메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 24, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 68-80

A review of the cognitive effects of electroconvulsive therapy in older adults

Author keywords

Aged; Cognition; Depression; Electroconvulsive therapy

Indexed keywords

AGE DISTRIBUTION; AROUSAL; COGNITION; DATA BASE; DEMENTIA; DEPRESSION; DEPTH PERCEPTION; ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY; ELECTRODE; HUMAN; INFORMATION PROCESSING; LANGUAGE; MEDLINE; MEMORY; MENTAL PERFORMANCE; MINI MENTAL STATE EXAMINATION; NONHUMAN; ORIENTATION; PSYCINFO; REVIEW; SAMPLE SIZE; WORKING MEMORY;

EID: 41849099658     PISSN: 10950680     EISSN: 15334112     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/YCT.0b013e318165c7b0     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (51)

References (67)
  • 1
    • 0037678633 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance consensus statement on the unmet needs in diagnosis and treatment of mood disorders in late life
    • Carney DS, Reynolds CF, Lewis L, et al. Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance consensus statement on the unmet needs in diagnosis and treatment of mood disorders in late life. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003;60:664-672.
    • (2003) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.60 , pp. 664-672
    • Carney, D.S.1    Reynolds, C.F.2    Lewis, L.3
  • 2
    • 33745620228 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do older Australians truly have low rates of anxiety and depression? A critique of the 1997 National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing
    • O'Connor DW. Do older Australians truly have low rates of anxiety and depression? A critique of the 1997 National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2006;40:623-631.
    • (2006) Aust N Z J Psychiatry , vol.40 , pp. 623-631
    • O'Connor, D.W.1
  • 3
    • 0025848690 scopus 로고
    • A prospective naturalistic study of electroconvulsive therapy in late-life depression
    • Mulsant BH, Rosen J, Thornton JE, et al. A prospective naturalistic study of electroconvulsive therapy in late-life depression. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 1991;4:3-13.
    • (1991) J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol , vol.4 , pp. 3-13
    • Mulsant, B.H.1    Rosen, J.2    Thornton, J.E.3
  • 4
    • 0036669496 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drug and ECT treatment of depression in the elderly, 1996-2001: A literature review
    • Salzman C, Wong E, Wright BC. Drug and ECT treatment of depression in the elderly, 1996-2001: a literature review. Biol Psychiatry. 2002;52:265-284.
    • (2002) Biol Psychiatry , vol.52 , pp. 265-284
    • Salzman, C.1    Wong, E.2    Wright, B.C.3
  • 5
    • 41849128106 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electroconvulsive therapy
    • Jacoby R, Oppemheimer C, Dening T, eds, 4th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press;
    • O'Connor DW. Electroconvulsive therapy. In: Jacoby R, Oppemheimer C, Dening T, eds. Psychiatry in the Elderly. 4th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2008.
    • (2008) Psychiatry in the Elderly
    • O'Connor, D.W.1
  • 7
    • 34249910343 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A questionnaire survey of ECT practice in Australia
    • Chanpattana W. A questionnaire survey of ECT practice in Australia. J ECT. 2007;23:89-92.
    • (2007) J ECT , vol.23 , pp. 89-92
    • Chanpattana, W.1
  • 8
    • 0037626646 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemiological analysis of electroconvulsive therapy in Victoria, Australia
    • Wood DA, Burgess PM. Epidemiological analysis of electroconvulsive therapy in Victoria, Australia. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2003;37:307-311.
    • (2003) Aust N Z J Psychiatry , vol.37 , pp. 307-311
    • Wood, D.A.1    Burgess, P.M.2
  • 9
    • 0034054268 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Executive dysfunction and long-term outcomes of geriatric depression
    • Alexopoulos GS, Meyers BS, Young RC, et al. Executive dysfunction and long-term outcomes of geriatric depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2002;57:285-290.
    • (2002) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.57 , pp. 285-290
    • Alexopoulos, G.S.1    Meyers, B.S.2    Young, R.C.3
  • 10
    • 34447291619 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Psychomotor slowing in older patients with major depression: Relationships with blood flow in the caudate nucleus and white matter lesions
    • Available at:, Accessed August 31, 2007
    • Hickie IB, Naismith SL, Ward PB, et al. Psychomotor slowing in older patients with major depression: relationships with blood flow in the caudate nucleus and white matter lesions. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging [serial online]. 2007;155:211-220. Available at: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/ journaldescription.cws_home/522789/description#description. Accessed August 31, 2007.
