Fig wasps: A staple food for ants on Ficus

Biotropica

Volumn 40, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 190-195

  Schatz, Bertrand ^a   Kjellberg, Finn ^a   Nyawa, Samhan ^b   Hossaert McKey, Martine ^a  

^a CENTRE D ECOLOGIE FONCTIONNELLE ET EVOLUTIVE   (France)

^b Natural History Section   (Brunei Darussalam)

Author keywords

Borneo; Crematogaster; Dioecious figs; Multitrophic interactions; Oecophylla smaragdina; Predation

Indexed keywords

ABUNDANCE; ANT; DECIDUOUS TREE; DIVERGENCE; DOMINANCE; FOOD AVAILABILITY; MUTUALISM; PREDATION; RELIABILITY ANALYSIS; TRITROPHIC INTERACTION; WASP;

AGAONIDAE; FORMICIDAE; HEMIPTERA; OECOPHYLLA SMARAGDINA;

EID: 41549145819     PISSN: 00063606     EISSN: 17447429     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7429.2007.00352.x     Document Type: Article

References (36)

1. Anstett, M.-C., M. Hossaert-Mckey, and F. Kjellberg. 1997. Figs and fig pollinators: Evolutionary conflict in a coevolved mutualism. Trends Ecol. Evol. 12 : 94 99.
2. Ashman, T. L., and E. A. King. 2005. Are flower-visiting ants mutualists or antagonists? A study in a gynodioecious wild strawberry. Am. J. Bot. 92 : 891 895.
3. Bell, W. J. 1991. Searching behaviour. The behavioural ecology of finding resources. 358 pp Chapman and Hall, New York, New York.
4. Bronstein, J. L. 1988. Predators of fig wasps. Biotropica 20 : 215 219.
5. Bronstein, J. L. 2001. The exploitation of mutualisms. Ecol. Lett. 4 : 277 287.
6. Bronstein, J. L. 2003. The scope for exploitation within mutualistic interactions. In P. Hammerstein (Ed Genetic and cultural evolution of cooperation, pp. 185 202. MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
7. Cook, J. M., and J. Y. Rasplus. 2003. Mutualists with attitude: Coevolving fig wasps and figs. Trends Ecol. Evol. 18 : 241 247.
8. Compton, S. G., and H. G. Robertson. 1988. Complex interactions between mutualisms: Ants tending homopterans protect fig seeds and pollinators. Ecology 69 : 1302 1305.
9. Compton, S. G., and H. G. Robertson. 1991. Effects of ant-homopteran systems on fig-fig wasp interactions. In C. R. Huxley and D. F. Cutler (Eds Ant-plant interactions, pp. 120 130. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
10. Cushman, J. H., S. G. Compton, C. Zachariades, A. B. Ware, R. J. C. Nefdt, and V. K. Rashbrook. 1998. Geographic and taxonomic distribution of a positive interaction: Ant-tended homopterans indirectly benefit figs across southern Africa. Oecologia 116 : 373 380.
11. Debout, G., B. Schatz, and D. McKey. 2005. Comparison of foraging behaviour in two plant-ants, the mutualist P. phylax and the C. mckeyi mutualism parasite. Insectes Sociaux 43 : 111 118.
12. Dejean, A., T. Bourgoin, and M. Gibernau. 1997. Ant species that protect figs against other ants: Result of territoriality induced by a mutualistic homopteran. Ecoscience 4 : 446 453.
13. Frank, S. A. 1984. The behavior and morphology of the fig wasps Pegoscapus assuetus and P. jimenezi: Descriptions and suggested behavioral characters for phylogenetic studies. Psyche 91 : 289 308.
14. Galil, J. 1977. Fig biology. Endeavour 1 : 52 56.
15. Heil, M., and D. McKey. 2003. Protective ant-plant interactions as model systems in ecological and evolutionary research. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 34 : 425 553.
16. Hölldobler, B., and E. O. Wilson. 1990. The ants. Harvard University Press. Cambridge, Massachusetts.
