Recommendations for the assessment and management of cough in children

Thorax

Volumn 63, Issue SUPPL. 3, 2008, Pages

  Shields, M D ^a   Bush, A ^b   Everard, M L ^c   McKenzie, S ^d   Primhak, R ^c  

^a QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY BELFAST   (United Kingdom)

^b ROYAL BROMPTON HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^c SHEFFIELD CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^d ROYAL LONDON HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTIHISTAMINIC AGENT; AZITHROMYCIN; BECLOMETASONE; BECLOMETASONE DIPROPIONATE; BRONCHODILATING AGENT; BUDESONIDE; CHOLINERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CHROMONE DERIVATIVE; CLARITHROMYCIN; ERYTHROMYCIN; FLUTICASONE; KETOTIFEN; MACROLIDE; NON PRESCRIPTION DRUG; PLACEBO; PREDNISOLONE; SALBUTAMOL; STEROID; THEOPHYLLINE; ANTIASTHMATIC AGENT;

ALGORITHM; ALLERGY TEST; ASTHMA; BRONCHITIS; BRONCHUS HYPERREACTIVITY; CLINICAL EXAMINATION; COCHRANE LIBRARY; COUGHING; DATA BASE; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG EFFICACY; EDUCATION; EMBASE; EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE; HEMOPTYSIS; HUMAN; MEDICAL INFORMATION; MEDLINE; MORBIDITY; MUSCLE SPASM; NUTRITION; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PATIENT ASSESSMENT; PATIENT CARE; PERTUSSIS; PHYSIOTHERAPY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRICK TEST; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOTHERAPY; RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION; REVIEW; RHINOSINUSITIS; SPIROMETRY; SPUTUM; THORAX RADIOGRAPHY; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT; ACUTE DISEASE; ARTICLE; CHILD; CHRONIC DISEASE; COMMON COLD; RHINITIS; SINUSITIS;

ACUTE DISEASE; ANTI-ASTHMATIC AGENTS; ASTHMA; BRONCHITIS; CHILD; CHRONIC DISEASE; COMMON COLD; COUGH; HUMANS; RHINITIS; SINUSITIS;

EID: 41849139668     PISSN: 00406376     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/thx.2007.077370     Document Type: Review

References (127)

