IGG practice guidelines on germ cell tumor in adult male patients

Tumori

Volumn 94, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 96-109

  De Giorgi, Ugo ^a   Nicolai, Nicola ^b   Tana, Silvia ^b   Tavolini, Ivan Matteo ^c   Palazzi, Silvia ^d   Bracarda, Sergio ^e   Tedeschi, Lucilla ^f   Palmieri, Giovannella ^g   Frassineti, Luca ^h   Da Pozzo, Luigi ⁱ   Pastorino, Ugo ^b   Emiliani, Ermanno ^d   Marangolo, Maurizio ^d   Pizzocaro, Giorgio ^j   Rosti, Giovanni ^k   Salvioni, Roberto ^b  

^a VITO FAZZI HOSPITAL   (Italy)

^b NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE   (Italy)

^c Ospedale SS Giovanni e Paolo   (Italy)

^d SANTA MARIA DELLE CROCI HOSPITAL   (Italy)

^e SANTA MARIA DELLA MISERICORDIA HOSPITAL   (Italy)

^f SAN CARLO BORROMEO HOSPITAL   (Italy)

^g UNIVERSITY OF NAPLES FEDERICO II   (Italy)

^h ISTITUTO ONCOLOGICO ROMAGNOLO   (Italy)

ⁱ Hospitale San Raffaele   (Italy)

^j UNIVERSITY OF MILAN   (Italy)

^k OSPEDALE CA FONCELLO   (Italy)

more..

Author keywords

Germ cell tumor; Guidelines; Non seminoma; Seminoma; Testicular cancer

Indexed keywords

BLEOMYCIN; CISPLATIN; ETOPOSIDE; IFOSFAMIDE;

ADULT; ALGORITHM; CANCER ADJUVANT THERAPY; CANCER RELAPSE; CANCER STAGING; CLINICAL PRACTICE; CLINICAL PROTOCOL; CORRELATION ANALYSIS; FOLLOW UP; GERM CELL TUMOR; HUMAN; MALE; MORBIDITY; ORCHIECTOMY; ORGANIZATION; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PROGNOSIS; RARE DISEASE; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SEMEN ANALYSIS; SURVIVAL RATE;

EID: 41749123747     PISSN: 03008916     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/030089160809400118     Document Type: Review

References (95)