    • (2007) Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging [serial online] , vol.155 , pp. 211-220
    • Hickie, I.B.1    Naismith, S.L.2    Ward, P.B.3
  • 11
    • 2942592733 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The nature and determinants of neuropsychological functioning in late-life depression
    • Butters MA, Whyte EM, Nebes RD, et al. The nature and determinants of neuropsychological functioning in late-life depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2004;61:587-595.
    • (2004) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.61 , pp. 587-595
    • Butters, M.A.1    Whyte, E.M.2    Nebes, R.D.3
  • 12
    • 0003136032 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Frontal-subcortical circuits
    • Miller BL, Cummings JL, eds, New York: Guilford Press;
    • Chow T, Cummings JL. Frontal-subcortical circuits. In: Miller BL, Cummings JL, eds. The Human Frontal Lobes: Functions and Disorders. New York: Guilford Press; 1999:3-26.
    • (1999) The Human Frontal Lobes: Functions and Disorders , pp. 3-26
    • Chow, T.1    Cummings, J.L.2
  • 13
    • 33750315839 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Executive dysfunction and memory in older patients with major and minor depression
    • Elderkin-Thompson V, Mintz J, Haroon E, et al. Executive dysfunction and memory in older patients with major and minor depression. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2007;21:669-676.
    • (2007) Arch Clin Neuropsychol , vol.21 , pp. 669-676
    • Elderkin-Thompson, V.1    Mintz, J.2    Haroon, E.3
  • 14
    • 0038288519 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association pathways of the prefrontal cortex and functional observations
    • Stuss DT, Knight DT, eds, New York: Oxford University Press;
    • Petrides M, Pandya DN. Association pathways of the prefrontal cortex and functional observations. In: Stuss DT, Knight DT, eds. Principles of Frontal Lobe Function. New York: Oxford University Press; 2002:31-50.
    • (2002) Principles of Frontal Lobe Function , pp. 31-50
    • Petrides, M.1    Pandya, D.N.2
  • 15
    • 33745204385 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognitive function in late life depression: Relationships to depression severity, cerebrovascular risk factors and processing speed
    • Sheline YI, Barch DM, Garcia K, et al. Cognitive function in late life depression: relationships to depression severity, cerebrovascular risk factors and processing speed. Biol Psychiatry. 2006;60:58-65.
    • (2006) Biol Psychiatry , vol.60 , pp. 58-65
    • Sheline, Y.I.1    Barch, D.M.2    Garcia, K.3
  • 16
    • 0038643442 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fluoxetine's effects on cognitive performance in patients with traumatic brain injury
    • Horsfield SA, Rosse RB, Tomasino V, et al. Fluoxetine's effects on cognitive performance in patients with traumatic brain injury. Int J Psychiatry Med. 2002;32:337-344.
    • (2002) Int J Psychiatry Med , vol.32 , pp. 337-344
    • Horsfield, S.A.1    Rosse, R.B.2    Tomasino, V.3
  • 17
    • 33747383120 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognitive improvement after treatment of depressive symptoms in the acute phase of stroke
    • Simis S, Nitrini R. Cognitive improvement after treatment of depressive symptoms in the acute phase of stroke. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2006;64:412-417.
    • (2006) Arq Neuropsiquiatr , vol.64 , pp. 412-417
    • Simis, S.1    Nitrini, R.2
  • 18
    • 0016823810 scopus 로고
    • Mini-Mental State: A practical method for grading the state of patients for the clinician
    • Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. Mini-Mental State: a practical method for grading the state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res. 1975;12:189-198.
    • (1975) J Psychiatr Res , vol.12 , pp. 189-198
    • Folstein, M.F.1    Folstein, S.E.2    McHugh, P.R.3
  • 19
    • 0002638493 scopus 로고
    • Mental status examination for organic mental syndrome in the elderly patient
    • Bellak L, Karasu T, eds, New York: Grune and Stratton;
    • Mattis S. Mental status examination for organic mental syndrome in the elderly patient. In: Bellak L, Karasu T, eds. Geriatric Psychiatry. New York: Grune and Stratton; 1976:77-101.
