Does income inequality really influence individual mortality? Results from a 'fixed-effects analysis' where constant unobserved municipality characteristics are controlled

Demographic Research

Volumn 18, Issue , 2008, Pages 205-232

  Kravdal, Øystein ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OSLO   (Norway)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 42049117611     PISSN: None     EISSN: 14359871     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4054/DemRes.2008.18.7     Document Type: Article

References (44)

1. Backlund, E., Rowe, G., Lynch, J., Wolfson, M., Kaplan, G., and Sorlie, P. (2007). Income inequality and mortality: A multilevel prospective study of 521248 individuals in 50 states. International Journal of Epidemiology, 36:590-596.
2. Beckfield, J. (2004). Does income inequality harm health? New cross-national evidence. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 45:231-248.
3. Blakely, T., Kennedy, B., Glass, R., and Kawachi, I. (2000). What is the lag time between income inequality and health status? Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 54:318-319.
4. Blomgren, J., Mortikainen, P., Mäkelä, P., and Valkonen, T. (2004). The effects of regional characteristics on alcohol-related mortality - a register-based multilevel analysis of 1.1 million men. Social Science and Medicine, 58:2523-2535.
5. Dahl, E., Elstad, J., Hofoss, D., and Martin-Mollard, M. (2006). For whom is income inequality most harmful? A multi-level analysis of income inequality and mortality in Norway. Social Science and Medicine, 63:2562-2574.
6. Ellaway, A. and Macintyre, S. (2001). Women in their place. gender and perceptions of neighbourhoods and health in the west of Scotland. In Dyck, I., Lewis, D., and McLafferty, S., editors, Geographies of Women's Health., pages 265-281. London: Routledge.
7. Franzini, L., Ribble, J., and Spears, W. (2001). The effects of income inequality and income level on mortality vary by population size in Texas countries. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 42:373-387.
8. Gerdtham, U.-G. and Johannesson, M. (2004). Absolute income, relative income, income inequality, and mortality. Journal of Human Resources, 39:228-247.
9. Gertler, P. and Molyneaux, J. (1994). How economic development and family planning programs combined to reduce Indonesian fertility. Demography, 31:33-63.
10. Goldstein, H. (2003). Multilevel Statistical Models, 3 edition. London: Arnold.
11. Helleringer, S. and Kohler, H. (2005). Social networks, perceptions of risk, and changing attitudes towards HIV/AIDS: New evidence from a longitudinal study using fixed effects analysis. Population Studies, 59:265-282.
12. Islam, M., Merlo, J., Kawachi, I., Lindström, M., Burström, K., and Gerdtham, U. (2006). Does it really matter where you live? A panel data multilevel analysis of Swedish municipality-level social capital on individual health-related quality of life. Health Economics, Policy and Law, 1:209-235.
13. Kautto, M., Heikkilä, M., Hvinden, B., and Marklund, S., editors (1999). Nordic Social Policy. Changing Welfare States. London: Routledge.
14. Kavanagh, M., Bentley, R., Turrell, G., Bromm, D., and Subramanian, S. (2006). Does gender modify associations between self rated health and the social and economic characteristics of local environments? Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 60:490-495.
15. Kawachi, I. (2000). Income inequality and health. In Berkman, L. and Kawachi, I., editors, Social Epidemiology, pages 76-93. New York: Oxford University Press.
16. Kawachi, I. and Berkman, L. (2000). Social cohesion, social capital and health. In Berkman, L. and Kawachi, I., editors, Social Epidemiology, pages 174-190. New York: Oxford University Press.
17. Kravdal, øO.. (1995). Is the relationship between childbearing and cancer incidence due to biology or lifestyle? Examples of the importance of using data on men. International Journal of Epidemiology, 24:477-484.
18. Kravdal, øO. (2000). Social inequalities in cancer survival. Population Studies, 54:1-18.
19. Kravdal, øO. (2007). A fixed-effects multilevel analysis of how community family structure affects individual mortality in Norway. Demography, 44:519-536.
20. Lobmayer, P. and Wilkinson, R. (2002). Inequality, residential segregation by income, and mortality in US cities. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 56:183-187.