1. Collette L, Sylvester RJ, Stenning SP, Fossa SD, Mead GM, de Wit R, de Mulder PH, Neymark N, Lallemand E, Kaye SB: Impact of the treating institution on survival of patients with "poor-prognosis" metastatic nonseminoma. European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Genito-Urinary Tract Cancer Collaborative Group and the Medical Research Council Testicular Cancer Working Party. J Natl Cancer Inst, 91: 839-846, 1999.
2. van Dijk MR, Steyerberg EW, Habbema JD: Survival of non-seminomatous germ cell cancer patients according to the IGCC classification: An update based on meta-analysis. Eur J Cancer, 42: 820-826, 2006.
3. Albers P, Albrecht W, Algaba F, Bokemeyer C, Cohn-Cedermark G, Horwich A, Klepp O, Laguna MP, Pizzocaro G: Guidelines on testicular cancer. Eur Urol, 48: 885-894, 2005.
4. Schmoll HJ, Souchon R, Krege S, Albers P, Beyer J, Kollmannsberger C, Fossa SD, Skakkebaek NE, de Wit R, Fizazi K, Droz JP, Pizzocaro G, Daugaard G, de Mulder PHM, Horwich A, Oliver T, Huddart R, Rosti G, Paz Ares L, Pont O, Hartmann JT, Aass N, Algaba F, Bamberg M, Bodrogi I, Bokemeyer C, Classen J, Clemm S, Culine S, de Wit M, Derigs HG, Dieckmann KP, Flasshove M, Garcia del Muro X, Gerl A, Germa-Lluch JR, Hartmann M, Heidenreich A, Hoeltl W, Joffe J, Jones W, Kaiser G, Klepp O, Kliesch S, Kisbenedek L, Koehrmann KU, Kuczyk M, Laguna MP, Leiva O, Loy V, Mason MD, Mead GM, Mueller RP, Nicolai N, Oosterhof GON, Pottek T, Rick O, Schmidberger H, Sedlmayer F, Siegert W, Studer U, Tjulandin S, von der Maase H, Walz P, Weinknecht S, Weissbach L, Winter E, Wittekind C: European consensus on diagnosis and treatment of germ cell cancer: a report of the European Germ Cell Cancer Consensus Group (EGCCCG). Ann Oncol, 15: 1377-1399, 2004.
5. Gori S, Porrozzi S, Roila F, Gatta G, De Giorgi U, Marangolo M: Germ cell tumours of the testis. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol, 53: 141-164, 2005.
6. National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. Testicular Cancer Version 1/2007. Available at: http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/PDF/testicular.pdf
7. National Cancer Institute - PDQ. Testicular Cancer Last Modified: March 15, 2006. Available at: http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/ testicular/health-professional/
8. Parkin DM, Whelan SL, Ferlay J, Teppo L, Thomas DB: Cancer incidence in five continents, vol. VIII. IARC Scientific Publications No. 155. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2002.
9. Huyghe E, Matsuda T, Thonneau P: Increasing incidence of testicular cancer worldwide: a review. J Urol, 170: 5-11, 2003.
10. Heidenreich A, Weissbach L, Höltl W, Albers P, Kliesch S, Köhrmann KU, Dieckmann KP: Organ sparing surgery for malignant germ cell tumor of the testis. J Urol, 166: 2161-2165, 2001.
11. Pizzocaro G, Nicolai N, Salvioni R, Piva L, Faustini M, Zanoni F, Milani A: Comparison between clinical and pathological staging in low stage nonseminomatous germ cell testicular tumors. J Urol, 148: 76, 1992.
12. May M, Helke C, Nitzke T, Seehafer M, Vogler H, Hoschke B: Diagnostic value of tumour marker regression models in stage 1 marker-positive testicular cancer. Urol Int, 73: 329-336, 2004.
13. Donohue JP, Foster RS: Retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy in staging and treatment. The development of nervesparing techniques. Urol Clin North Am, 25: 461, 1998.
14. Leibovitch L, Foster RS, Kopecky KK, Donohue JP: Improved accuracy of computerized tomography based clinical staging in low stage nonseminomatous germ cell tumor using size criteria of retroperitoneal lymph nodes. J Urol, 154: 1759-1763, 1995.
15. Magelssen H, Haugen TB, von During V, Melve KK, Sandstad B, Fossa SD: Twenty years experience with semen cryopreservation in testicular cancer patients: who needs it? Eur Urol, 48: 779-785, 2005.
16. th Edition. Springer-Verlag, New York, 2002.
17. International Germ Cell Consensus Classification: A prognostic factor-based staging system for metastatic germ cell cancers. International Germ Cell Cancer Collaborative Group. J Clin Oncol, 15: 594-603, 1997.
18. Rajpert-De Meyts E, Giwercman A, Skakkebaek NE: Carcinoma in situ of the testis, a precursor of testicular germ cell cancer: biological and clinical aspects. In: Comprehensive textbook of genitourinary oncology, Second Edition, Vogelzang NJ, Scardino PT, Shipley WU, Coffey DS (Eds), Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. Baltimore, 897-908, 2000.
19. Hoei-Hansen CE, Rajpert-De Meyts E, Daugaard G, Skakkebaek NE: Carcinoma in situ testis, the progenitor of testicular germ cell tumours: a clinical review. Ann Oncol, 16: 863-868, 2005.
20. Giwercman A, Cantell L, Marks A: Placental-like alkaline phosphatase as a marker of carcinoma-in-situ of the testis. Comparison with monoclonal antibodies M2A and 43-9E APMIS, 99: 586-594, 1991.
21. Giwercman A, Müller J, Skakkebaek NE: Prevalence of carcinoma in situ and other histopathological abnormalities in testes from 399 men who died suddenly and unexpectedly. J Urol, 145: 77-80, 1991.
22. Gouveia Brazao CA, Pierik FH, Oosterhuis JW, Dohle GR, Looijenga LH, Weber RF: Bilateral testicular microlithiasis predicts the presence of the precursor of testicular germ cell tumors in subfertile men. J Urol, 171: 158-160, 2004.
23. Giwercman A, Bruun E, Frimodt-Moller C, Skakkebaek NE: Prevalence of carcinoma in situ and other histopathological abnormalities in testes of men with a history of cryptorchidism. J Urol, 142: 998-1002, 1989.
24. Harland SJ, Cook PA, Fossa SD, Horwich A, Mead GM, Parkinson MC, Roberts JT, Stenning SP: Intratubular germ cell neoplasia of contralateral testis in testicular cancer: defining high risk group. J Urol, 160: 1353-1357, 1998.
25. Tabernero J, Paz-Ares L, Salazar R, Lianes P, Guerra J, Borras J, Villavicencio H, Leiva O, Cortés-Funes H: Incidence of contralateral germ cell testicular tumors in South Europe: report of the experience at 2 Spanish university hospitals and review of the literature. J Urol, 171: 164-167, 2004.
26. Tavolini IM, Bettella A, Boscolo Berto R, Bassi P, Longo R, Menegazzo M, Garolla A, Foresta C: Immunostaining for placental alkaline phosphatase on fine-needle aspiration specimen to detect noninvasive testicular cancer: a prospective evaluation in cryptorchid men. BJU Intern, 97: 950-954, 2006.
27. Skakkebaek NE, Berthelsen JG, Müller J: Carcinoma in situ of the undescended testis. Urol Clin North Am, 9: 377-385, 1982.
28. Warde P, Specht L, Horwich A, Oliver T, Panzarella T, Gospodarowicz M, von der Maase: Prognostic factors for relapse in stage I seminoma managed by surveillance: a pooled analysis. J Clin Oncol, 20: 4448-4452, 2002.
29. Aparicio J, Germa JR, Garcia del Muro X, Maroto P, Arranz JA, Saenz A, Barnadas A, Dorca J, Guma J, Olmos D, Bastus R, Carles J, Almenar D, Sanchez M, Paz-Ares L, Satrustegui JJ, Mellado B, Balil A, Lopez-Brea M, Sanchez A: Risk-adaptive management for patients with clinical stage I seminoma: the second Spanish Germ Cell Cancer Cooperative Group Study. J Clin Oncol, 23: 8717-8723, 2005.
30. Travis LB, Curtis RE, Storm H, Hall P, Holowaty E, Van Leeuwen FE, Kohler BA, Pukkala E, Lynch CF, Andersson M, Bergfeldt K, Clarke EA, Wiklund T, Stoter G, Gospodarowicz M, Sturgeon J, Fraumeni JF Jr, Boice JD Jr: Risk of second malignant neoplasm among long-term survivors of testicular cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst, 89: 1429-1439, 1997.
31. Huddart RA, Norman A, Shahidi M, Horwich A, Coward D, Nicholls J, Dearnaley DP: Cardiovascular disease as a long-term complication of treatment for testicular cancer. J Clin Oncol, 21: 1513-1523, 2003.
32. Zagars GK, Ballo MT, Lee AK, Strom SS: Mortality after cure of testicular seminoma. J Clin Oncol, 22: 640-647, 2004.
33. van den Belt-Dusebout AW, Nuver J, de Wit R, Gietema JA, ten Bokkel Huinink WW, Rodrigus PT, Schimmel EC, Aleman BM, van Leeuwen FE: Long-term risk of cardiovascular disease in 5-year survivor of testicular cancer. J Clin Oncol, 24: 467-475, 2006.
34. Fossa SD, Horwich A, Russell JM, Roberts JT, Cullen MH, Hodson NJ, Jones WG, Yosef H, Duchesne GM, Owen JR, Grosch EJ, Chetiyawardana AD, Reed NS, Widmer B, Stenning SP: Optimal planning target volume for stage I testicular seminoma: a Medical Research Council randomized trial. J Clin Oncol, 17: 1146-1154, 1999.
35. Taylor MB, Carrington BM, Livsey JE, Logue JP: The effect of radiotherapy changes on sites of relapse in stage I testicular seminoma. Clin Radiol, 56: 116-119, 2001.
36. Jones WG, Fossa SD, Mead GM, Roberts JT, Sokal M, Horwich A, Stenning SP: Randomized trial of 30 versus 20 Gy in the adjuvant treatment of stage I testicular seminoma: a report on Medical Research Council Trial TE18, European Organisation of Research and Treatment of Cancer Trial 30942 (ISRCTN18525328). J Clin Oncol, 25: 1200-1208, 2005.
37. Oliver RT, Mason MD, Mead GM, von der Maase H, Rustin GJ, Joffe JK, de Wit R, Aass N, Graham JD, Coleman R, Kirk SJ, Stenning SP; MRC TE19 collaborators and the EORTC 30982 collaborators: Radiotherapy versus single-dose carboplatin in adjuvant treatment stage I seminoma: a randomized trial. Lancet, 366: 293-300, 2005.
38. Classen J, Schmidberger H, Meisner C, Souchon R, Sautter-Bihl ML, Sauer R, Weinknecht S, Köhrmann KU, Bamberg M: Radiotherapy for stages IIA/B testicular seminoma: final report of a prospective multicenter clinical trial. J Clin Oncol, 21: 1101-1106, 2003.
39. Chung PW, Gospodarowicz MK, Panzarella T, Jewett MA, Sturgeon JF, Tew-George B, Bayley AJ, Catton CN, Milosevic MF, Moore M, Warde PR: Stage II testicular seminoma: patterns of recurrence and outcome of treatment. Eur Urol, 45: 754-760, 2004.
40. Krege S, Souchon R, Schmoll HJ: Interdisciplinary consensus on diagnosis and treatment of testicular germ cell tumours: result of an updated conference on evidence-based medicine. Eur Urol, 40: 373-391, 2001.
41. Domont J, Laplanche A, de Crevoisier R, Theodore, P. Wibault, K. Fizazi: A risk-adapted strategy of radiotherapy and cisplatin-based chemotherapy in stage II seminoma: results of a 20-year experience. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol, 23: 4571 (abstr), 2005.