    • (1976) Geriatric Psychiatry , pp. 77-101
    • Mattis, S.1
  • 20
    • 0031810675 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recovery and relapse in geriatric depression after treatment with antidepressants and ECT in a medical-psychiatric population
    • Stoudemire A, Hill CD, Marquardt M, et al. Recovery and relapse in geriatric depression after treatment with antidepressants and ECT in a medical-psychiatric population. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 1998;20:170-174.
    • (1998) Gen Hosp Psychiatry , vol.20 , pp. 170-174
    • Stoudemire, A.1    Hill, C.D.2    Marquardt, M.3
  • 21
    • 0030954204 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Safety and efficacy of electroconvulsive therapy in patients over age 85
    • Tomac TA, Rummans TA, Pileggi TS, et al. Safety and efficacy of electroconvulsive therapy in patients over age 85. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 1997;5:126-130.
    • (1997) Am J Geriatr Psychiatry , vol.5 , pp. 126-130
    • Tomac, T.A.1    Rummans, T.A.2    Pileggi, T.S.3
  • 22
    • 0033831586 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The benefits and risks of ECT for patients with primary dementia who also suffer from depression
    • Rao V, Lyketsos CG. The benefits and risks of ECT for patients with primary dementia who also suffer from depression. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2000;15:729-735.
    • (2000) Int J Geriatr Psychiatry , vol.15 , pp. 729-735
    • Rao, V.1    Lyketsos, C.G.2
  • 23
    • 0027196093 scopus 로고
    • Long-term affective and cognitive outcome in depressed older adults
    • Stoudemire A, Hill CD, Morris R, et al. Long-term affective and cognitive outcome in depressed older adults. Am J Psychiatry. 1993;150:896-900.
    • (1993) Am J Psychiatry , vol.150 , pp. 896-900
    • Stoudemire, A.1    Hill, C.D.2    Morris, R.3
  • 26
    • 0026625133 scopus 로고
    • A pilot study of interictal cognitive changes in elderly patients during ECT
    • Rosen J, Mulsant BH, Nebes RD. A pilot study of interictal cognitive changes in elderly patients during ECT. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 1992;7:407-410.
    • (1992) Int J Geriatr Psychiatry , vol.7 , pp. 407-410
    • Rosen, J.1    Mulsant, B.H.2    Nebes, R.D.3
  • 27
    • 0025955218 scopus 로고
    • Cognitive outcome following tricyclic and electroconvulsive treatment of major depression in the elderly
    • Stoudemire A, Hill CD, Morris R, et al. Cognitive outcome following tricyclic and electroconvulsive treatment of major depression in the elderly. Am J Psychiatry. 1991;148:1336-1340.
    • (1991) Am J Psychiatry , vol.148 , pp. 1336-1340
    • Stoudemire, A.1    Hill, C.D.2    Morris, R.3
  • 28
    • 0032751482 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute efficacy of ECT in the treatment of major depression in the old-old
    • Tew JD, Mulsant BH, Haskett RF, et al. Acute efficacy of ECT in the treatment of major depression in the old-old. Am J Psychiatry. 1999;156:1865-1870.
    • (1999) Am J Psychiatry , vol.156 , pp. 1865-1870
    • Tew, J.D.1    Mulsant, B.H.2    Haskett, R.F.3
  • 29
    • 0027321976 scopus 로고
    • The nature and time course of cognitive side effects during electroconvulsive therapy in the elderly
    • Rubin EH, Kinscherf DA, Figiel GS, et al. The nature and time course of cognitive side effects during electroconvulsive therapy in the elderly. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 1993;6:78-83.
    • (1993) J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol , vol.6 , pp. 78-83
    • Rubin, E.H.1    Kinscherf, D.A.2    Figiel, G.S.3
  • 30
    • 0036936026 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized comparison of high-charge right unilateral electroconvulsive therapy and bilateral electroconvulsive therapy in older depressed patients who failed to respond to 5 to 8 moderate-charge right unilateral treatments
    • Tew JD, Mulsant BH, Haskett RF, et al. A randomized comparison of high-charge right unilateral electroconvulsive therapy and bilateral electroconvulsive therapy in older depressed patients who failed to respond to 5 to 8 moderate-charge right unilateral treatments. J Clin Psychiatry. 2002;63:1102-1105.
