole%20recherche%20biomedicale%20e. pdf [Accessed June 20, 2007].
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42149150902
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Medical Research Council of Canada, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada and Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. 1998. Tri-Council Policy Statement. Available at: [Accessed October 2007].
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Medical Research Council of Canada, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada and Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. 1998. Tri-Council Policy Statement. Available at: http://www.pre.ethics.gc.ca/english/pdf/TCPS%20October%202005_E.pdf [Accessed October 2007].
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42149108391
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World Health Organization. 1995. Guidelines for Good Clinical Practice for Trials on Pharmaceutical Products. Geneva: World Health Organization.
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World Health Organization. 1995. Guidelines for Good Clinical Practice for Trials on Pharmaceutical Products. Geneva: World Health Organization.
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42149169908
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UNAIDS guidance document. Ethical considerations in HIV preventive vaccine research. Prepublication version February 2000. Available at: and. [Accessed January 30, 2007].
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UNAIDS guidance document. Ethical considerations in HIV preventive vaccine research. Prepublication version February 2000. Available at: http://www.bioethics.nih.gov/international/declarat/unaidsguid.doc and http://www.unaids.org/html/pub/publications/irc-pub01/jc072-ethicalcons_en_pdf. pdf [Accessed January 30, 2007].
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41
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42149108981
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Ibid., see note above.
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Ibid., see note above.
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42
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42149097070
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Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS). International Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research Involving Human Subjects 2002. Available at: [Accessed February 28, 2007].
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Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS). International Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research Involving Human Subjects 2002. Available at: http://www.cioms.ch/frame_guidelines_nov_2002.htm [Accessed February 28, 2007].
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42149177671
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OHRP Guidance on the Involvement of Prisoners in Research. May 23, 2003. Available at: http://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/policy/index.html#prisoners [Accessed April 30, 2005].
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44
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42149096465
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Ibid., see note 7.
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Ibid., see note 7.
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45
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