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45 CFR 46.102(i). See also 21 CFR 50.3(k)
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CFR 46.102(i). See also 21 CFR 50.3(k).
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2
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In loco parentis: Minimal risk as an ethical threshold for research upon children
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Moral problems in assessing research risk
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National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research. The Belmont Report Available at: (accessed 19 December 2003)
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National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research. 1979. The Belmont Report, Available at: http://ohrp.osophs.dhhs.gov/humansubjects/guidance/belmont.htm (accessed 19 December 2003).
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6
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Thinking clearly about research risk: Implications of the work of Benjamin Freedman
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Weijer C. Thinking clearly about research risk: implications of the work of Benjamin Freedman. IRB 1999;21 1-5.
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IRB
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Weijer, C.1
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7
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Children as research subjects
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Kahn J, Mastroianni A, Sugarman J, eds. New York: Oxford University Press
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Nelson R. Children as research subjects. In: Kahn J, Mastroianni A, Sugarman J, eds. Beyond consent: seeking justice in research. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998:47-67.
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Nelson, R.1
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9
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45.CFR 46.404
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CFR 46.404.
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10
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45 CFR 46.405
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45 CFR 46.405.
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11
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13444261884
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45 CFR 46.406
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45 CFR 46.406.
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12
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13444262965
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45 CFR 46.407
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45 CFR 46.407.
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13
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13444305883
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45 CFR 46.404
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45 CFR 46.404.
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14
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13444265605
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45 CFR 46.306(a)
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45 CFR 46.306(a).
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15
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13444283049
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45 CFR 46.207
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45 CFR 46.207.
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16
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45 C.F.R. 46.116(d)
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45 C.F.R. 46.116(d).
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17
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13444260472
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45 CFR 46.117(c)(2)
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45 CFR 46.117(c)(2).
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18
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13444293926
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45 CFR 46.110(b); see also 21 CFR 56.110
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45 CFR 46.110(b); see also 21 CFR 56.110.
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19
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0019511920
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Assessment of risk in children
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Janofsky J, Starfield. Assessment of risk in children. J Pediatr 1981;98:842-6.
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How do institutional review boards apply the federal risk and benefit standards for pediatric research?
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Shah S, et al. How do institutional review boards apply the federal risk and benefit standards for pediatric research? JAMA 2004;291:476-82.
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JAMA
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Shah, S.1
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Estimating risk in human research
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Kopelman L. Estimating risk in human research. Clin Res 1981;29:1-8.
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24
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13444271466
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The only other case to address minimal risk in research, a court ruled that a surrogate decision-maker may not consent to greater than minimal risk, non-beneficial research for a child or mentally disabled adult
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Grimes v Kennedy Krieger Institute, Inc, 782 A.2d 807 (Md. 2001). See TD v New York State Office of Mental Health, 650 NYS 2d 173
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Grimes v Kennedy Krieger Institute, Inc, 782 A.2d 807 (Md. 2001). In the only other case to address minimal risk in research, a court ruled that a surrogate decision-maker may not consent to greater than minimal risk, non-beneficial research for a child or mentally disabled adult. See TD v New York State Office of Mental Health, 650 NYS 2d 173 (1996).
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(1996)
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26
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The ethical analysis of risk
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Weijer C. The ethical analysis of risk. J Law Med Ethics 2000;28:344-60.
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Clinical investigations which may be reviewed through expedited review procedures set forth in FDA regulations
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Food and Drug Administration. 46 Federal Register 8980 (27 January)
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Food and Drug Administration. Clinical investigations which may be reviewed through expedited review procedures set forth in FDA regulations. 46 Federal Register 8980 (27 January 1981).
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Categories of research that may be reviewed by the institutional review board (IRB) through an expedited review procedure
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Department of Health and Human Services. 63 Federal Register 216 (9 November)
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Department of Health and Human Services. Categories of research that may be reviewed by the institutional review board (IRB) through an expedited review procedure. 63 Federal Register 216 (9 November 1998).
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Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS). Available at: (accessed 18 December 2003)
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Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS). International Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research Involving Human Subjects. 2002. Available at: http://www.cioms.ch/frame_guidelines_nov_2002.htm (accessed 18 December 2003).
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