    • (2002) J Clin Psychiatry , vol.63 , pp. 1102-1105
    • Tew, J.D.1    Mulsant, B.H.2    Haskett, R.F.3
  • 31
    • 33748115777 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fixed high-dose electroconvulsive therapy in the elderly with depression
    • Stoppe A, Louza M, Rosa M, et al. Fixed high-dose electroconvulsive therapy in the elderly with depression. J ECT. 2006;22:92-99.
    • (2006) J ECT , vol.22 , pp. 92-99
    • Stoppe, A.1    Louza, M.2    Rosa, M.3
  • 32
    • 0025309164 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electroconvulsive therapy in octogenarians
    • Cattan RA, Barry PP, Mead G, et al. Electroconvulsive therapy in octogenarians. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1999;38:753-758.
    • (1999) J Am Geriatr Soc , vol.38 , pp. 753-758
    • Cattan, R.A.1    Barry, P.P.2    Mead, G.3
  • 33
    • 0031647860 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The safety and efficacy of electroconvulsive therapy in patients over age 75
    • Gormley N, Cullen C, Walter L, et al. The safety and efficacy of electroconvulsive therapy in patients over age 75. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 1998;13:871-874.
    • (1998) Int J Geriatr Psychiatry , vol.13 , pp. 871-874
    • Gormley, N.1    Cullen, C.2    Walter, L.3
  • 34
    • 0018127411 scopus 로고
    • Recovery from ECT in elderly patients
    • Fraser RM, Glass IB. Recovery from ECT in elderly patients. Br J Psychiatry. 1978;133:524-528.
    • (1978) Br J Psychiatry , vol.133 , pp. 524-528
    • Fraser, R.M.1    Glass, I.B.2
  • 35
    • 0018891799 scopus 로고
    • Unilateral and bilateral ECT in elderly patients
    • Fraser RM, Glass IB. Unilateral and bilateral ECT in elderly patients. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1982;62:13-31.
    • (1982) Acta Psychiatr Scand , vol.62 , pp. 13-31
    • Fraser, R.M.1    Glass, I.B.2
  • 38
    • 0024577155 scopus 로고
    • Brain magnetic resonance imaging in elderly depressed patients receiving electroconvulsive therapy
    • Figiel GS, Coffey CE, Weiner RD. Brain magnetic resonance imaging in elderly depressed patients receiving electroconvulsive therapy. Convuls Ther. 1989;5:26-32.
    • (1989) Convuls Ther , vol.5 , pp. 26-32
    • Figiel, G.S.1    Coffey, C.E.2    Weiner, R.D.3
  • 39
    • 0026077888 scopus 로고
    • ECT treatment of demented elderly patients with major depression: A retrospective study of efficacy and safety
    • Nelson JP, Rosenberg DR. ECT treatment of demented elderly patients with major depression: a retrospective study of efficacy and safety. Convuls Ther. 1991;7:157-165.
    • (1991) Convuls Ther , vol.7 , pp. 157-165
    • Nelson, J.P.1    Rosenberg, D.R.2
  • 40
    • 0033864672 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A prospective follow-up study of ECT outcome in older depressed patients
    • Brodaty H, Hickie I, Mason C, et al. A prospective follow-up study of ECT outcome in older depressed patients. J Affect Disord. 2000;60:101-111.
    • (2000) J Affect Disord , vol.60 , pp. 101-111
    • Brodaty, H.1    Hickie, I.2    Mason, C.3
  • 41
    • 0034812491 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Side effects' of ECT are mainly depressive phenomena and are independent of age
    • Brodaty H, Berle D, Hickie I, et al. 'Side effects' of ECT are mainly depressive phenomena and are independent of age. J Affect Disord. 2001;66:237-245.
    • (2001) J Affect Disord , vol.66 , pp. 237-245
    • Brodaty, H.1    Berle, D.2    Hickie, I.3
  • 42
    • 0030928373 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Time course of response to electroconvulsive therapy in elderly depressed subjects
    • Williams JHG, O'Brien JT, Cullum S. Time course of response to electroconvulsive therapy in elderly depressed subjects. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 1997;12:563-566.
