Blepharitis: Current strategies for diagnosis and management

Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology

Volumn 43, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 170-179

  Jackson, W Bruce ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA EYE INSTITUTE   (Canada)

Author keywords

Blepharitis; Meibomian glands; Ocular rosacea

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; CLARITHROMYCIN; CLOXACILLIN; CORTICOSTEROID; DEXAMETHASONE; DEXAMETHASONE PLUS TOBRAMYCIN; DOXYCYCLINE; MINOCYCLINE; NEOMYCIN; POLYMYXIN B; PREDNISOLONE ACETATE; RIFAMPICIN; SULFACETAMIDE; TETRACYCLINE; VANCOMYCIN;

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; BACTERIAL COLONIZATION; BLEPHARITIS; CASE REPORT; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONSENSUS; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG DOSE REDUCTION; DRUG TOLERABILITY; ECZEMA; EYE CARE; EYE INFLAMMATION; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; MEIBOMIAN GLAND; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSICIAN; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; ROSACEA; SEBORRHEIC DERMATITIS; STAPHYLOCOCCUS; TREATMENT RESPONSE;

EID: 42049087385     PISSN: 00084182     EISSN: 17153360     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3129/I08-016     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. American Academy of Ophthalmology, Ophthalmic News and Education Network. Blepharitis: Preferred Practice Pattern Guideline. 2003. Available at: http://www.aao.org/education/guidelines/ppp/blepharitis.cfm. Accessed August 15, 2007.
2. National Library for Health. Prodigy Guidance: Blepharitis. Available at: http://www.cks.library.nhs.uk/blephartis/in_summary. Accessed August 15, 2007.
3. McCulley JP, Dougherty JM, Deneau DG. Chronic blepharitis: classification and mechanisms. In: Suran A, Gery I, Nussenblatt RB, eds. Immunology of the Eye, Workshop III; 1981:55-72.
4. Mathers WD, Jester JV, Shields WJ. Differentiation of chronic blepharitis by meibomian function: a new classification system. Ophthalmology 1990;97(Suppl.):138.
5. Tasman W, Vardhan A, Mahajan S. Duane's Clinical Ophthalmology. Philadelphia, Pa.: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2000.
6. Bron AJ, Sci FM, Tiffany JM. The contribution of meibomian disease to dry eye. Ocul Surf 2004;2:149-65.
7. McCulley JP, Shine WE. Meibomian secretions in chronic blepharitis. Adv Exp Med Biol 1998;438:319-26.
8. Sowka JW, Gurwood AS, Kabat AG. Handbook of Ocular Disease Management. 2006. Available at: http://www.revoptom.com/handbook. Accessed August 15, 2007.
9. Dougherty JM, McCulley JP. Comparative bacteriology of chronic blepharitis. Br J Ophthalmol 1984;68:524-8.
10. Groden LR, Murphy B, Rodnite J, Genvert GI. Lid flora in blepharitis. Cornea 1991;10:50-3.
11. McCulley JP, Dougherty JM. Bacterial aspects of chronic blepharitis. Trans Ophthalmol Soc U K 1986;105 (Pt 3):314-8.
12. Seal DV, McGill JI, Jacobs P, Liakos GM, Goulding NJ. Microbial and immunological investigations of chronic non-ulcerative blepharitis and meibomianitis. Br J Ophthalmol 1985;69:604-11.
13. Kheirkhah A, Casas V, Raju VK, Tseng SC. Corneal manifestations of ocular demodex infestation. Am J Ophthalmol 2007;143:743-9.
14. Frith P, Gray R, MacLennan S, Ambler P, eds. The Eye in Clinical Practice. 2nd ed. London: Blackwell Science; 2001.
15. Alvarenga LS, Mannis MJ. Ocular rosacea. Ocul Surf 2005;3:41-58.
16. Cohen AF, Tiemstra JD. Diagnosis and treatment of rosacea. J Am Board Fam Pract 2002;15:214-7.
17. Akpek EK, Merchant A, Pinar V, Foster CS. Ocular rosacea: patient characteristics and follow-up. Ophthalmology 1997;104:1863-7.
18. Key JE. A comparative study of eyelid cleaning regimens in chronic blepharitis. CLAO J 1996;22:209-12.
19. Jackson WB, Low DE, Dattani D, Whitsitt PF, Leeder RG, MagDougall R. Treatment of acute bacterial conjunctivitis: 1% fusidic acid viscous drops vs. 0.3% tobramycin drops. Can J Ophthalmol 2002;37:228-37.
20. Rennie RP. Susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus to fusidic acid: Canadian data. J Cutan Med Surg 2006;10:277-80.
21. Fleischer AB, Hoover DL, Khan JA, Parisi JT, Burns RP. Topical vancomycin formulation for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis blepharoconjunctivitis. Am J Ophthalmol 1986;101:283-7.
22. Kluytmans J, van Belkum A, Verbrugh H. Nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus: epidemiology, underlying mechanisms, and associated risks. Clin Microbiol Rev 1997;10:505-20.
23. Uttley L, Vardhan A, Mahajan S, Smart B, Hutchison A, Gokal R. Decrease in infections with the introduction of mupirocin cream at the peritoneal dialysis catheter exit site. J Nephrol 2004;17:242-5.
24. Kluytmans JA, Wertheim HF. Nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus and prevention of nosocomial infections. Infection 2005;33:3-8.
25. Wertheim HF, Verveer J, Boelens HA, van Belkum A, Verbrugh HA, Vos MC. Effect of mupirocin treatment on nasal, pharyngeal, and perineal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus in healthy adults. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005;49:1465-7.
26. Konvalinka A, Errett L, Fong IW. Impact of treating Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriers on wound infections in cardiac surgery. J Hosp Infect 2006;64:162-8.
27. Simor AE, Phillips E, McGeer A, et al. Randomized controlled trial of chlorhexidine gluconate for washing, intranasal mupirocin, and rifampin and doxycycline versus no treatment for the eradication of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization. Clin Infect Dis 2007;44:178-85.
28. Frucht-Pery J, Sagi E, Hemo I, Ever-Hadani P. Efficacy of doxycycline and tetracycline in ocular rosacea. Am J Ophthalmol 1993;116:88-92.
29. Zengin N, Tol H, Gunduz K, Okudan S, Balevi S, Endogru H. Meibomian gland dysfunction and tear film abnormalities in rosacea. Cornea 1995;14:144-6.
30. Dougherty JM, McCulley JP, Silvany RE, Meyer DR. The role of tetracycline in chronic blepharitis. Inhibition of lipase production in staphylococci. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1991;32:2970-5.
31. Perry HD, Doshi-Carnevale S, Donnenfeld ED, Solomon R, Biser SA, Bloom AH. Efficacy of commercially available topical cyclosporine A 0.05% in the treatment of meibomian gland dysfunction. Cornea 2006;25:171-5.
32. Perry HD, Donnenfeld ED. Topical 0.05% cyclosporin in the treatment of dry eye. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2004;5:2099-107.
33. Adenis JP, Colin J, Verin P, Riss I, Saint-Blancat P. Ciprofloxacin ophthalmic solution in the treatment of conjunctivitis and blepharitis: a comparison with fusidic acid. Eur J Ophthalmol 1996;6:368-74.
34. Adenis JP, Colin J, Verin P, Saint-Blancat P, Malet F. Ciprofloxacin ophthalmic solution versus rifamycin ophthalmic solution for the treatment of conjunctivitis and blepharitis. Eur J Ophthalmol 1995;5:82-7.
35. Bloom PA, Leeming JP, Power W, Laidlaw DA, Collum LM, Easty DL. Topical ciprofloxacin in the treatment of blepharitis and blepharoconjunctivitis. Eur J Ophthalmol 1994;4:6-12.
36. Donshik P, Kulvin SM, McKinley P, Skowron R. Treatment of chronic staphylococcal blepharoconjunctivitis with a new topical steroid anti-infective ophthalmic solution. Ann Ophthalmol 1983;15:162-7.
37. Goto E, Shimazaki J, Monden Y, et al. Low-concentration homogenized castor oil eye drops for noninflamed obstructive meibomian gland dysfunction. Ophthalmology 2002;109:2030-5.
38. Hyndiuk RA, Burd EM, Hartz A. Efficacy and safety of mercuric oxide in the treatment of bacterial blepharitis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1990;34:610-3.
39. Nelson ME, Midgley G, Blatchford NR. Ketoconazole in the treatment of blepharitis. Eye 1990;4:151-9.
40. Rubin M, Rao SN. Efficacy of topical cyclosporin 0.05% in the treatment of posterior blepharitis. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2006;22:47-53.
41. Seal DV, Wright P, Ficker L, Hagan K, Troski M, Menday P. Placebo controlled trial of fusidic acid gel and oxytetracycline for recurrent blepharitis and rosacea. Br J Ophthalmol 1995;79:42-5.
42. Shulman DG, Sargent JB, Stewart RH, Mester U. Comparative evaluation of the short-term bactericidal potential of a steroid-antibiotic combination versus steroid in the treatment of chronic bacterial blepharitis and conjunctivitis. Eur J Ophthalmol 1996;6:361-7.
43. Yalcin E, Altin F, Cinhuseyinoglue F, Arslan MO. N-acetylcysteine in chronic blepharitis. Cornea 2002;21:164-8.
44. Yoo SE, Lee DC, Chang MH. The effect of low-dose doxycycline therapy in chronic meibomian gland dysfunction. Korean J Ophthalmol 2005;19:258-63.
45. Hammersmith KM, Cohen EJ, Blake TD, Laibson PR, Rapuano CJ. Blepharoketatoconjunctivitis in children. Arch Ophthalmol 2005;123:1667-70.
46. Viswalingam M, Rauz S, Morlet N, Dart JK. Blepharokeratoconjunctivitis in children: diagnosis and treatment. Br J Ophthalmol 2005;89:400-3.