Update on treatments for diabetic macular edema

Current Opinion in Ophthalmology

Volumn 19, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 185-189

  Fraser Bell, Samantha ^a,b   Kaines, Andrew ^a   Hykin, Phillip G ^a  

^a MOORFIELDS EYE HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Diabetes; Diabetic macular edema; New treatments; Review

Indexed keywords

ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT; BEVACIZUMAB; FLUOCINOLONE ACETONIDE; PEGAPTANIB; PROTEIN KINASE C INHIBITOR; RANIBIZUMAB; RUBOXISTAURIN; TRIAMCINOLONE ACETONIDE; VASCULOTROPIN ANTIBODY;

ABSENCE OF SIDE EFFECTS; ARGON LASER; CILIARY DISK; DIABETIC MACULAR EDEMA; DIABETIC RETINOPATHY; DRUG BINDING; HUMAN; LASER; LASER COAGULATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RETINA DISEASE; RETINA FOVEA; RETINAL VASCULAR LEAKAGE; REVIEW; VISION; VISUAL ACUITY; VISUAL IMPAIRMENT; VITRECTOMY;

DIABETES COMPLICATIONS; ENZYME INHIBITORS; FLUOCINOLONE ACETONIDE; GLUCOCORTICOIDS; HUMANS; INDOLES; INJECTIONS; LASER COAGULATION; MACULAR EDEMA; MALEIMIDES; PROTEIN KINASE C; TREATMENT OUTCOME; TRIAMCINOLONE ACETONIDE; VITRECTOMY; VITREOUS BODY;

EID: 42149098351     PISSN: 10408738     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/ICU.0b013e3282fb7c45     Document Type: Review

References (45)

