Altitude variations of the horizontal thermospheric winds during geomagnetic storms

Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics

Volumn 113, Issue 2, 2008, Pages

  Wang, W ^a,b   Burns, A G ^a   Wiltberger, M ^a   Solomon, S C ^a   Killeen, T L ^a  

^a NATIONAL CENTER FOR ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH   (United States)

^b INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS   (China)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 41849122713     PISSN: None     EISSN: 21699402     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2007JA012374     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. + at L = 3, Ann. Geophys., 8, 171-190.
2. Burns, A. G., T. L. Killeen, and R. G. Roble (1992), Thermospheric heating away from the auroral oval during geomagnetic storms, Can. J. Phys., 70, 544-552.
3. Burns, A. G., T. L. Killeen, W. Wang, and R. G. Roble (2004), The solar-cycle-dependent response of the thermosphere to geomagnetic storms, J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys., 66, 1-14.
4. Burns, A. G., S. C. Solomon, W. Wang, and T. L. Killeen (2007), The ionospheric and thermospheric response to CMEs: Challenges and successes, J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys., 69, 77-85.
5. Burnside, R. G., R. A. Behnke, and J. C. G. Walker (1983), Meridional neutral winds in the thermosphere at Arecibo: Simultaneous incoherent scatter and airglow observations, J. Geophys. Res., 88, 3181-3189.
6. Burnside, R. G., C. A. Tepley, M. P. Sulzer, T. J. Fuller-Rowell, D. G. Torr, and R. G. Roble (1991), The neutral thermosphere ar Arecibo during geomagnetic storms, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 1289-1301.
7. Crickmore, R. I. (1993), A comparison between vertical winds and divergence in the high-latitude thermosphere, Ann. Geophys., 11, 728-733.
8. +-O collision parameter from aeronomical measurements, Ann. Geophys., 13, 541-550.
9. Emmert, J. T., B. G. Fejer, C. G. Fesen, G. G. Shepherd, and B. H. Solheim (2001), Climatology of middle- and low-latitude daytime F region disturbance neutral winds measured by Wind Imaging Interferometer (WINDII), J. Geophys. Res., 106, 24,701-24,712.
10. Emmert, J. T., B. G. Fejer, G. G. Shepherd, and B. H. Solheim (2002), Altitude dependence of middle and low-latitude daytime thermospheric disturbance winds measured by WINDII, J. Geophys. Res., 107(A12), 1483, doi:10.1029/2002JA009646.
11. Emmert, J. T., B. G. Fejer, G. G. Shepherd, and B. H. Solheim (2004), Average nighttime F region disturbance neutral winds measured by UARS WINDII: Initial results, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L22807, doi:10.1029/ 2004GL021611.
12. Fejer, G. B., J. T. Emmert, G. G. Shepherd, and B. H. Solheim (2000), Average daytime F region disturbance neutral winds measured by UARS: Initial results, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 1859-1862.
13. Hedin, A. E., N. W. Spencer, and T. L. Killeen (1988), Empirical global-model of upper thermosphere winds based on Atmospheric and Dynamics Explorer satellite data, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 50, 623-627.
14. Hedin, A. E., M. A. Biondi, R. G. Burnside, G. Hernandez, R. M. Johnson, T. L. Killeen, C. Mazaudier, J. W. Meriwether, J. E. Salah, and R. J. Sica (1991), Revised global-model of thermosphere winds using satellite and ground-based observations, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 7657-7688.
15. Jacchia, L. G. (1965), Static diffusion model of the upper atmosphere with empirical temperature profiles, Smithson. Contrib. Astrophys., 8, 215-222.
16. Killeen, T. L. (1987), Energetics and dynamics of the Earth's thermosphere, Rev. Geophys., 23, 433-454.
17. Killeen, T. L., and R. G. Roble (1984), An analysis of the high latitude thermospheric wind pattern calculated by a Thermospheric General Circulation Model: 1. Momentum forcing, J. Geophys. Res., 89, 7509-7522.
18. Killeen, T. L., and R. G. Roble (1986), An analysis of the high-latitude thermospheric wind pattern calculated by a thermospheric general-circulation model: 2: Neutral parcel transport, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 1291-1307.
19. Killeen, T. L., P. B. Hays, N. W. Spencer, and L. E. Wharton (1982), Neutral winds in the polar thermosphere as measured from Dynamics Explorer, Geophys. Res. Lett., 9, 557-560.
20. Kwak, Y.-S., and A. D. Richmond (2007), An analysis of the momentum forcing in the high-latitude lower thermosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 112, A01306, doi:10.1029/2006JA011910.
21. Lyon, J. G., J. A. Fedder, and C. M. Mobarry (2004), The Lyon-Fedder-Mobarry (LFM) global MHD magnetospheric simulation code, J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys., 66, 1333-1350.
22. Mayr, H. G., I. Harris, and N. W. Spencer (1978), Some properties of upper-atmosphere dynamics, Rev. Geophys., 16, 539-565.
23. Merkin, V. G., M. J. Owens, H. E. Spence, W. J. Hughes, and J. M. Quinn (2007), Predicting magnetospheric dynamics with a coupled Sun-to-Earth model: Challenges and first results, Space Weather, 5, S12001, doi:10.1029/2007SW000335.
24. Millward, G. H., R. J. Moffett, and S. Quegan (1993), Effects of an atmospheric gravity wave on the midlatitude ionospheric F region, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 19,173-19,179.
25. Prölss, G. W. (1980), Magnetic storm associated perturbations of the upper-atmosphere - Recent results obtained by satellite-borne gas analyzers, Rev. Geophys., 18, 183-202.
26. Prölss, G. W. (1981), Latitudinal structure and extension of the polar atmospheric disturbance, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 2385-2388.
27. Richmond, R. D., and S. Matsushita (1975), Thermospheric response to a magnetic storm, J. Geophys. Res., 80, 2839-2850.
28. Rishbeth, H. (1972), Thermospheric winds and the F-region: A review, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 34, 1-47.
29. Roble, R. G., E. C. Ridley, A. D. Richmond, and R. E. Dickinson (1988), A coupled thermosphere/ionosphere general circulation model, Geophys. Res. Lett., 15, 1325-1328.
30. Schlesier, A. C., and M. J. Buonsanto (1999a), Observations and modeling of the April 10-12, 1997 ionospheric storm at Millstone Hill, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 2359-2362.
31. Schlesier, A. C., and M. J. Buonsanto (1999b), The Millstone Hill ionospheric model and its application to the May 26-27, 1990, ionospheric storm, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 22,453-22,468.
32. Thayer, J. P., and J. Semeter (2004), The convergence of magnetospheric energy flux in the polar atmosphere, J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys., 66, 807-824.
33. Titheridge, J. E. (1991), Mean meridional winds in the ionosphere at 70°N, Planet. Space Sci., 39, 657-665.
34. Wang, W., T. L. Killeen, A. G. Burns, and R. G. Roble (1999), A high resolution, three-dimensional, time dependent, nested grid model of the coupled thermosphere-ionosphere, J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys., 61, 385-397.
35. Wang, W., M. Wiltberger, A. G. Bums, S. C. Solomon, T. L. Killeen, N. Maruyama, and J. Lyon (2004), Initial results from the CISM coupled magnetosphere-ionosphere-thermosphere (CMIT) model: Thermosphere ionosphere responses, J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys., 66, 1425-1442.
36. Wang, W., A. G. Bums, and T. L. Killeen (2006), A numerical study of the response of ionospheric electron temperature to geomagnetic activity, J. Geophys. Res., 111, A11301, doi:10.1029/2006JA011698.
37. Wharton, L. E., N. W. Spencer, and H. G. Mayr (1984), The Earth's thermospheric superrotation from Dynamics Explorer 2, Geophys. Res. Lett., 11, 531-533.
38. Wiltberger, M., W. Wang, A. G. Burns, S. C. Solomon, J. G. Lyon, and C. C. Goodrich (2004), Initial results from the coupled magnetosphere ionosphere thermosphere model: Magnetospheric and ionospheric responses, J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys., 66, 1411-1424.
39. 1S) emission rates in the lower thermosphere as measured with WTNDII/UARS during the April 4-5th 1993 and February 1994 geomagnetic storms, J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys., 64, 1201-1214.