42. Albers P, Siener R, Kliesch S, Weissbach L, Krege S, Sparwasser C, Schulze H, Heidenreich A, de Riese W, Loy V, Bierhoff E, Wittekind C, Fimmers R, Hartmann M: Risk factors for relapse in clinical stage nonseminomatous testicular germ cell tumors: results of the German Testicular Cancer Study Group trial. J Clin Oncol, 21:1505-1512, 2003.
43. Madej G, Pawinski A: Risk-related adjuvant chemotherapy for stage I non-seminoma of the testis. Clin Oncol, 3: 270-272, 1991.
44. Freedman LS, Parkinson MC, Jones WG, Oliver RT, Peckham MJ, Read G, Newlands ES, Williams CJ: Histopathology in the prediction of relapse of patients with stage I testicular teratoma treated by orchiectomy alone. Lancet, 2: 294-298, 1987.
45. Read G, Stenning SP, Cullen MH, Parkinson MC, Horwich A, Kaye SB, Cook PA: Medical Research Council prospective study of surveillance for stage I testicular teratoma. Medical Research Council Testicular Tumors Working Party. J Clin Oncol, 10:1762, 1992.
46. Nicolai N, Miceli R, Artusi R, Piva L, Pizzocaro G: A simple model for predicting nodal metastasis in patients with clinical stage I nonseminomatous germ cell testicular tumors undergoing retroperitoneal lymph node dissection. J Urol, 171:172-176, 2004.
47. Pont J, Holtl W, Kosak D, Machacek E, Kienzer H, Julcher H, Honetz N: Risk-adapted treatment choice in stage I non-seminomatous testicular germ cell cancer by regarding vascular invasion in the primary tumor: a prospective trial. J Clin Oncol, 8: 16-19, 1990.
48. Cullen MH, Stenning SP, Parkinson MC, Fossa SD, Kaye SB, Horwich AH, Harland SJ, Williams MV, Jakes R: Short-course adjuvant chemotherapy in high-risk stage I non-seminomatous germ cell tumors of the testis: a Medical Research Council report. J Clin Oncol, 14:1106, 1996.
49. Nicolai N, Pizzocaro G: A surveillance study of clinical stage I nonseminomatous germ cell tumors of the testis: 10-year follow-up. J Urol, 154:1045, 1995.
50. Langstroer P, Rosen MA, Griebling TL, Thrasher B: Ejaculatory function in stage T1 nonseminomatous germ cell tumors: retroperitoneal lymph node dissection versus surveillance-a decision analysis. J Urol, 168:1396-1401, 2002.
51. Donohue JP, Thornhill JA, Foster RS, Rowland RG, Bihrle R: Retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy for clinical stage A testis cancer (1965 to 1989): modifications of technique and impact on ejaculation. J Urol, 149: 237, 1993.
52. Travis LB, Fosså SD, Schonfeld SJ, McMaster ML, Lynch CF, Storm H, Hall P, Holowaty E, Andersen A, Pukkala E, Andersson M, Kaijser M, Gospodarowicz M, Joensuu T, Cohen RJ, Boice JD Jr, Dores GM, Gilbert ES: Second cancers among 40,576 testicular cancer patients: focus on long-term survivors. J Natl Cancer Inst, 97: 1354-1365, 2005.
53. Culine S, Theodore C, Terrier-Lacombe MJ, Droz JP: Primary chemotherapy in patients with nonseminomatous germ cell tumors of the testis and biological disease only after orchiectomy. J Urol, 155: 1296-1298, 1996.
54. Davis BE, Herr HW, Fair WR, Bosl GJ: The management of patients with nonseminomatous germ cell tumors of the testis with serologic disease only after orchiectomy. J Urol, 152: 111-113, 1994.
55. Weissbach L, Bussar-Maatz R, Flechtner H, Pichlmeier U, Hartmann M, Keller L: RPLND or primary chemotherapy in clinical stage IIA/B nonseminomatous germ cell tumors? Results of a prospective multicenter trial including quality of life assessment. Eur Urol, 37: 582-594, 2000.
56. Neyer M, Peschel R, Akkad T, Springer-Stöhr B, Berger A, Bartsch G, Steiner H: Long-term results of laparoscopic retroperitoneal lymph-node dissection for clinical stage I non seminomatous germ-cell testicular cancer. J Endourol, 21: 180-183, 2007.
57. Pizzocaro G, Monfardini S: No adjuvant chemotherapy in selected patients with pathologic stage II nonseminomatous germ cell tumors of the testis. J Urol, 131: 677-680, 1984.
58. Williams SD, Stablein DM, Einhorn LH, Muggia FM, Weiss RB, Donohue JP, Paulson DF, Brunner KW, Jacobs EM, Spaulding JT: Immediate adjuvant chemotherapy versus observation with treatment at relapse in pathological stage II testicular cancer patients. N Engl J Med, 317:1433-1438, 1987.
59. Weissbach L, Hartlapp JH: Adjuvant chemotherapy of metastatic stage II nonseminomatous testis tumor. J Urol, 146: 1295-1298, 1991.
60. Kondagunta GV, Sheinfeld J, Mazumdar M, Mariani TV, Bajorin D, Bacik J, Bosl GJ, Motzer RJ: Relapse-free and overall survival in patients with pathologic stage II nonseminomatous germ cell cancer treated with etoposide and cisplatin adjuvant chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol, 22:464-467, 2004.
61. Gregory C, Peckham MJ: Results of radiotherapy for stage II testicular seminoma. Radiother Oncol, 6: 285-292, 1986.
62. Willan BD, McGowan DG: Seminoma of the testis: a 22-year experience with radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 11: 1769-1775, 1985.
63. de Wit R, Roberts JT, Wilkinson PM, de Mulder PH, Mead GM, Fossa SD, Cook P, de Prijck L, Stenning S, Collette L: Equivalence of three or four cycles of bleomycin, etoposide, and cisplatin chemotherapy and of a 3- or 5-day schedule in good-prognosis germ cell cancer: a randomized study of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Genitourinary Tract Cancer Cooperative Group and the Medical Research Council. J Clin Oncol, 19: 1629-1640, 2001.
64. Fossa SD, de Wit R, Roberts JT, Wilkinson PM, de Mulder PH, Mead GM, Cook P, de Prijck L, Stenning S, Aaronson NK, Bottomley A, Collette L: Quality of life in good prognosis patients with metastatic germ cell cancer: a prospective study of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Genitourinary Group/Medical Research Council Testicular Cancer Study Group (30941/TE20). J Clin Oncol, 21: 1107-1118, 2003.
65. Smith TJ, Khatcheressian J, Lyman GH, Ozer H, Armitage JO, Balducci L, Bennett CL, Cantor SB, Crawford J, Cross SJ, Demetri G, Desch CE, Pizzo PA, Schiffer CA, Schwartzberg L, Somerfield MR, Somlo G, Wade JC, Wade JL, Winn RJ, Wozniak AJ, Wolff AC: 2006 update of recommendations for the use of white blood cell growth factors: an evidence-based clinical practice guideline. J Clin Oncol, 24: 3187-3205, 2006.
66. De Santis M, Becherer A, Bokemeyer C, Stoiber F, Oechsle K, Sellner F, Lang A, Kletter K, Dohmen BM, Dittrich C, Pont J: 2-18fluoro-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography is a reliable predictor for viable tumor in postchemotherapy seminoma: an update of the prospective multicentric SEMPET trial. J Clin Oncol, 22:1034-1039, 2004.
67. De Giorgi U, Pupi A, Fiorentini G, Rosti G, Marangolo M: FDG-PET in the management of germ cell tumor. Ann Oncol, 16 (Suppl 4): iv90-iv94, 2005.
68. Lewis DA, Tann M, Kesler K, McCool A, Foster RS, Einhorn LH: Positron emission tomography scans in postchemotherapy seminoma patients with residual masses: a retrospective review from Indiana University Hospital. J Clin Oncol, 24: e54-e55, 2006.
69. Hendry WF, A'Hern RP, Hetherington JW, Peckham MJ, Dearnaley DP, Horwich A: Para-aortic lymphadenectomy after chemotherapy for metastatic non-seminomatous germ cell tumors: prognostic value and therapeutic benefit. Br J Urol, 71: 208-213, 1993.
70. Tekgul S, Özen HA, Celebi I, Ozgu I, Ergen A, Demircin M, Remzi D: Postchemotherapeutic surgery for metastatic testicular germ cell tumors: results of extended primary chemotherapy and limited surgery. Urology, 43: 349-354, 1994.
71. Fizazi K, Tjulandin S, Salvioni R, Germà-Lluch JR, Bouzy J, Ragan D, Bokemeyer C, Gerl A, Fléchon A, de Bono JS, Stenning S, Horwich A, Pont J, Albers P, De Giorgi U, Bower M, Bulanov A, Pizzocaro G, Aparicio J, Nichols CR, Théodore C, Hartmann JT, Schmoll HJ, Kaye SB, Culine S, Droz JP, Mahé C: Viable malignant cells after primary chemotherapy for disseminated nonseminomatous germ cell tumors: prognostic factors and role of postsurgery chemotherapy-results from an international study group. J Clin Oncol, 19: 2647-2657, 2001.
72. Fizazi K, Oldenburg J, Dunant A, Chen I, Salvioni R, Hartmann JT, De Santis M, Daugaard G, Flechon A, De Giorgi U, Tjulandin S, Schmoll HJ, Bouzy J, Fossa SD, Fromont G: Assessing prognosis and optimizing treatment in patients with post-chemotherapy viable non-seminomatous germcell tumors (NSGCT): results of the sCR2 International study. Ann Oncol, 19: 259-264, 2008.
73. Loehrer PJ, Gonin R, Nichols CR, Weathers T, Einhorn LH: Vinblastine plus iofosfamide plus cisplatin as initial salvage therapy in recurrent germ cell tumor. J Clin Oncol, 16: 2500-2504, 1998.
74. Beyer J, Rick O, Siegert W, Bokemeyer C: Salvage chemotherapy in relapsed germ cell tumor. Word J Urol, 19: 90-93, 2001.
75. Kondagunta GV, Motzer RJ: Chemotherapy for advanced germ cell tumors. J Clin Oncol, 24: 5493-5502, 2006.
76. Fossa SD, Stenning SP, Gerl A, Horwich A, Clark PI, Wilkinson PM, Jones WG, Williams MV, Oliver RT, Newlands ES, Mead GM, Cullen MH, Kaye SB, Rustin GJ, Cook PA: Prognostic factors in patients progressing after cisplatin-based chemotherapy for malignant non-seminomatous germ cell tumours. Br J Cancer, 80: 1392-1399, 1999.
77. De Giorgi U, Rosti G, Papiani G, Marangolo M: The status of high-dose chemotherapy with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in germ cell tumor patients. Haematologica, 87: 95-104, 2002.
78. Rosti G, De Giorgi U, Salvioni R, Papiani G, Sebastiani L, Argnani M, Monti G, Ferrante P, Pizzocaro G, Marangolo M: Salvage high-dose chemotherapy in patients with germ cell tumors: an Italian experience with 84 patients. Cancer, 95: 309-315, 2002.
79. Pico JL, Rosti G, Kramar A, Wandt H, Koza V, Salvioni R, Theodore C, Lelli G, Siegert W, Horwich A, Marangolo M, Linkesch W, Pizzocaro G, Schmoll HJ, Bouzy J, Droz JP, Biron P: A randomised trial of high-dose chemotherapy in the salvage treatment of patients failing first-line platinum chemotherapy for advanced germ cell tumours. Ann Oncol, 16: 1152-1159, 2005.
80. Einhorn LH, Williams SD, Chamness A, Brames MJ, Perkins SM, Abonour R: High-dose chemotherapy and stem-cell rescue for metastatic germ-cell tumors. N Engl J Med, 357: 340-348, 2007.
81. Lorch A, Kollmannsberger C, Hartmann JT, Metzner B, Schmidt-Wolf IG, Berdel WE, Weissinger F, Schleicher J, Egerer G, Haas A, Schirren R, Beyer J, Bokemeyer C, Rick O: Single versus sequential high-dose chemotherapy in patients with relapsed or refractory germ cell tumors: a prospective randomized multicenter trial of the German Testicular Cancer Study Group. J Clin Oncol, 25: 2778-2784, 2007.
82. Vaena DA, Abonour R, Einhorn LH: Long-term survival after high-dose salvage chemotherapy for germ cell malignancies with adverse prognostic variables. J Clin Oncol, 21: 4100-4104, 2003.
83. Beyer J, Kramar A, Mandanas R, Linkesch W, Greinix A, Droz JP, Pico JL, Diehl A, Bokemeyer C, Schmoll HJ, Nichols CR, Einhorn LH, Siegert W: High-dose chemotherapy as salvage treatment in germ cell tumors: a multivariate analysis of prognostic variables. J Clin Oncol, 14: 2638-2645, 1996.
84. Rosti G, De Giorgi U, Pedrazzoli P: Are metastatic testicular tumors curable with high-dose chemotherapy and stemcell rescue? Nat Clin Pract Oncol, 2007 Nov 27 [Epub ahead of print].
85. De Giorgi U, Demirer T, Wandt H, Taverna C, Siegert W, Bornhauser M, Kozak T, Papiani G, Ballardini M, Rosti G: Second-line high-dose chemotherapy in patients with mediastinal and retroperitoneal primary non-seminomatous germ cell tumors: the EBMT experience. Ann Oncol, 16: 146-151, 2005.
86. Banna GL, De Giorgi U, Ferrari B, Castagna L, Alloisio M, Marangolo M, Rosti G, Santoro A: Is high-dose chemotherapy after primary chemotherapy a therapeutic option for patients with primary mediastinal nonseminomatous germ cell tumor? Biol Blood Marrow Transplant, 12: 1085-1091, 2006.
87. Hinton S, Catalano P, Einhorn LH, Loehrer PJ Sr, Kuzel T, Vaughn D, Wilding G: Phase II study of paclitaxel plus gemcitabine in refractory germ cell tumors (E9897): a trial of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol, 20: 1859-1863, 2002.
88. De Giorgi U, Rosti G, Aieta M, Testore F, Burattini L, Fornarini G, Naglieri E, Lo Re G, Zumaglini F, Marangolo M: Phase II study of oxaliplatin and gemcitabine salvage chemotherapy in patients with cisplatin-refractory nonseminomatous germ cell tumor. Eur Urol, 50: 1032-1038, 2006.
89. Kollmannsberger C, Beyer J, Liersch R, Schoeffski P, Metzner B, Hartmann JT, Rick O, Stengele K, Hohloch K, Spott C, Kanz L, Bokemeyer C: Combination chemotherapy with gemcitabine plus oxaliplatin in patients with intensively pretreated or refractory germ cell cancer: a study of the German Testicular Cancer Study Group. J Clin Oncol, 22: 108-114, 2004.
90. De Giorgi U, Rosti G, Papiani G, Aieta M, Fochessati F, Paoluzzi L, Valduga F, Marangolo M: Weekly gemcitabine, paclitaxel, oxaliplatin combination chemotherapy in patients with cisplatin-refractory germ cell tumor: preliminary experience. Am J Clin Oncol, 27: 457-460, 2004.
91. Albers P, Ganz A, Hanning E, Miersch WD, Muller SC: Salvage surgery of chemorefractory germ cell tumors with elevated tumor markers. J Urol, 164: 381-384, 2000.
92. De Giorgi U, Tana S, Rosti G: Follow-up strategy of germ cell tumour patients. Ann Oncol, 17: 529-530, 2006.
93. Fizazi K, Chen I, Logothetis CJ: Germ-cell tumor survivors: the price for cure. Ann Oncol, 13: 187-189, 2002.
94. Huddart RA, Norman A, Moynihan C, Horwich A, Parker C, Nicholls E, Dearnaley DP: Fertility, gonadal and sexual function in survivors of testicular cancer. Br J Cancer, 93: 200-207, 2005.
95. Sagstuen H, Aass N, Fosså SD, Dahl O, Klepp O, Wist EA, Wilsgaard T, Bremnes RM: Blood pressure and body mass index in long-term survivors of testicular cancer. J Clin Oncol, 23: 4980-4990, 2005.