21. Lynch, J., Smith, G. D., Harper, S., Hillemeier, M., Ross, N., Kaplan, G., and Wolfson, M. (2004). Is income inequality a determinant of population health? Part 1. A systematic review. The Milbank Quarterly, 82:5-99.
22. Martikainen, P., Kauppinen, T., and Valkonen, T. (2003). Effects of the characteristics of neighbourhoods and the characteristics of people on cause specific mortality: A. register based follow-up study of 252000 men. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 57:210-217.
23. Martikainen, P., Maki, N., and Blomgren, J. (2004). The effects of area and individual social characteristics on suicide risk: A multilevel study of relative contribution and effect modification. European Journal of Population, 20:323-350.
24. Mellor, J. and Milyo, J. (2001). Reexamining the evidence of an ecological association between income inequality and health. Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law, 26:487-522.
25. Mellor, J. and Milyo, J. (2002). Income inequality and health status in the United States. Evidence from Current Population Survey. Journal of Human Resources, 37:510-539.
26. Mellor, J. and Milyo, J. (2003). Is exposure to income inequality a public health concern? Lagged effects of income inequality on individual and population health. Health Services Research, 38:137-152.
27. Mohan, J., Twigg, L., Barnard, S., and Jones, K. (2005). Social capital, geography and health: A small-area analysis for England. Social Science and Medicine, 60:1267-1283.
28. Molinari, C., Ahern, M., and Hendryx, M. (1998). The relationship of community quality to the health of women and men. Social Science and Medicine, 47:1113-1120.
29. Montgomery, A. and Casterline, J. (1996). Social learning, social influence and new models of fertility. Population and Development Review, 22(suppl): 151-175.
30. Nielsen, F. and Alderson, A. (1997). The Kuznets curve and the great U-turn: Income inequality in the US counties, 1970 to 1990. American Sociological Review, 62:12-33.
31. Osler, M., Christensen, U., Due, P., Lund, R., Andersen, I., Diderichsen, F., and Prescott, E. (2003). Income inequality and ischaemic heart disease in Danish men and women. International Journal of Epidemiology, 32:375-380.
32. Osler, M., Prescott, E., Gronbak, M., Christensen, U., Due, P., and Engholm, G. (2002). Income inequality, individual income, and mortality in Danish adults: Analysis of pooled data from two cohort studies. British Medical Journal, 324:13-16.
33. Portes, A. (1998). Social capital: Its origins and applications in modern sociology. Annual Review of Sociology, 24:1-24.
34. Rindfuss, R., Guilkey, D., Morgan, S., Kravdal, øO., and Guzzo, K. (2007). Child care availability and first-birth timing in Norway. Demography, 44:345-372.
35. Rosenzweig, M. and Wolpin, K. (1986). Evaluating the effects of optimally distributed public programs: Child health and family planning interventions. American Economic Review, 76:470-482.
36. Scheffler, R., Brown, T., and Rice, J. (2007). The role of social capital in reducing non-specific psychological distress: The importance of controlling for omitted variable bias. Social Science and Medicine, 65:842-854.
37. Stafford, M., Cummins, S., Macintyre, S., Ellaway, A., and Marmot, M. (2005). Gender differences in the association between health and neighbourhodd environment. Social Science and Medicine, 60:1681-1692.
38. Statistics Norway (2007). Online at http://www.ssb.no/emner/02/02/10/ dode/tab-2007-04-26-06.html.
39. Sundquist, J., Johansson, S., Yang, M., and Sundquist, K. (2006). Low linking social capital as a predictor of coronary heart disease in Sweden: A cohort study of 2.8 million people. Social Science and Medicine, 62:954-963.
40. United Nations (2006). Inequality in income or consumption. In Human Development Reports. Online at http://hdr.undp.org/statistics/data/ indicators.cfm?x=148&y=2&z=1.
41. Veenstra, G. (2005). Location, location, location: Contextual and compositional health effects of social capital in British Columbia, Canada. Social Science and Medicine, 60:2059-2071.
42. Wagstaff, A. and van Doorslaer, E. (2000). Income inequality and health: What does the literature tell us? Annual Review of Public Health, 21:543-567.
43. Wen, M., Browning, C., and Cagney, K. (2003). Poverty, affluence, and income inequality: Neighborhood economic structure and its implications for health. Social Science and Medicine, 57:843-860.
44. Wilkinson, R. and Pickett, K. (2006). Income inequality and population health: A review and explanation of the evidence. Social Science and Medicine, 62:1768-1784.