1. Amos AF, McCarty DJ, Zimmet P. The rising global burden of diabetes and its complications: estimates and projections to the year 2010. Diabet Med 1997; 14 (Suppl 5):S1-S85.
2. Evans J. Causes of blindness and partial sight in England and Wales 1990-1991. Office of Population Censuses and Surveys, Studies on Medical and Population Subjects, No. 57. London: HMSO; 1995.
3. Klein R, Klein B, Moss S, et al. The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy, IV: diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology 1984; 91:1464-1474.
4. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Photocoagulation for diabetic macular edema: Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study report number 1. Arch Ophthalmol 1985; 103:1796-1806.
5. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Treatment techniques and clinical guidelines for photocoagulation of diabetic macular edema: Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Report Number 2. Ophthalmology 1987; 94:761-774.
6. Fong DS, Strauber SF, Aiello LP, et al., Writing Committee for the Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research Network. Comparison of the modified Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study and mild macular grid laser photocoagulation strategies for diabetic macular edema. Arch Ophthalmol 2007; 125:469-480. At 12 months, mild macular grid laser was less effective at reducing macular thickness, but visual outcome was similar to ETDRS laser.
7. Strøm C, Sander B, Klemp K, et al. Effect of ruboxistaurin on blood-retinal barrier permeability in relation to severity of leakage in diabetic macular edema. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2005; 46:3855-3858.
8. Aiello LP, Davis MD, Girach A, et al., PKC-DRS2 Group. Effect of ruboxistaurin on visual loss in patients with diabetic retinopathy. Ophthalmology 2006; 113:2221-2230.
9. PKC-DMES Study Group. Effect of ruboxistaurin in patients with diabetic macular edema: thirty-month results of the randomized PKC-DMES clinical trial. Arch Ophthalmol 2007; 125:318-324. Oral ruboxistaurin did not delay progression to sight-threatening DME or application of focal/grid macular laser for DME.
10. Lewis H, Abrams GW, Blamenkranz MS, Campo RV. Vitrectomy for diabetic macular traction and edema associated with posterior hyaloidal traction. Ophthalmology 1992; 99:753-759.
11. Harbour JW, Smiddy WE, Flynn HW Jr, Rubsamen PE. Vitrectomy for diabetic macular edema associated with a thickened and taut posterior hyaloid membrane. Am J Ophthalmol 1996; 121:405-413.
12. Ikeda T, Sato K, Katano T, Hayashi Y. Improved visual acuity following pars plana vitrectomy for diabetic cystoid macular edema and detached posterior hyaloid. Retina 2000; 20:220-222.
13. Pendergast SD, Hassan TD, Williams GA, et al. Vitrectomy for diffuse diabetic macular edema associated with a taut premacular posterior hyaloid. Am J Ophthalmol 2000; 130:178-186.
14. Gandorfer A, Messmer EM, Ulbig MW, Kampik A. Resolution of diabetic macular edema after surgical removal of the posterior hyaloid and the inner limiting membrane. Retina 2000; 20:126-133.
15. Mochizuki Y, Hata Y, Enaida H, et al. Evaluating adjunctive surgical procedures during vitrectomy for diabetic macular edema. Retina 2006; 26:143-148.
16. Tachi N, Ogino N. Vitrectomy for diffuse macular edema in cases of diabetic retinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol 1996; 122:258-260.
17. La Heij EC, Hendrikse F, Kessels AGH, Derhaag PJFM. Vitrectomy results in diabetic macular edema without evident vitreomacular traction. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2001; 239:264-270.
18. Yanyali A, Horozoglu F, Celik E, Nohutcu AF. Long-term outcomes of pars plana vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane removal in diabetic macular edema. Retina 2007; 27:557-566.
19. Patel JI, Hykin PG, Schadt M, et al. Pars plana vitrectomy for diabetic macular oedema: OCT and functional correlations. Eye 2006; 20:674-680.
20. Kumar A, Sinha S, Azad R, et al. Comparative evaluation of vitrectomy and dye-enhanced ILM peel with grid laser in diffuse diabetic macular edema. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2007; 245:360-368. There was no difference in visual acuity results of 24 eyes with DME treated by grid laser compared to vitrectomy with ILM peeling.
21. Patel JI, Hykin PG, Schadt M, et al. Diabetic macular oedema: pilot randomised trial of pars plana vitrectomy vs. macular argon photocoagulation. Eye 2006; 20:873-881.
22. Yanyali A, Nohutcu AF, Horozoglu F, Celik E. Modified grid laser photocoagulation versus pars plana vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane removal in diabetic macular edema. Am J Ophthalmol 2005; 139:795-801.
23. Thomas D, Bunce C, Moorman C, Laidlaw DA. A randomised controlled feasibility trial of vitrectomy versus laser for diabetic macular oedema. Br J Ophthalmol 2005; 89:81-86.
24. Yamamoto T, Takeuchi S, Sato Y, Yamashita H. Long-term follow-up results of pars plana vitrectomy for diabetic macular edema. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2007; 51:285-291.