    • (1997) Int J Geriatr Psychiatry , vol.12 , pp. 563-566
    • Williams, J.H.G.1    O'Brien, J.T.2    Cullum, S.3
  • 43
    • 0000016192 scopus 로고
    • Speed and coding effects in relation to age and ability level
    • Storandt M. Speed and coding effects in relation to age and ability level. Dev Psychol. 1976;12:177-178.
    • (1976) Dev Psychol , vol.12 , pp. 177-178
    • Storandt, M.1
  • 44
    • 0025260704 scopus 로고
    • Cognitive effects of ECT in the elderly: Preliminary findings
    • Russ MJ, Ackerman SH, Burton L, et al. Cognitive effects of ECT in the elderly: preliminary findings. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 1990;5:115-118.
    • (1990) Int J Geriatr Psychiatry , vol.5 , pp. 115-118
    • Russ, M.J.1    Ackerman, S.H.2    Burton, L.3
  • 45
    • 0021334206 scopus 로고
    • Cognitive functioning in depressed geriatric patients with a history of ECT
    • Pettinati HM, Bonner KM. Cognitive functioning in depressed geriatric patients with a history of ECT. Am J Psychiatry. 1984;141:49-52.
    • (1984) Am J Psychiatry , vol.141 , pp. 49-52
    • Pettinati, H.M.1    Bonner, K.M.2
  • 48
    • 0029863935 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Subjective memory complaints prior to and following electroconvulsive therapy
    • Coleman EA, Sackeim HA, Prudic J, et al. Subjective memory complaints prior to and following electroconvulsive therapy. Biol Psychiatry. 1996;39:346-356.
    • (1996) Biol Psychiatry , vol.39 , pp. 346-356
    • Coleman, E.A.1    Sackeim, H.A.2    Prudic, J.3
  • 49
    • 0034199343 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Subjective memory complaints: A review of patient self-assessment of memory after electroconvulsive therapy
    • Prudic J, Peyser S, Sackeim HA. Subjective memory complaints: a review of patient self-assessment of memory after electroconvulsive therapy. J ECT. 2000;16:121-132.
    • (2000) J ECT , vol.16 , pp. 121-132
    • Prudic, J.1    Peyser, S.2    Sackeim, H.A.3
  • 50
    • 0015812367 scopus 로고
    • Selective reminding for analysis of memory and learning
    • Buschke H. Selective reminding for analysis of memory and learning. J Verbal Learn Verbal Behav. 1973;12:543-550.
    • (1973) J Verbal Learn Verbal Behav , vol.12 , pp. 543-550
    • Buschke, H.1
  • 52
    • 84946642987 scopus 로고
    • A standardized memory scale for clinical use
    • Wechsler D. A standardized memory scale for clinical use. J Psychol. 1945;19:87-95.
    • (1945) J Psychol , vol.19 , pp. 87-95
    • Wechsler, D.1
  • 53
    • 41849089309 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fuld PA. The Fuld Object-Memory Evaluation. Chicago: Stoelting Instrument Co; 1981.
    • Fuld PA. The Fuld Object-Memory Evaluation. Chicago: Stoelting Instrument Co; 1981.
  • 54
    • 0024828217 scopus 로고
    • The development and validation of a test battery for detecting and monitoring everyday memory problems
    • Wilson B, Cockburn J, Baddeley AD, et al. The development and validation of a test battery for detecting and monitoring everyday memory problems. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 1989;11:855-870.
    • (1989) J Clin Exp Neuropsychol , vol.11 , pp. 855-870
    • Wilson, B.1    Cockburn, J.2    Baddeley, A.D.3
  • 55
    • 0034577779 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and cognitive effects of right unilateral electroconvulsive therapy
    • Ng C, Schweitzer I, Alexopoulos P, et al. Efficacy and cognitive effects of right unilateral electroconvulsive therapy. J ECT. 2000;16:370-379.
    • (2000) J ECT , vol.16 , pp. 370-379
    • Ng, C.1    Schweitzer, I.2    Alexopoulos, P.3
  • 56
    • 33845708056 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The cognitive effects of electroconvulsive therapy in community settings
    • Sackeim HA, Prudic J, Fuller R, et al. The cognitive effects of electroconvulsive therapy in community settings. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2007;32:244-254.
