Typhoid fever in children in Africa

Tropical Medicine and International Health

Volumn 13, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 532-540

  Mweu, Evanson ^b,c   English, Mike ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^b KENYA MEDICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Kenya)

^c UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI   (Kenya)

Author keywords

Africa; Over treatment; Perception; Typhoid fever; Widal test

Indexed keywords

CHILD HEALTH; DISEASE CONTROL; DISEASE TREATMENT; ESTIMATION METHOD; HEALTH CARE; INFECTIOUS DISEASE; PERCEPTION; PUBLIC HEALTH; RURAL AREA; SURVEILLANCE AND ENFORCEMENT; TYPHOID;

ABDOMINAL DISTENSION; ABDOMINAL PAIN; AFRICA; AGE; ANOREXIA; BRADYCARDIA; CHILD; CLINICAL FEATURE; CONFUSION; DIAGNOSTIC TEST; DIARRHEA; FEMALE; FEVER; HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE; HEADACHE; HEPATOMEGALY; HUMAN; INTESTINE PERFORATION; KENYA; LEUKOPENIA; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MORTALITY; MYALGIA; OVERTREATMENT; PREVALENCE; REVIEW; SALMONELLA ENTERICA; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; SPLENOMEGALY; STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE; THERAPY; TYPHOID FEVER; VOMITING; WIDAL REACTION;

ADULT; AFRICA; ASIA; CHILD; DIAGNOSTIC ERRORS; DIAGNOSTIC TESTS, ROUTINE; DISEASE OUTBREAKS; HUMANS; KENYA; RURAL HEALTH; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; TYPHOID FEVER;

AFRICA;

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE; STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE;

EID: 42149102159     PISSN: 13602276     EISSN: 13653156     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2008.02031.x     Document Type: Review

References (44)

1. Akinyemi K, Smith S, Oyefolu A Coker A (2005) Multidrug resistance in Salmonella enterica serovar typhi isolated from patients with typhoid fever complications in Lagos, Nigeria. Public Health 119, 321 327.
2. Ammah A, Nkuo-Akenji T, Ndip R Deas J (1999) An update on concurrent malaria and typhoid fever in Cameroon. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 93, 127 129.
3. Bahwere P, Levy J, Hennart P et al. (2001) Community-acquired bacteremia among hospitalized children in rural central Africa. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 5, 180 188.
4. Berkley J, Lowe B, Mwangi I et al. (2005) Bacteremia among children admitted to a rural hospital in Kenya. The New England Journal of Medicine 352, 39 47.
5. Bhan M, Bahl R Bhatnagar S (2005) Typhoid and paratyphoid fever. Lancet 366, 749 762.
6. Bhutta Z Mansurali N (1999) Rapid serologic diagnosis of pediatric typhoid fever in an endemic area: a prospective comparative evaluation of two dot-enzyme immunoassays and the Widal test. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 61, 654 657.
7. Bhutta Z (2006) Current concepts in the diagnosis and treatment of typhoid fever. British Medical Journal 333, 78 82.
8. Brent A, Ahmed I, Ndiritu M et al. (2006) Incidence of clinically significant bacteraemia in children who present to hospital in Kenya: community-based observational study. Lancet 367, 482 488.
9. Brooks W, Hossain A, Goswami D et al. (2005) Bacteraemic typhoid fever in children in an urban slum in Bangladesh. Emerging Infectious Diseases 11, 326 329.
10. Chart H, Cheesbrough J Waghorn D (2000) The serodiagnosis of infection with Salmonella typhi. Journal of Clinical Pathology 53, 851 853.
11. Cheesbrough J, Taxman B, Green S Mewa F. (1997) Clinical definition for invasive Salmonella infection in African children. The Pediatric Infectious Diseases Journal 16, 277 283.
12. Choo K, Razif A, Oppenheimer S, Ariffin W, Lau J Abraham T (1993) Usefulness of the Widal test in diagnosing childhood typhoid fever in endemic areas. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 29, 36 39.
13. Chowta M Chowta N (2005) Study of clinical profile and antibiotic response in typhoid fever. Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology 23, 125 127.
14. Crump J, Youssef F, Luby S et al. (2003) Estimating the incidence of typhoid fever and other febrile illnesses in developing countries. Emerging Infectious Diseases 9, 539 544.
15. Crump J, Luby S Mintz E (2004) The global burden of typhoid fever. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 82, 346 353.
16. Enwere G, Biney E, Cheung Y et al. (2006) Epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of community-acquired invasive bacterial infections in children aged 2-29 months in The Gambia. The Pediatric Infectious Diseases Journal 25, 700705.
17. Feng YC (2000) The epidemiology of typhoid fever in the Dong Thap Province, Mekong Delta region of Vietnam. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 62, 644 648.
18. Gordon M, Walsh A, Chaponda M et al. (2001) Bacteraemia and mortality among adult medical admissions in Malawi-predominance of non-typhi salmonellae and Streptococcus pneumoniae. The Journal of Infection 42, 44 49.
19. Graham S, Molyneux E, Walsh A, Cheesbrough J, Molyneux M Hart C (2000) Nontyphoidal Salmonella infections of children in tropical Africa. The Pediatric Infectious Diseases Journal 19, 1189 1196.
20. Green S Cheesebrough J (1993) Salmonella bacteraemia among young children at a rural hospital in western Zaire. Annals of Tropical Paediatrics: International Child Health 13, 45 53.
21. Haynes R, Wilczynski N, McKibbon K, Walker C Sinclair J (1994) Developing optimal search strategies for detecting clinically sound studies in MEDLINE. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 1, 447 458.
22. Hosoglu S, Geyik M, Akalin S, Ayaz C, Kokoglu O Loeb M (2006) A simple validated prediction rule to diagnose typhoid fever in Turkey. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 100, 1068 1074.
23. Ispahani P Slack R (2000) Enteric fever and other extraintestinal salmonellosis. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases 19, 679 687.
24. Issack M (2005) Epidemiology of Typhoid fever in Mauritius. Journal of Travel Medicine 12, 270 274.
25. Kumar A, Arora V, Bashamboo A, et al. (2002) Detection of Salmonella typhi by polymerase chain reaction: implications in diagnosis of typhoid fever. Infection, Genetics and Evolution 2, 107 110.
26. Lepage P, Bogaerts J, Van Goethem C et al. (1987) Community-acquired bacteraemia in African children. Lancet Vol 1, 1458 1461.
27. Mathura K, Chaudhary D, Simkhada R et al. (2005) Study of clinical profile and antibiotic sensitivity pattern in culture positive typhoid fever cases. Kathmandu University Medical Journal 3, 376 379.
28. Nizami S, Bhutta Z, Siddiqui A et al. (2006) Enhanced detection rate of typhoid fever in children in a periurban slum in Karachi, Pakistan using polymerase chain reaction technology. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 66, 429 36.
29. Nsutebu E, Martins P Adiogo D (2003) Prevalence of typhoid fever in febrile patients with symptoms clinically compatible with typhoid fever in Cameroon. Tropical Medicine & International Health 8, 575 578.
30. Olsen S, Pruckler J, Bibb W et al. (2004) Evaluation of rapid diagnostic tests for typhoid fever. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 42, 1885 1889.
31. Papaevangelou V, Syriopoulou V, Charissiadou A et al. (2004) Salmonella bacteraemia in a tertiary children's hospital. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases 36, 547 551.
32. Parry C, Hien T, Dougan G et al. (2002) Typhoid fever. New England Journal of Medicine 347, 1770 1782.
33. Roca A, Sigauque B, Quinto L et al. (2006) Invasive pneumococcal disease in children <5 years of age in rural Mozambique. Tropical Medicine & International Health 11, 1422 1431.
34. Siddiqui F, Rabbani F, Hasan R, Nizami S Bhutta Z (2006) Typhoid fever in children: some epidemiological considerations from Karachi, Pakistan. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 10, 215 222.
35. Sinha A, Sazawal S, Kumar R et al. (1999) Typhoid fever in children aged less than 5 years. Lancet 354, 734 737.
36. Sur D, von Seidlein L, Manna B et al. (2006) The malaria and typhoid fever burden in the slums of Kolkata, India: data from a prospective community-based study. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 100, 725 733.
37. Vollaard A, Soegianto AM, van Asten H et al. (2004) Risk factors for typhoid and paratyphoid fever in Jakarta, Indonesia. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 291, 2607 2615.
38. Vollaard A, Ali S, Widjaja S et al. (2005) Identification of typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever cases at presentation in outpatient clinics in Jakarta, Indonesia. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 99, 440 450.
39. Wain J, Diep T, Ho V et al. (1998) Quantitation of Bacteria in Blood of Typhoid Fever patients and Relationship between Counts and Clinical Features, Transmissibility and Antibiotic Resistance. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 36, 1683 1687.
40. Walia M, Gaind R, Mehta R et al. (2005) Current perspectives of enteric fever: a hospital-based study from India. Annals of Tropical Paediatrics: International Child Health 25, 161 174.
41. Walsh A, Phiri A, Graham S, Molyneux E Molyneux M. (2000) Bacteremia in febrile Malawian children: clinical and microbiologic features. The Pediatric Infectious Diseases Journal 19, 312 318.
42. Willke A, Ergonul O Bayar B (2002) Widal test in diagnosis of typhoid fever in Turkey. Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 9, 938 941.
43. Wilson L, Phiri A, Soko D, Mbvwinji M, Walsh AK Me M (2003) Surveillance of invasive infection in children and adults admitted to QECH, Blantyre, 1996-2002. Malawi Medical Journal 15, 52 55.
44. Wong S, Yuen K, Yam W et al. (1994) Changing epidemiology of human salmonellosis in Hong Kong, 1982-93. Epidemiol Infect 113, 425 434.