25. Shimonagano Y, Makiuchi R, Miyazaki M, et al. Results of visual acuity and foveal thickness in diabetic macular edema after vitrectomy. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2007; 51:204-209.
26. Gillies MC, Sutter FK, Simpson JM, et al. Intravitreal triamcinolone for refractory diabetic macular edema: two-year results of a double-masked, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. Ophthalmology 2006; 113:1533-1538. Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide (IVTA) improves vision and reduces macular thickness in eyes with DME, although there is a high incidence of glaucoma and cataract after IVTA.
27. Ockrim ZK, Senswathi S, Falk S, et al. A randomized trial of intravitreal triamcinolone versus macular laser therapy for persistent clinically significant diabetic macular oedema [abstract]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2006; 47: E-Abstract 5438.
28. Lam DS, Chan CK, Mohamed S, et al. A prospective randomised trial of different doses of intravitreal triamcinolone for diabetic macular oedema. Br J Ophthalmol 2007; 91:199-203.
29. Kang SW, Sa HS, Cho HY, Kim JI. Macular grid photocoagulation after intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide for diffuse diabetic macular edema. Arch Ophthalmol 2006; 124:653-658.
30. Gibran SK, Khan K, Jungkim S, Cleary PE. Optical coherence tomographic pattern may predict visual outcome after intravitreal triamcinolone for diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology 2007; 114:890-894.
31. Pearson P, Levy B, Comstock T. Fluocinolone Acetonide Implant Study Group. Fluocinolone acetonide intravitreal implant to treat diabetic macular edema: 3-year results of a multicenter clinical trial [abstract]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2006; 47: E-Abstract 5442.
32. Qaum T, Xu Q, Joussen AM, et al. VEGF-initiated blood-retinal barrier breakdown in early diabetes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2001; 42:2408-2413.
33. Aiello LP, Avery RL, Arrigg PG, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor in ocular fluid of patients with diabetic retinopathy and other retinal disorders. N Engl J Med 1994; 331:1480-1487.
34. Adamis AP, Miller JW, Bernal MT, et al. Increased vascular endothelial growth factor levels in the vitreous of eyes with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol 1994; 118:445-450.
35. Malecaze F, Clamens S, Simorre-Pinatel V, et al. Detection of vascular endothelial growth factor messenger RNA and vascular endothelial growth factor-like activity in proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Arch Ophthalmol 1994; 112:1476-1482.
36. Funatsu H, Yamashita H, Noma H, et al. Increased levels of vascular endothelial growth factor and interleukin-6 in the aqueous humor of diabetics with macular edema. Am J Ophthalmol 2002; 133:70-77.
37. Brooks HL Jr, Caballero S Jr, Newell CK, et al. Vitreous levels of vascular endothelial growth factor and stromal-derived factor 1 in patients with diabetic retinopathy and cystoid macular edema before and after intraocular injection of triamcinolone. Arch Ophthalmol 2004; 122:1801-1807.
38. Funatsu H, Yamashita H, Ikeda T, et al. Angiotensin II and vascular endothelial growth factor in the vitreous fluid of patients with diabetic macular edema and other retinal disorders. Am J Ophthalmol 2002; 133:537-543.
39. Cunningham ET Jr, Adamis AP, Altaweel M, et al. Macugen Diabetic Retinopathy Study Group. A phase II randomized double-masked trial of pegaptanib, an antivascular endothelial growth factor aptamer, for diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology 2005; 112:1747-1757.
40. Haritoglou C, Kook D, Neubauer A, et al. Intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) therapy for persistent diffuse diabetic macular edema. Retina 2006; 26:999-1005.
41. Arevalo JF, Fromow-Guerra J, Quiroz-Mercado H, et al. Pan-American Collaborative Retina Study Group. Primary intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) for diabetic macular edema: results from the Pan-American Collaborative Retina Study Group at 6-month follow-up. Ophthalmology 2007; 114:743-750.
42. Scott IU, Edwards AR, Bexk RW, et al., Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research Network. A phase II randomized clinical trial of intravitreal bevacizumab for diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology 2007; 114:1860-1867. Intravitreal bevacizumab reduced DME in some eyes, but a phase III study is needed to determine efficacy of treatment.
43. Yanyali A, Aytug B, Horozoglu F, Nohutcu AF. Bevacizumab (Avastin) for diabetic macular edema in previously vitrectomized eyes. Am J Ophthalmol 2007; 144:124-126.
44. Chun DW, Heier JS, Topping TM, et al. A pilot study of multiple intravitreal injections of ranibizumab in patients with center-involving clinically significant diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology 2006; 113:1706-1712.
45. Nguyen QD, Tatlipinar S, Shah SM, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor is a critical stimulus for diabetic macular edema. Am J Ophthalmol 2006; 142:961-969. In this case series, intravitreal injections of ranibizumab significantly improved foveal thickness and improved visual acuity by 12.3 ETDRS letters in eyes with DME.