    • (2007) Neuropsychopharmacology , vol.32 , pp. 244-254
    • Sackeim, H.A.1    Prudic, J.2    Fuller, R.3
  • 57
    • 0029019892 scopus 로고
    • Predictors of retrograde amnesia following ECT
    • Sobin C, Sackeim HA, Prudic J, et al. Predictors of retrograde amnesia following ECT. Am J Psychiatry. 1995;152:995-1001.
    • (1995) Am J Psychiatry , vol.152 , pp. 995-1001
    • Sobin, C.1    Sackeim, H.A.2    Prudic, J.3
  • 58
    • 34249854347 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Specificity of autobiographical memory in depressed older adults and its relationship with working memory and IQ
    • Birch LS, Davidson KM. Specificity of autobiographical memory in depressed older adults and its relationship with working memory and IQ. Br J Clin Psychol. 2007;46:175-186.
    • (2007) Br J Clin Psychol , vol.46 , pp. 175-186
    • Birch, L.S.1    Davidson, K.M.2
  • 59
    • 0024021048 scopus 로고
    • Stability and change in adult intelligence: II. Simultaneous analysis of longitudinal means and covariance structures
    • Hertzog C, Schaie KW. Stability and change in adult intelligence: II. Simultaneous analysis of longitudinal means and covariance structures. Psychol Aging. 1988;3:122-130.
    • (1988) Psychol Aging , vol.3 , pp. 122-130
    • Hertzog, C.1    Schaie, K.W.2
  • 60
    • 0007769620 scopus 로고
    • Rigidity-flexibility and intelligence: A cross-sectional study of the adult life-span from 20 to 70
    • Schaie KW. Rigidity-flexibility and intelligence: a cross-sectional study of the adult life-span from 20 to 70. Psychol Monogr. 1958;72.
    • (1958) Psychol Monogr , pp. 72
    • Schaie, K.W.1
  • 61
    • 0000180676 scopus 로고
    • Fourteen-year cohort-sequential studies of adult intellectual development
    • Schaie KW, Hertzog C. Fourteen-year cohort-sequential studies of adult intellectual development. Dev Psychol. 1983;19:531-543.
    • (1983) Dev Psychol , vol.19 , pp. 531-543
    • Schaie, K.W.1    Hertzog, C.2
  • 62
    • 0029985928 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is depression in elderly people followed by dementia? A retrospective cohort study based in general practice
    • Buntinx F, Kester A, Bergers J, et al. Is depression in elderly people followed by dementia? A retrospective cohort study based in general practice. Age Ageing. 1996;25:231-233.
    • (1996) Age Ageing , vol.25 , pp. 231-233
    • Buntinx, F.1    Kester, A.2    Bergers, J.3
  • 63
    • 34249934224 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term outcome of depressive pseudodementia in the elderly
    • Sáez-Fonseca JA, Lee L, Walker Z. Long-term outcome of depressive pseudodementia in the elderly. J Affect Disord. 2007;101:123-129.
    • (2007) J Affect Disord , vol.101 , pp. 123-129
    • Sáez-Fonseca, J.A.1    Lee, L.2    Walker, Z.3
  • 65
    • 0029609365 scopus 로고
    • Subjective side effects during electroconvulsive therapy
    • Devanand DP, Fitzsimons L, Prudic J, et al. Subjective side effects during electroconvulsive therapy. J ECT. 1995;11:232-240.
    • (1995) J ECT , vol.11 , pp. 232-240
    • Devanand, D.P.1    Fitzsimons, L.2    Prudic, J.3
  • 66
    • 34548822135 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of electro-convulsive therapy on the speed of information processing in major depression
    • Tsourtos G, Spong J, Stough C. The effects of electro-convulsive therapy on the speed of information processing in major depression. J Affect Disord. 2007;103:263-266.
    • (2007) J Affect Disord , vol.103 , pp. 263-266
    • Tsourtos, G.1    Spong, J.2    Stough, C.3
  • 67
    • 0030297371 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electroconvulsive therapy in the very old
    • Casey DA, Davis MH. Electroconvulsive therapy in the very old. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 1996;18:436-439.
    • (1996) Gen Hosp Psychiatry , vol.18 , pp. 436-439
    • Casey, D.A.1    Davis, M.H.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.