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Volumn 29, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 168-187

Visions of democracy in 'property-owning democracy': Skelton to Rawls and beyond

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EID: 41849118050     PISSN: 0143781X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (18)

References (149)
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    • J. Rawls, A Theory of Justice: Revised Edition (Cambridge, MA, 1999), p. xiv.
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    • A "Mixed"-Property Regime: Equality and Liberty in a Market Economy
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  • 8
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    • R. Krouse and M. McPherson, 'Capitalism, Property-Owning Democracy, and the Welfare State', in Democracy and the Welfare State, ed. A. Gurmann (Princeton, 1988), pp. 79-105.
    • R. Krouse and M. McPherson, 'Capitalism, "Property-Owning Democracy", and the Welfare State', in Democracy and the Welfare State, ed. A. Gurmann (Princeton, 1988), pp. 79-105.
  • 9
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    • J. Rawls, Justice as Fairness: A Restatement (Cambridge, MA, 2001), pp. 135-8, and especially fn. 2 on p. 135.
    • J. Rawls, Justice as Fairness: A Restatement (Cambridge, MA, 2001), pp. 135-8, and especially fn. 2 on p. 135.
  • 11
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    • A Conservative Survey
    • N. Skelton, 'A Conservative Survey', The Quarterly Review, 257 (1931), pp. 140-56, p. 150.
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  • 13
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    • I adopt the term 'reconceptualization' from J. Farr, 'Understanding Conceptual Change Politically', in Political Innovation and Conceptual Change, ed. T. Ball, J. Farr and R.L. Hanson (Cambridge, 1989), pp. 24-49, p. 34.
    • I adopt the term 'reconceptualization' from J. Farr, 'Understanding Conceptual Change Politically', in Political Innovation and Conceptual Change, ed. T. Ball, J. Farr and R.L. Hanson (Cambridge, 1989), pp. 24-49, p. 34.
  • 14
    • 41849112533 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Samuel Brittan makes a similar observation in suggesting that the idea of basic income was 'inherent, even if he did not realize it, in the old slogan of Anthony Eden about a property-owning democracy'. Samuel Brittan, 'In Praise of Free Lunches', Times Literary Supplement, 24 August 2001.
    • Samuel Brittan makes a similar observation in suggesting that the idea of basic income was 'inherent, even if he did not realize it, in the old slogan of Anthony Eden about a property-owning democracy'. Samuel Brittan, 'In Praise of Free Lunches', Times Literary Supplement, 24 August 2001.
  • 15
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    • Some Problems in the Analysis of Political Thought and Action
    • For a theoretical discussion of such a change and other historical examples, see, ed. J. Tully Princeton
    • For a theoretical discussion of such a change and other historical examples, see Q. Skinner, 'Some Problems in the Analysis of Political Thought and Action', in Meaning and Context: Quentin Skinner and His Critics, ed. J. Tully (Princeton, 1988), pp. 97-118, p. 114.
    • (1988) Meaning and Context: Quentin Skinner and His Critics
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    • P. Williamson, 'Skelton, (Archibald) Noel' s.v., Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford, 2004), 50, pp. 840-1;
    • P. Williamson, 'Skelton, (Archibald) Noel' s.v., Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford, 2004), Vol. 50, pp. 840-1;
  • 19
  • 24
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    • where Baldwin's view on this group is discussed. For a list of additional members, see A. Sampson, Macmillan: A Study in Ambiguity (London, 1967), p. 23,
    • where Baldwin's view on this group is discussed. For a list of additional members, see A. Sampson, Macmillan: A Study in Ambiguity (London, 1967), p. 23,
  • 30
    • 84974489123 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For a historical background, see D.H. Close, The Collapse of Resistance to Democracy: Conservatives, Adult Suffrage, and Second Chamber Reform, 1911-1928', The Historical Journal, 20 (1977), pp. 893-918, pp. 898 and 893-918;
    • For a historical background, see D.H. Close, "The Collapse of Resistance to Democracy: Conservatives, Adult Suffrage, and Second Chamber Reform, 1911-1928', The Historical Journal, 20 (1977), pp. 893-918, pp. 898 and 893-918;
  • 35
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    • Economics and Ethics [book review]
    • On the ethical value of private property see, 1 December
    • On the ethical value of private property see N. Skelton, 'Economics and Ethics [book review]', The Spectator, 1 December 1923, p. 831.
    • (1923) The Spectator , pp. 831
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  • 36
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    • The Conservative Task: IV -Practical Applications
    • 24 January
    • 'The Conservative Task: IV -Practical Applications', Yorkshire Post, 24 January 1930, p. 10.
    • (1930) Yorkshire Post , pp. 10
  • 37
    • 41849135949 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • This is part of a series of four articles on the topic that appear anonymously. D.R. Thorpe, based on the papers of the Baroness Elliot of Harwood, identifies the author as Noel Skelton (the papers follow the same structure and arguments of Constructive Conservatism so there is very little reason to dispute it, Thorpe, Alec Douglas-Home, p. 494 fn. 20
    • This is part of a series of four articles on the topic that appear anonymously. D.R. Thorpe, based on the papers of the Baroness Elliot of Harwood, identifies the author as Noel Skelton (the papers follow the same structure and arguments of Constructive Conservatism so there is very little reason to dispute it). Thorpe, Alec Douglas-Home, p. 494 (fn. 20).
  • 38
    • 41849135948 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Skelton, Constructive Conservatism, p. 25. It is necessary to make a distinction between two types of 'co-partnership'. One, associated with Owenite socialism, is of workers who organize themselves as a business enterprise. The other is of agreements between employers and employees to allow workers to become shareholders and to give bonuses based on shares of the profits. These latter 'co-partnerships' were seen as a substitute to trade-unionism. It seems that Skelton advocated this latter type. A. Williams, Co-Partnership and Profit-Sharing (London, 1913), especially Chapters IV and IX.
    • Skelton, Constructive Conservatism, p. 25. It is necessary to make a distinction between two types of 'co-partnership'. One, associated with Owenite socialism, is of workers who organize themselves as a business enterprise. The other is of agreements between employers and employees to allow workers to become shareholders and to give bonuses based on shares of the profits. These latter 'co-partnerships' were seen as a substitute to trade-unionism. It seems that Skelton advocated this latter type. A. Williams, Co-Partnership and Profit-Sharing (London, 1913), especially Chapters IV and IX.
  • 40
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    • Also, Skelton, 'A Conservative Survey', p. 155. For a similar claim by Robert Cecil see Wilkinson, Tory Democracy, p. 273.
    • Also, Skelton, 'A Conservative Survey', p. 155. For a similar claim by Robert Cecil see Wilkinson, Tory Democracy, p. 273.
  • 42
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    • 'Rural Democracy' is a term used to describe the reform movement for change in the Poor Laws after the enfranchisement of small householders in the countryside by the Reform Act of 1884. For example, see E. Porritt, 'The Revolt against Feudalism in England', Political Science Quarterly, 9 (1894), pp. 64-77, p. 74;
    • 'Rural Democracy' is a term used to describe the reform movement for change in the Poor Laws after the enfranchisement of small householders in the countryside by the Reform Act of 1884. For example, see E. Porritt, 'The Revolt against Feudalism in England', Political Science Quarterly, 9 (1894), pp. 64-77, p. 74;
  • 46
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    • The Nation and the Land
    • N. Skelton, 'The Nation and the Land', Quarterly Review, 245 (1925), pp. 190-208, p. 198.
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  • 49
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    • Skelton, 'The Nation', p. 207. For a discussion of Stanley Baldwin's similar ideas, see Evans and Taylor, From Salisbury to Major, pp. 37-8.
    • Skelton, 'The Nation', p. 207. For a discussion of Stanley Baldwin's similar ideas, see Evans and Taylor, From Salisbury to Major, pp. 37-8.
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    • The Conservative Task, III. -A Property Owning Democracy',
    • 23 January
    • "The Conservative Task, III. -A Property Owning Democracy', Yorkshire Post, 23 January 1930, p. 10.
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    • The Political Situation
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    • See also Edmund Burke for a criticism of the 'sort of discourse' that sees the 'constitution of a kingdom as a problem of arithmetic'. E. Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France (Indianapolis, 1987), p. 45.
    • See also Edmund Burke for a criticism of the 'sort of discourse' that sees the 'constitution of a kingdom as a problem of arithmetic'. E. Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France (Indianapolis, 1987), p. 45.
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    • The Labour Party
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    • 22 January
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    • (1930) Yorkshire Post , pp. 10
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    • Revisionism Reconsidered: 'Property-Owning Democracy and Egalitarian Strategy in Post-War Britain
    • See also
    • See also, B. Jackson, 'Revisionism Reconsidered: 'Property-Owning Democracy and Egalitarian Strategy in Post-War Britain', Twentieth Century British History, 16 (2005), pp. 416-40, p. 423;
    • (2005) Twentieth Century British History , vol.16
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    • 'The Conservative Task. II'.
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    • Both Robert Home and Strachey himself chose to emphasize the importance of the referendum in their review of Skelton' s book. See, R. Home, Introduction, in Skelton, Constructive Conservatism, p. 6;
    • Both Robert Home and Strachey himself chose to emphasize the importance of the referendum in their review of Skelton' s book. See, R. Home, 'Introduction', in Skelton, Constructive Conservatism, p. 6;
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    • J. St Loe Strachey, 'Sir Robert Home on the Referen-dum and Constructive Conservatism', The Spectator, 25 October 1924, pp. 592-4.
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    • It should be noted that in Skelton's later restatement of the 'practical application' of his views, he dropped the idea of a referendum, see 'The Conservative Task. IV
    • It should be noted that in Skelton's later restatement of the 'practical application' of his views, he dropped the idea of a referendum, see 'The Conservative Task. IV.
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    • The Political Confusion; The Referendum Remedy
    • 1 December
    • J. St Loe Strachey, 'The Political Confusion; The Referendum Remedy', The Spectator, 1 December 1923, p. 832.
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    • quoted in Qvortrup, A Comparative Study of Referendums, p. 50.
    • quoted in Qvortrup, A Comparative Study of Referendums, p. 50.
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    • The Safeguarding of British Democracy
    • N. Skelton, 'The Safeguarding of British Democracy', English Review, 43 (1926), pp. 23-9, p. 27.
    • (1926) English Review , vol.43
    • Skelton, N.1
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    • Also, 'The Conservative Task. I.-Leader or Looker-On?',
    • 21 January
    • Also, 'The Conservative Task. I.-Leader or Looker-On?', Yorkshire Post, 21 January 1930, p. 10.
    • (1930) Yorkshire Post , pp. 10
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    • Ibid., pp. 28, 26.
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    • Also Skelton, Constructive Conservatism, p. 31.
    • Also Skelton, Constructive Conservatism, p. 31.
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    • Property Owning and Democracy -Do the Twain Ever Meet?
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    • 'Labour Looks to Boost Home Ownership', Guardian, 2 August 2001; Hansard's Parliamentary Debates, 18 Jan 2002, column 530;
    • 'Labour Looks to Boost Home Ownership', Guardian, 2 August 2001; Hansard's Parliamentary Debates, 18 Jan 2002, column 530;
  • 87
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    • see also the negative reference in the Third Way Manifesto of 2001, 'For Real Stakeholding, Job Security and Long-Term Stability', http://www.thirdway. org/files/MF2001/economicdemoc.html
    • see also the negative reference in the Third Way Manifesto of 2001, 'For Real Stakeholding, Job Security and Long-Term Stability', http://www.thirdway. org/files/MF2001/economicdemoc.html
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    • Conservative Party General Election Manifestos 1900-1997, ed. I. Dale (London, 2000), pp. 84, 98, 105.
    • Conservative Party General Election Manifestos 1900-1997, ed. I. Dale (London, 2000), pp. 84, 98, 105.
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    • The term continued to be used after it was appropriated by Meade and can be found in the party manifestos of 1964, 1970, October 1974, 1979, 1983 and 1997 (pp. 147, 183, 243, 271, 296, 429 respectively and see also http://www.conservativemanifesto.com).
    • The term continued to be used after it was appropriated by Meade and can be found in the party manifestos of 1964, 1970, October 1974, 1979, 1983 and 1997 (pp. 147, 183, 243, 271, 296, 429 respectively and see also http://www.conservativemanifesto.com).
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    • The term appears in later manifestos as well. See also a 1949 pamphlet by the Conservative Political Center written by D. Eccles entitled 'What Do You Think? About Property Owning Democracy: Some Facts and Ideas for Discussion Group', and the influential essay of Q. Hogg, The Case for Conservatism (Harmondsworth, 1948), p. 63.
    • The term appears in later manifestos as well. See also a 1949 pamphlet by the Conservative Political Center written by D. Eccles entitled 'What Do You Think? About Property Owning Democracy: Some Facts and Ideas for Discussion Group', and the influential essay of Q. Hogg, The Case for Conservatism (Harmondsworth, 1948), p. 63.
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    • The Uses of Utilitarianism: Social Justice, Welfare, Economics and British Socialism, 1931-48
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    • It should be noted that a decade later Meade became more cautious about the usefulness of capital levy. In J.E. Meade, Is the National Debt a Burden, Oxford Economic Papers, New Series, 10 1958, pp. 163-83, pp. 179-80
    • It should be noted that a decade later Meade became more cautious about the usefulness of capital levy. In J.E. Meade, 'Is the National Debt a Burden?', Oxford Economic Papers, New Series, 10 (1958), pp. 163-83, pp. 179-80.
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    • The only allusion I was able to find is in a lecture from 1983 where he mentions 'real property-owning democracy'. I understand 'real' here to mean as opposed to the Conservative usage. J.E. Meade, 'A New Keynsian Approach to Full Employment', in The Collected Papers of James Meade, ed. S. Howson (London, 1988 [1983]), pp. 383-97, p. 392.
    • The only allusion I was able to find is in a lecture from 1983 where he mentions 'real property-owning democracy'. I understand 'real' here to mean as opposed to the Conservative usage. J.E. Meade, 'A New Keynsian Approach to Full Employment', in The Collected Papers of James Meade, ed. S. Howson (London, 1988 [1983]), pp. 383-97, p. 392.
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    • To be sure, the term was politically loaded. When Arthur Lewis, another member of the group (and a Nobel laureate in economics), presented such a vision without referring to the term, he was criticized from the left for espousing 'half-truths and misrepresentations which constitute the time-worn slogans of a Tory Democracy or of Small Property-Owners '. W.A. Lewis, 'A Socialist Economic Policy', Socialist Commentary, XIX (June 1955), pp. 171-4;
    • To be sure, the term was politically loaded. When Arthur Lewis, another member of the group (and a Nobel laureate in economics), presented such a vision without referring to the term, he was criticized from the left for espousing 'half-truths and misrepresentations which constitute the time-worn slogans of a "Tory Democracy" or of "Small Property-Owners" '. W.A. Lewis, 'A Socialist Economic Policy', Socialist Commentary, XIX (June 1955), pp. 171-4;
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    • T. Balogh, 'A Socialist Economic Policy?', Fabian Journal, 16 (July 1955), pp. 22-6, pp. 24-5.
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  • 140
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    • J. Calmes, 'New Contract: In Bush's Ownership Society ', Wall Street Journal (Eastern edition), 28 February 2005, p. A.1; the Cato Institute discusses and promotes the idea in their website (www.cato.org).
    • J. Calmes, 'New Contract: In Bush's "Ownership Society" ', Wall Street Journal (Eastern edition), 28 February 2005, p. A.1; the Cato Institute discusses and promotes the idea in their website (www.cato.org).
  • 141
    • 41849142136 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See also, Washington, 6th edn, 272
    • See also, Cato Handbook on Policy (Washington, 6th edn., 2005), pp. 1, 272.
    • (2005) Cato Handbook on Policy , pp. 1
  • 142
    • 41849100550 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 20 January
    • G.W. Bush, 20 January 2005, http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2005/ 01/20050120-1.html
    • (2005)
    • Bush, G.W.1
  • 143
    • 41849123669 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thatcherism - Stateside
    • 19 December, available online through Scotsman.com
    • F. Nelson, 'Thatcherism - Stateside', The Scotsman, 19 December 2004 (available online through Scotsman.com);
    • (2004) The Scotsman
    • Nelson, F.1
  • 144
    • 41849111825 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why Bush won't back Howard; Fraser Nelson discovers that the White House has no time for the Tory leader, but is in love with Margaret Thatcher'
    • 19 February
    • F. Nelson, 'Why Bush won't back Howard; Fraser Nelson discovers that the White House has no time for the Tory leader, but is in love with Margaret Thatcher', The Spectator, 19 February 2005, pp. 22-4.
    • (2005) The Spectator , pp. 22-24
    • Nelson, F.1
  • 145
    • 41849087150 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Jacob S. Hacker suggested that 'ownership society' is 'a shameless appropriation from left-leaning law professors Bruce Ackerman and Anne Alstott, whose 1999 book, The Stakeholder Society, outlined a $255 billion plan for giving all children a government-financed trust fund-in effect, making every kid a trust-fund baby'
    • Jacob S. Hacker suggested that 'ownership society' is 'a shameless appropriation from left-leaning law professors Bruce Ackerman and Anne Alstott, whose 1999 book, The Stakeholder Society, outlined a $255 billion plan for giving all children a government-financed trust fund-in effect, making every kid a trust-fund baby'
  • 146
    • 41849120995 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (J.S. Hacker, 'False Positive', The New Republic, 16 August 2004).
    • (J.S. Hacker, 'False Positive', The New Republic, 16 August 2004).
  • 147
    • 41849084300 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • I believe this claim is unfounded. The term 'stakeholder economy' was used by Tony Blair beginning in 1996 (R. Roberts and D. Kynaston, 'The Rout of the Stakeholders-Capitalism', New Statesman, 17 September 2001 ).
    • I believe this claim is unfounded. The term 'stakeholder economy' was used by Tony Blair beginning in 1996 (R. Roberts and D. Kynaston, 'The Rout of the Stakeholders-Capitalism', New Statesman, 17 September 2001 ).
  • 148
    • 41849092796 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recently, Sean Wilentz suggested that 'ownership society' is a reformulation of Newt Gingrich's 'opportunity society' from the Reagan era. S. Wilentz, 'Bush's Ancestors', The New York Times, magazine, 16 October 2005.
    • Recently, Sean Wilentz suggested that 'ownership society' is a reformulation of Newt Gingrich's 'opportunity society' from the Reagan era. S. Wilentz, 'Bush's Ancestors', The New York Times, magazine, 16 October 2005.


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.