17. Janzen, D. H. 1979. How to be a fig. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 10 : 13 51.
18. Jousselin, E., J.-Y. Rasplus, and F. Kjellberg. 2003. Convergence and coevolution in a mutualism: Evidence from a molecular phylogeny of Ficus. Evolution 57 : 1255 1269.
19. Kerdelhué, C., and J.-Y. Rasplus. 1996. Non-pollinating Afro-tropical fig wasps affect the fig-pollinator mutualism in Ficus within the subgenus Sycomorus. Oikos 75 : 3 14.
20. Kjellberg, F., P. H. Gouyon, M. Ibrahim, M. Raymond, and G. Valdeyron. 1987. The stability of the symbiosis between dioecious figs and their pollinators: A study of Ficus carica L. and Blastophaga psenes L. Evolution 41 : 693 704.
21. Kjellberg, F., E. Jousselin, M. Hossaert-McKey, and J.-Y. Rasplus. 2005. Biology, ecology, and evolution of fig-pollinating wasps (Chalcidoidea, Agaonidae). In A. Raman, C. W. Schaefer, and T. M. Withers (Eds Biology, ecology, and evolution of gall-inducing arthropods, pp. 539 572. Science Publishers, Inc., Enfield, New Hampshire.
22. Michaloud, G., and A. Devez. 1982. Figuiers tropicaux et pollinisateurs - relations symbiotiques. Film. Service du Film de la Recherche Scientifique, Vanves, France.
23. Morris, W. F., J. L. Bronstein, and W. G. Wilson. 2003. Three-way coexistence in obligate mutualist-exploiter interaction: The potential role of competition. Am. Nat. 161 : 860 875.
24. Orians, G. H., and N. E. Pearson. 1979. On the theory of central place foraging. In D. J. Horn, G. R. Stairs, and R. D. Mitchell (Eds Analysis of ecological systems, pp. 155 177. Ohio State University Press, Columbus, Ohio.
25. Patel, A., M. C. Anstett, F. Kjellberg, and M. Hossaert-McKey. 1995. Pollinators entering female dioecious figs: Why commit suicide? J. Evol. Biol. 8 : 301 313.
26. SAS, 1999. SAS Institute Inc., 8.02. Cary, North Carolina.
27. Schatz, B., and M. Hossaert-McKey. 2003. Interactions of the ant Crematogaster scutellaris with the fig/fig wasp mutualism. Ecol. Entomol. 28 : 359 368.
28. Schatz, B., M. C. Anstett, W. Out, and M. Hossaert-McKey. 2003. Olfactory prey detection of fig wasps by the ant Crematogaster scutellaris (Formicidae; Myrmicinae). Naturwissenschaften 90 : 456 459.
29. Schatz, B., J. P. Lachaud, and G. Beugnon. 1999. Prey density and polyethism within hunters in the ponerine ant Ectatomma ruidum Roger. Sociobiology 34 : 605 617.
30. Schatz, B., M. Proffit, B. V. Rakhi, R. Borges, and M. Hossaert-McKey. 2006. Complex interactions on fig trees: Ants capturing parasitic wasps are indirect mutualists of the fig-fig wasp interaction. Oikos 113 : 344 352.
31. Schatz, B., and W. T. Wcislo. 1999. Ambush predation by the ponerine ant Ectatomma ruidum Roger (Formicidae) on a sweat bee Lasioglossum umbripenne (Halictidae), in Panama. J. Insect Behav. 12 : 641 663.
32. Stephen, D. W., and J. R. Krebs. 1986. Foraging theory. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.
33. Traniello, J. F. A. 1989. Foraging strategies of ants. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 34 : 191 210.
34. Weiblen, G. D. 2002. How to be a fig wasp? Ann. Rev. Entomol. 47 : 299 330.
35. Yu, D. W. 2001. Parasites of mutualisms. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 72 : 529 546.
36. Zachariades, C. 1994. Complex interactions involving the Cape fig, Ficus sur Forsskål, and its associated insects. PhD Dissertation, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa.