Normal bone growth requires optimal estrogen levels: Negative effects of both high and low dose estrogen on the number of growth plate chondrocytes

Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine

Volumn 214, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 269-280

  Takano, Hiroyuki ^a   Aizawa, Toshimi ^a   Irie, Taichi ^a   Itoi, Eiji ^a   Kokubun, Shoichi ^a   Roach, Helmtrud I ^b  

^a TOHOKU UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (Japan)

^b SOUTHAMPTON GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Apoptosis; Chondrocyte; Estrogen; Growth plate; Ovariectomy

Indexed keywords

CASPASE 3; ESTROGEN;

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; APOPTOSIS; ARTICLE; BONE GROWTH; CELL KINETICS; CELL PROLIFERATION; CHONDROGENESIS; CONTROLLED STUDY; DOSE RESPONSE; FEMALE; GROWTH PLATE; HORMONE RESPONSE; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; MORPHOMETRICS; NONHUMAN; OSSIFICATION; OVARIECTOMY; ANIMAL; BLOOD; BONE DEVELOPMENT; CARTILAGE CELL; CELL COUNT; CYTOLOGY; DRUG EFFECT; FEMUR; HISTOLOGY; RABBIT;

ANIMALS; BONE DEVELOPMENT; CELL COUNT; CHONDROCYTES; ESTROGENS; FEMALE; FEMUR; GROWTH PLATE; OVARIECTOMY; RABBITS;

EID: 41949108125     PISSN: 00408727     EISSN: 13493329     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1620/tjem.214.269     Document Type: Article

References (34)

1. Aizawa, T., Kokubun, S. & Tanaka, Y. (1997) Apoptosis and proliferation of growth plate chondrocytes in rabbits. J. Bone Joint Surg., 79-B, 483-486.
2. Aizawa, T., Roach, H.I., Kokubun, S. & Tanaka, Y. (1998) Changes in the expression of Fas, osteonectin and osteocalcin with age in the rabbit growth plate. J. Bone Joint Surg., 80-B, 880-887.
3. Aizawa, T., Kokubun, S., Kawamata, T., Tanaka, Y. & Roach, H.I. (1999) c-Myc protein in the rabbit growth plate. Changes in immunolocalisation with age and possible roles from proliferation to apoptosis. J. Bone Joint Surg., 81-B, 921-925.
4. Bardin, A., Hoffmann, P., Boulle, N., Katsaros, D., Vignon, F., Pujol, P. & Lazennee, G. (2004) Involvement of estrogen receptor beta in ovarian carcinogenesis. Cancer Res., 64, 5861-5869.
5. Chagin, A.S., Lindberg, M.K., Andersson, N., Moverare, S., Gustafsson, J.A., Savendahl, L. & Ohlsson, C. (2004) Estrogen receptor-beta inhibits skeletal growth and has the capacity to mediate growth plate fusion in female mice. J. Bone Miner. Res., 19, 72-77.
6. Chrysis, D., Nilsson, O., Ritzen, E.M. & Savendahl, L. (2000) Apoptosis is developmentally regulated in rat growth plate. Endocrine., 18, 271-278.
7. Eastell, R. (2005) Role of oestrogen in the regulation of bone turnover at the menarche. J. Endocrinol., 185, 223-234.
8. Farnum, C.E., Lee, R., O'Hara, K. & Urban, J.P. (2002) Volume increase in growth plate chondrocytes during hypertrophy: the contribution of organic osmolytes. Bone, 30, 574-581.
9. Grumbach, M.M. (2000) Estrogen, bone, growth and sex: a sea change in conventional wisdom, J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab., 13, 1439-1455.
10. Hunziker, E.B., Schenk, R.K. & Cruz-Orive, L.M. (1987) Quantitation of chondrocyte performance in growth-plate cartilage during longitudinal bone growth. J. Bone Joint Surg., 69-A, 162-173.
11. Hunziker, E.B. (1988) Growth plate structure and function. Pathol. Immunopathol. Res., 7, 9-13.
12. Irie, T., Aizawa, T. & Kokubun, S. (2005) The role of sex hormones in the kinetics of chondrocytes in the growth plate. A study in the rabbit. J. Bone Joint Surg., 87-B, 1278-1284.
13. Ito, K. (2007) Hormone replacement therapy and cancers: the biological roles of estrogen and progestin in tumorigenesis are different between the endometrium and breast. Tohoku J. Exp. Med., 212, 1-12.
14. Korenman, S.G., Tulchinsky, D. & Eaton, L.W., Jr. (1970) Radio-ligand procedures for estrogen assay in normal and pregnancy plasma. Acta Endocrinol. Suppl. (Copenh), 147, 291-304.
15. Kousteni, S., Bellido, T., Plotkin, L.I., O'Brien, C.A., Bodenner, D.L., Han, L., Han, K., DiGregorio, G.B., Katzenellenbogen, J.A,, Katzenellenbogen, B.S., Roberson, P.K., Weinstein, R.S., Jilka, R.L. & Manolagas, S.C. (2001) Nongenotropic, sex-nonspecific signaling through the estrogen or androgen receptors: dissociation from transcriptional activity. Cell, 104, 719-730.
16. Kusec, V, Virdi, A.S., Prince, R. & Triffitt, J.T. (1998) Localization of estrogen receptor-alpha in human and rabbit skeletal tissues. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 83, 2421-2428.
17. Lindberg, M.K., Alatalo, S.L., Halleen, J.M., Mohan, S., Gustafsson, J.A. & Ohlsson, C. (2001) Estrogen receptor specificity in the regulation of the skeleton in female mice. J. Endocrinol., 171, 229-236.
18. McMillan, J., Fatehi-Sedeh, S., Sylvia, V.L., Bingham, V., Zhong, M., Boyan, B.D. & Schwartz, Z. (2006) Sex-specific regulation of growth plate chondrocytes by estrogen is via multiple MAP kinase signaling pathways. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1763, 381-392.
19. Nilsson, O., Abad, V., Chrysis, D., Ritzen, E.M., Savendahl, L. & Baron, J. (2002) Estrogen receptor-alpha and -beta are expressed throughout postnatal development in the rat and rabbit growth plate. J. Endocrinol., 173, 407-414.
20. Nilsson, O., Falk, J., Ritzen, E.M., Baron, J. & Savendahl, L. (2003) Raloxifene acts as an estrogen agonist on the rabbit growth plate. Endocrinol., 144, 1481-1485.
21. Nilsson, O. & Baron, J. (2005) Impact of growth plate senescence on catch-up growth and epiphyseal fusion. Pediatr. Nephrol., 20, 319-322.
22. Nilsson, O., Marino, R., De Luca, F., Phillip, M. & Baron, J. (2005) Endocrine regulation of the growth plate. Horm. Res., 64, 157-165.
23. Oestergaard, S., Sondergaard, B.C., Hoegh-Anderson, P., Henriksen, K., Qvist, P., Christiansen, C., Tankó, L.B. & Karsdal, M.A. (2006) Effects of ovariectomy and estrogen therapy on type 11 collagen degradation and structural integrity of articular cartilage in rats. Arthritis Rheum., 54, 2441-2451.
24. Pacifici, M., Oshima, O., Fisher, L.W., Young, M.F., Shapiro, I.M. & Leboy, P.S. (1990) Changes in osteonectin distribution and levels are associated with mineralization of the chicken tibial growth cartilage. Calcif. Tissue Int., 47, 51-61.
25. Roach, H.I., Mehta, G., Oreffo, R.O.C., Clarke, N.M.P. & Cooper, C. (2003) Temporal analysis of rat growth plates: cessation of growth with age despite presence of a physis. J. Histochem. Cytochem., 51, 373-383.
26. Raucci, A., Laplantine, E., Mansukhani, A. & Basilico, C. (2004) Activation of the ERK1/2 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways mediates fibroblast growth factor-induced growth arrest of chondrocytes. J. Biol. Chem., 279, 1747-1756.
27. Robertson, W.W., Jr. (1990) Newest knowledge of the growth plate. Clin. Orthop., 253, 270-278.
28. Rodd, C., Jourdain, N. & Alini, M. (2004) Action of estradiol on epiphyseal growth plate chondrocytes. Calcif. Tissue Int., 75, 214-224.
29. Silberberg, M. & Silberberg, R. (1971) Steroid hormones and bone. In: The Biochemistry and Physiology of Bone, edited by Bourne, G.H., Vol. 3, 2nd ed., New York, Academic Press Inc., 401-484.
30. Suzuki, K., Kanno, S., Sudou, K., Takagaki, Y., Tanaka, M., Nakagawa, M., Oriya, T. & Yamada, J. (1989) Rabbit. In: Basic Laboratory Animal Science and Technology, edited by Japanese Laboratory Animal Society, Vol. 2, Tokyo, Maruzen Company, 97-119. (in Japanese)
31. Taylor, R.A., Cowin, P., Couse, U., Korach, K.S. & Risbridger, G.P. (2006) 17beta-estradiol induces apoptosis in the developing rodent prostate independently of ER-alpha or ER-beta. Endocrinol., 147, 191-200.
32. Van der Eerden, B.C.J., Gevers, E.F., Lowik, C.W.G.M., Karperien, M. & Wit, J.M. (2002) Expression of estrogen receptor alpha and beta in the epiphyseal plate of the rat. Bone, 30, 478-485.
33. Van der Eerden B.C.J., Karperien, M. & Wit, J.M. (2003) Systemic and local regulation of the growth plate. Endocr. Rev., 24, 782-801.
34. Weise, M., De-Levi, S., Barnes, K.M., Gafni, R.I., Abad, V. & Baron, J. (2001) Effects of estrogen on growth plate senescence and epiphyseal fusion. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 98, 6871-6876.