1. Hay AD, Heron J, Ness A. The prevalence of symptoms and consultations in preschool children in the Avon Longitudinal study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC): a prospective cohort study. Fam Pract 2005;22:367-74.
2. Clough JB, Williams JD, Holgate ST. Effect of atopy on the natural history of symptoms, peak expiratory flow, and bronchial responsiveness in 7- and 8-year old children with cough and wheeze. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991;43:755-60.
3. Ninan T, MacDonald L, Russel G. Persistent nocturnal cough in childhood: a population based study. Arch Dis Child 1995;73:403-7.
4. Burr ML, Anderson HR, Austin JB, et al. Respiratory symptoms and home environment in children: a national survey. Thorax 1999;54:27-32.
5. Thomson F, Masters IB, Chang AB. Persistent cough in children and the overuse of medications. J Paediatr Child Health 2002;38:578- 81.
6. McKenzie S. Cough - but is it asthma? Arch Dis Child 1994;70:1-2.
7. Cornford CS, Morgan M, Ridsdale L. Why do mothers consult when their children cough? Fam Pract 1993;10:193-6.
8. Kai J. What worries parents when their preschool children are acutely ill, and why: a qualitative study. BMJ 1996;313:983-6.
9. Archer LNJ, Simpson H. Night cough counts and diary cough scores in asthma. Arch Dis Child 1985;60:473-4.
10. Chang AB, Newman RG, Carlin J, et al. Subjective scoring of cough in children: parental-completed vs child completed diary cards vs an objective method. Eur Respir J 1998;11:462-6.
11. Shann F. How often do children cough? Lancet 1996;348:699-700.
12. Falconer A, Oldman C, Helms P. Poor agreement between reported and recorded nocturnal cough in asthma. Pediatr Pulmonol 1993;15:209-11.
13. Chang AB. Cough: are children really different to adults? Cough 2005;1:7. http:/www.coughjournal.com/content/1/1/7.
14. Chang AB, McKean M, Morris P. Inhaled anti-cholinergics for prolonged non-specific cough in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004;(1):CD004358.
15. Chang AB, Halstead RA, Petsky HL. Methylxanthines for prolonged non-specific cough in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005;(3):CD005310.
16. Chang AB, Marchant JM, Morris P. Cromones for prolonged non-specific cough in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004;(1).
17. Chang AB, Lasserson TJ, Gaffney J, et al. Gastro-oesophageal reflux treatment for prolonged non-specific cough in children and adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005;(2):CD004823.
18. Irwin RS, Madison JM. The diagnosis and treatment of cough. N Engl J Med 2000;343:1715-21.
19. Sherrill DL, Guerra S, Minervini MC, et al. The relationship of rhinitis to recurrent cough and wheezing: a longitudinal study. Respir Med 2005;99:1377-85.
20. Chang AB, Phelan PD, Sawyer SM, et al. Airway hyperresponsiveness and cough receptor sensitivity in children with recurrent cough. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997;155:1935-9.
21. Marais BJ, Gie RP, Obihara CC, et al. Well defined symptoms are of value in the diagnosis of childhood pulmonary tuberculosis. Arch Dis Child 2005;90:1162-5.
22. Hay AD, Schroeder K, Fahey T. Acute cough in children. 10-minute consultation. BMJ 2004;328:1062.
23. Monto AS. Studies of the community and family: acute respiratory illness and infection. Epidemiol Rev 1994;16:351-73.
24. Leder K, Sinclair MI, Mitakakis TZ, et al. A community based study of respiratory episodes in Melbourne, Australia. Aust NZ J Public Health 2003;27:399-404.
25. Hay AD, Wilson A, Fahey T, et al. The duration of acute cough in pre-school children presenting to primary care: a prospective cohort study. Fam Pract 2003;20:696-705.
26. Hay AD, Wilson AD. The natural history of acute cough in children aged 0-4 years in primary care: a systematic review. Br J Gen Pract 2005;52:401-9.
27. Butler CC, Hood K, Kinnersley P, et al. Predicting the clinical course of suspected acute viral upper respiratory tract infection in children. Fam Pract 2005;22:92-5.
28. Hay AD, Fahey T, Peters TJ, et al. Predicting complications from acute cough in preschool children in primary care: a prospective cohort study. Br J Gen Pract 2004;54:9-14.
29. Schroeder K, Fahey T. Should we advise parents to administer over the counter cough medicines for acute cough? Systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Arch Dis Child 2002;86:170-5.
30. Paul I, Yoders KE, Crowell KR, et al. Effect of dextromethorphan, diphenylhydramine, and placebo on nocturnal cough and sleep quality for coughing children and their parents. Pediatrics 2004;114:e85-90.
31. Bernard DW, Goepp JG, Duggan AK, et al. Is oral albuterol effective for acute cough in non-asthmatic children. Acta Paediatr 1999;88:465-7.
32. Smucry JJ, Flynn CA, Becker LA, et al. Are β2 agonists effective treatment for acute bronchitis or acute cough in patients without underlying pulmonary disease? A systematic review. J Fam Pract 2001;50(11).
33. Christakis DA, Wright JA, Taylor JA, et al. Association between parental satisfaction and antibiotic prescription for children with cough and cold symptoms. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2005;24:774-7.
34. Arroll B, Kenealy T. Antibiotics for the common cold and purulent rhinitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002;(3):CD000247.
35. Scott NCH. Management and outcome of winter upper respiratory tract infections in children aged 0-9 years. BMJ 1979;1:29-31.
36. Little P, Rumsby K, Kelly J, et al. Information leaflet and antibiotic prescribing strategies for acute lower respiratory tract infection. A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2005;293:3029-35.
37. Pandolfini C, Impicciatore P, Bonati M. Parents on the web: risks for quality management of cough in children. Pediatrics 2000;105:e1.
38. World Health Organisation. The management of acute respiratory infections in children. In: Practical guidelines for outpatient care. Geneva: WHO, 1995.
39. British Thoracic Society. BTS guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in childhood. Thorax 2002;57(Suppl 1):377-470.
40. Lakhanpaul M, Atkinson M, Stephenson T. Community acquired pneumonia in children: a clinical update. Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed 2004;89:ep29-34.
41. Anon. Croup. Clinical Evidence 2004;12:370-84.
42. Anon. Bronchiolitis. Clinical Evidence 2004;12:401- 26.
43. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN). Bronchiolitis in children. SIGN Publication No 91, 2006. http://www.sign.ac.uk.
44. Perlstein PH, et al. Evaluation of an evidence-based guideline for bronchiolitis. Pediatrics 1999;104:1334-41.
45. British Thoracic Society (BTS)/Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN). British guideline on the management of asthma. Thorax 2003;58(Suppl 1):1-83.
46. Bergquist SO, Bernander S, Dahnsjo H, et al. Erythromycin in the treatment of pertussis: a study of bacteriological and clinical effects. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1987;6:458-61.
47. Tiwari T, Murphy TV, Moran J. Recommended antimicrobial agents for the treatment and postexposure prophylaxis of pertussis. 2005 CDC guidelines. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Recommendations and Reports (MMWR) 2005;54(RR-14):1-13.
48. Pillay V, Swingler G. Symptomatic treatment of the cough in whooping cough (review). Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003;(4): CD003257.
49. Crowcroft NS, Pebody RG. Recent developments in pertussis. Lancet 2006;367:1926-36.
50. Mertsola J, Viljanen M, Ruuskanen O. Salbutamol in the treatment of whooping cough. Scand J Infect Dis 1986;18:593-4.
51. Torre D, Tambini R, Ferrario G, et al. Treatment with steroids in children with pertussis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1993;12:419-20.
52. Pillay V, Swingler G. Symptomatic treatment of the cough in whooping cough. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003;(4):CD003257.
53. Ciprandi G, Tosca M, Ricca V, et al. Cetirizine treatment of allergic cough in children with pollen allergy. Allergy 1997;52:752-4.
54. Rodrigo GJ. Intranasal corticosteroids versus topical H1 receptor antagonists for the treatment of allergic rhinitis: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2002;89:479-84.
55. Davies MJ, Fuller P, Picciotto A, et al. Persistent nocturnal cough: randomized controlled trial of high dose inhaled corticosteroids. Arch Dis Child 1999;81:38-44.
56. Versteegh FG, Weverling GJ, Peeters MF, et al. Community-acquired pathogens associated with prolonged cough in children: a prospective cohort study. Clin Microbiol Infect 2005;10:801-7.
57. Hallander HO, Gnarpe J, Gnarpe H, et al. Bordetella pertussis, Bordetella parapertussis, Mycoplasma pneumoniae and persistent cough in children. Scand J Infect Dis 1999;31:281-6.
58. Chang AB. Causes, assessment and measurement of cough in children. In: Chung KF, Widdicombe JG, eds. Cough: causes, mechanisms and therapy. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2003:58-73.
59. Munyard P, Bush A. How much coughing is normal? Arch Dis Child 1996;74:531-4.
60. Shann F. How often do children cough? Lancet 1996;348:699-700.
61. Bush A, Price JP. Childhood asthma syndromes. In: Gibson GJ, Geddes DM, Costabel U, et al, eds. Respiratory medicine. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, 2003:1396-420.
62. Bush A. Pediatric problems of cough. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2002;15:309-15.
63. Saglani S, McKenzie SA. The management of persistent isolated cough in childhood. Curr Paediatr 2002;12:1-6.
64. Chang AB, Phelan PD, Robertson CF, et al. Frequency and perception of cough severity. J Paediatr Child Health 2001;37:142-5.
65. Chang AB. Cough, cough receptors, and asthma in children. Pediatr Pulmonol 1999;28:59-70.
66. Kelly YJ, Brabin BJ, Milligan, et al. Clinical significance of cough and wheeze in the diagnosis of asthma. Arch Dis Child 1996;75:489-93.
67. Wright AL, Holberg CJ, Morgan WJ, et al. Recurrent cough in childhood and its relation to asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996;153:1259-65.
68. Brooke AM, Lambert PC, Burton PR, et al. Recurrent cough: natural history and significance in infancy and early childhood. Pediatr Pulmonol 1998;26:256-61.
69. Zimmerman B, Silverman FS, Tarlo SM, et al. Induced sputum: comparison of postinfectious cough with allergic asthma in children. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000;105:495-9.
70. Gibson PG, Simpson JL, Chalmers AC, et al. Airways eosinophilia is associated with wheeze but is not common in children with persistent cough and frequent chest colds. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001;164:977-81.
71. Fitch PS, Brown V, Schock B, et al. Chronic cough in children: bronchoalveolar lavage findings. Eur Respir J 2000;16:1109-14.
72. Chang AB, Phelan PD, Sawyer SM, et al. Cough sensitivity in children with asthma, recurrent cough and cystic fibrosis. Arch Dis Child 1997;77:331-4.
73. Chang AB, Gaffney JT, Eastburn MM, et al. Cough quality in children: a comparison of subjective vs. bronchoscopic findings. BioMedCentral Respiratory Research. http://respiratory-research.com/content/6/1/ 3 (accessed 4 Feb 2008).
74. Li AM, Lex C, Zacharasiewicz A, et al. Cough frequency in children with stable asthma: correlation with lung function, exhaled nitric oxide, and sputum eosinophil count. Thorax 2003;58:974-8.
75. Kao NL, Richmond GW. Cough productive of casts. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1996;76:231-3.
76. Cagney M, MacIntyre R, MacIntyre P, et al. Cough symptoms in children aged 5-15 years in Sydney, Australia: non-specific cough or unrecognized pertussis? Respirology 2005;10:359-64.
77. Jenkinson D. Natural course of 500 consecutive cases of whooping cough: a general practice population study. BMJ 1995;310:299-302.
78. Harnden A, Grant C, Harrison T, et al. Whooping cough in school age children with persistent cough: prospective cohort study in primary care. BMJ 2006;333:174-7.
79. Schaad UB, Rossi E. Infantile Chlamydia pneumonia: a review based on 115 cases. Eur J Pediatr 1982;138:105-9.
80. Chetcuti P, Phelan PD. Respiratory morbidity following repair of oesophageal atresia and tracheo-oesophageal fistula. Arch Dis Child 1993;68:167-70.
81. Wood RE. Localized tracheomalacia or bronchomalacia in children with intractable cough. J Pediatr 1997;116:404-6.
82. Finder JD. Primary bronchomalacia in infants and children. J Pediatr 1997;130:59-66.
83. Masters IB, Chang AB, Patterson L, et al. Series of laryngomalacia, tracheomalacia and bronchomalacia disorders and their associations with other conditions in children. Pediatr Pulmonol 2002;34:189-95.
84. Wood RE. Localised tracheomalacia or bronchomalacia in children with intractable cough. J Pediatr 1997;116:404-6.
85. Gormley PK, Colreavy MP, Patil N, et al. Congenital vascular anomalies and persistent respiratory symptoms in children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1999;51:23-31.
86. Cherry JD. The treatment of croup: continued controversy due to failure of recognition of historic, ecological, etiologic and clinical perspectives. J Pediatr 1979;94:352-4.
87. Gay M, Blager F, Bartsch K, et al. Psychogenic habit cough: review and case reports. J Clin Psychiatry 1987;48:483-6.
88. Lavigne JV, Davis T, Fauber R. Behavioral management of psychogenic cough: alternative to the "bedsheet" and other aversive techniques. Pediatrics 1991;87:532-7.
89. Weinberg EG. "Honking": psychogenic cough tic in children. S Afr Med J 1980;57:198-200.
90. McGarvey LP, Warke TJ, McNiff C, et al. Psychogenic cough in a school boy: evaluation using an ambulatory cough recorder. Pediatr Pulmonol 2003;36:73-5.
91. Wamboldt MZ, Wamboldt FS. Psychiatric aspects of respiratory syndromes. In: Taussig LM, Landau LI, eds. Pediatric respiratory medicine. St Louis: Mosby, 1999:1222-34.
92. Butani L, O'Connell EJ. Functional respiratory disorders. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1997;79:91-9.
93. von Vigier RO, Mozzettini S, Truttmann AC, et al. Cough is common in children prescribed converting enzyme inhibitors. Nephron 2000;84:98.
94. Bianchetti MG, Caflisch M, Oetliker OH. Cough and converting enzyme inhibitors. Eur J Pediatr 1992;151:225-6.
95. Jegoux F, Legent F, Beauvillain de Montreuil C. Chronic cough and ear wax. Lancet 2002;360:618.
96. Ojoo JC, Kastelik JA, Morice AH. A boy with a disabling cough. Lancet 2003;361:674.
97. Galvez RA, McLoughlin FJ, Levison H. The role of the methacholine challenge in children with chronic cough. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1987;79:331-5.
98. Chang AB, Phelan PD, Carlin J, et al. Randomised controlled trial of inhaled salbutamol and beclomethasone for recurrent cough. Arch Dis Child 1998;79:6-11.
99. Marchant JM, Masters IB, Taylor SM, et al. Evaluation and outcome of young children with chronic cough. Chest 2006;129:1132- 41.
100. Somerville M, Mackenzie I, Owen P, et al. Housing and health: does installing heating in their homes improve the health of children with asthma? Public Health 2000;114:434-9.
101. Baugh JG, Hunter SM, Webber IS, et al. Developmental trends of first cigarette smoking experience of children: the Bogalusa heart study. Am J Public Health 1982;72:1161-4.
102. Adams L, Lonsdale D, Robinson M, et al. Respiratory impairment induced by smoking in children in secondary schools. BMJ 1984;288:891-5.
103. Charlton A. Children's coughs related to parental smoking. BMJ 1984;288:1647-9.
104. Taussig LM, Smith LM. The chronic bronchitis complex in childhood: what is it? Pediatrics 1981;67:1-5.
105. Morgan WJ, Taussig LM. The chronic bronchitis complex in children. Pediatr Clin North Am 1984;31:851-64.
106. Field CE. Bronchiectasis in childhood: aetiology and pathogenesis including a survey of 272 cases of doubtful irreversible bronchiectasis. Pediatrics 1949;4:231-48.
107. Field CE. Bronchiectasis in childhood: prophylaxis, treatment and progress with a follow up study of 202 cases of established bronchiectasis. Pediatrics 1949;4:355-72.
108. Phelan PD, Landau LI, Olinsky A. Epidemiology. In: Respiratory illness in childhood. 4th ed. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1994:27-51.
109. Smith TF, Ireland TA, Zaatari GS, et al. Characteristics of children with endoscopically proven chronic bronchitis. Am J Dis Child 1985;139:1039-10.
110. Dodge R, Burrows B, Lebowitz MD, et al. Antecedent features of children in whom asthma develops during the second decade of life. J Allergy Clin Immunnol 1993;92:744-9.
111. Boule M, Gaultier C, Tournier B, et al. Lung function in children with recurrent bronchitis. Respiration 1979;38:127-34.
112. Seear M, Wensley D. Chronic cough and wheeze in children: do they all have asthma? Eur Respir J 1997;10:342-5.
113. Marchant JM, Morris P, Gaffney JT, et al. Antibiotics for prolonged moist cough in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005;(4):CD004822.
114. Darelid J, Lofgren S, Malmvall BE. Erythromycin treatment is beneficial for longstanding Moraxella catarrhalis associated cough in children. Scand J Infect Dis 1993;25:323-9.
115. Gottfarb P, Brauner A. Children with persistent cough: outcome with treatment and role of Moraxella catarrhalis? Scand J Infect Dis 1994;26:545-51.
116. van Asperen PP, McKay KO, Mellis CM, et al. A multicentre ranomised placebo-controlled double blind study on the efficacy of ketotifen in infants with chronic cough or wheeze. J Paediatr Child Health 1992;28:442-6.
117. Chang AB, Winter D, Acworth JP. Leukotriene receptor antagonist for prolonged non-specific cough in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006;(2):CD005602.
118. Mehdi N, Weinberger M, Abu-Hasan M. Etiology and outcome of childhood chronic cough using a simple diagnostic approach. Pediatr Asthma Allergy Immunol 2005;18:55-61.
119. Lack G. Pediatric allergic rhinitis and comorbid disorders. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001;108:S9-15.
120. Campanella SG, Asher MI. Current controversies: sinus disease and the lower airways. Pediatr Pulmonol 2001;31:165-72.
121. Rachelefski GS, Goldberg M, Katz RM, et al. Sinus disease in children with respiratory allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1978;61:310-4.
122. Sacha RF, Tremblay NF, Jacobs RL. Chronic cough, sinusitis and hyperreactive airways in children: an overlooked association. Ann Allergy 1985;54:195-8.
123. Rachelefski GC, Katz RM, Siegal SC. Chronic sinus disease with associated reactive airway disease in children. Pediatrics 1984;73:526-9.
124. Murphy KR. Allergic rhinitis in children: selecting an intranasal corticosteroid. Pediatr Asthma Allergy Immunol 2005;18:216-29.
125. Orenstein SR, Orenstein DM. Gastroesophageal reflux and respiratory disease in children. J Pediatr 1988;112:847-58.
126. Malfoot A, Vandenplas Y, Verlinden M, et al. Gastroesophageal reflux and unexplained chronic lung disease in infants and children. Pediatr Pulmonol 1987;3:208-13.
127. Chang A, Lasserson T, Gaffney J, et al. Gastro-oesophageal reflux treatment for prolonged non-specific cough in children and adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005;(2):CD004823.