메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 24, Issue 6, 2003, Pages 520-535

Feedback-driven response to multidecadal climatic variability at an alpine treeline

Author keywords

Alpine; Ecotone; Pacific Decadal Oscillation; Seedling establishment; Snow; Tree rings

Indexed keywords

CLIMATE VARIATION; DECADAL VARIATION; PACIFIC DECADAL OSCILLATION; REFORESTATION; SEEDLING; TREELINE;

EID: 4143092511     PISSN: 02723646     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2747/0272-3646.24.6.520     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (45)

References (83)
  • 1
    • 0021632218 scopus 로고
    • Subalpine tree establishment after fire in the Olympic Mountains, Washington
    • Agee, J. K. and Smith, L. (1984) Subalpine tree establishment after fire in the Olympic Mountains, Washington. Ecology, Vol. 65, 810-819.
    • (1984) Ecology , vol.65 , pp. 810-819
    • Agee, J.K.1    Smith, L.2
  • 2
    • 1942476946 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Directional positive feedback and pattern at an alpine tree line
    • Alftine, K. J. and Malanson, G. P. (2004) Directional positive feedback and pattern at an alpine tree line. Journal of Vegetation Science, Vol. 15, 3-12.
    • (2004) Journal of Vegetation Science , vol.15 , pp. 3-12
    • Alftine, K.J.1    Malanson, G.P.2
  • 3
    • 0000190767 scopus 로고
    • A simple pith locator for use with off-center increment cores
    • Applequist, M. B. (1958) A simple pith locator for use with off-center increment cores. Journal of Forestry, Vol. 56, 141.
    • (1958) Journal of Forestry , vol.56 , pp. 141
    • Applequist, M.B.1
  • 4
    • 0000884752 scopus 로고
    • Deep undercooling of tissue water and winter hardiness limitations in timberline flora
    • Becwar, M. R., Rajashekar, C., Bristow, K. J. H., and Burke, M. F. (1981) Deep undercooling of tissue water and winter hardiness limitations in timberline flora. Plant Physiology, Vol. 68, 111-114.
    • (1981) Plant Physiology , vol.68 , pp. 111-114
    • Becwar, M.R.1    Rajashekar, C.2    Bristow, K.J.H.3    Burke, M.F.4
  • 5
    • 0001411796 scopus 로고
    • Vegetational pattern near timberline as affected by fire-snowdrift interactions
    • Billings, W. D. (1969) Vegetational pattern near timberline as affected by fire-snowdrift interactions. Vegetatio, Vol. 19, 192-207.
    • (1969) Vegetatio , vol.19 , pp. 192-207
    • Billings, W.D.1
  • 6
    • 0022851851 scopus 로고
    • Conifer invasion of subalpine meadows, central Lemhi Mountains, Idaho
    • Butler, D. R. (1986) Conifer invasion of subalpine meadows, central Lemhi Mountains, Idaho. Northwest Science, Vol. 60, 166-173.
    • (1986) Northwest Science , vol.60 , pp. 166-173
    • Butler, D.R.1
  • 7
    • 0000989457 scopus 로고
    • Stability of alpine treeline in Glacier National Park, Montana, U.S.A
    • Butler, D. R., Malanson, G. P., and Cairns, D. M. (1994) Stability of alpine treeline in Glacier National Park, Montana, U.S.A. Phytocoenologia, Vol. 22, 485-500.
    • (1994) Phytocoenologia , vol.22 , pp. 485-500
    • Butler, D.R.1    Malanson, G.P.2    Cairns, D.M.3
  • 8
    • 0141941280 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lithologic, structural, and geomorphic controls on ribbon forest patterns
    • Butler, D. R., Malanson, G. P., Bekker, M. F., and Resler, L. M. (2003) Lithologic, structural, and geomorphic controls on ribbon forest patterns. Geomorphology, Vol. 55, 203-217.
    • (2003) Geomorphology , vol.55 , pp. 203-217
    • Butler, D.R.1    Malanson, G.P.2    Bekker, M.F.3    Resler, L.M.4
  • 10
    • 0037246602 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sigmoid wave transitions at alpine treeline
    • Cairns, D. M. and Waldron, J. D. (2003). Sigmoid wave transitions at alpine treeline. Geografiska Annaler, Vol. 85A, 115-126.
    • (2003) Geografiska Annaler , vol.85 , pp. 115-126
    • Cairns, D.M.1    Waldron, J.D.2
  • 11
    • 0026296022 scopus 로고
    • Holocene fluctuations in the northern San Juan Mountains, Colorado, USA, as indicated by radio-carbon-dated conifer wood
    • Carrara, P. E., Trimble, D. A., and Rubin, M. (1991) Holocene fluctuations in the northern San Juan Mountains, Colorado, USA, as indicated by radio-carbon-dated conifer wood. Arctic and Alpine Research, Vol. 23, 233-246.
    • (1991) Arctic and Alpine Research , vol.23 , pp. 233-246
    • Carrara, P.E.1    Trimble, D.A.2    Rubin, M.3
  • 12
    • 0028795319 scopus 로고
    • The dendrochronological characteristics of alpine larch
    • Colenutt, M. E. and Luckman, B. H. (1995). The dendrochronological characteristics of alpine larch. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Vol. 25, 777-789.
    • (1995) Canadian Journal of Forest Research , vol.25 , pp. 777-789
    • Colenutt, M.E.1    Luckman, B.H.2
  • 13
    • 0022241346 scopus 로고
    • Seedling establishment by conifers above tree limit on Niwot Ridge, Front Range, Colorado, USA
    • Daly, C. and Shankman, D. (1985) Seedling establishment by conifers above tree limit on Niwot Ridge, Front Range, Colorado, USA. Arctic and Alpine Research, Vol. 17, 389-400.
    • (1985) Arctic and Alpine Research , vol.17 , pp. 389-400
    • Daly, C.1    Shankman, D.2
  • 14
    • 0041731580 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Altitudinal treelines of the southern Andes near 40 degrees S-1
    • Daniels, L. D. and Veblen, T. T. (2003) Altitudinal treelines of the southern Andes near 40 degrees S-1. Forestry Chronicle, Vol. 79, 237-241.
    • (2003) Forestry Chronicle , vol.79 , pp. 237-241
    • Daniels, L.D.1    Veblen, T.T.2
  • 15
    • 0032454277 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Timberline and environmental change: The importance of scale and space for the study of high altitude ecosystems
    • Didier, L. and Brun, J. J. (1998) Timberline and environmental change: The importance of scale and space for the study of high altitude ecosystems. Geographie Physique et Quaternaire, Vol. 52, 245-253.
    • (1998) Geographie Physique Et Quaternaire , vol.52 , pp. 245-253
    • Didier, L.1    Brun, J.J.2
  • 16
    • 0012054002 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reconstructing salmon abundance in rivers: An initial dendrochronological evaluation
    • Drake, D. C., Naiman, R. J., and Helfield, J. M. (2002) Reconstructing salmon abundance in rivers: An initial dendrochronological evaluation. Ecology, Vol. 83, 2971-2977.
    • (2002) Ecology , vol.83 , pp. 2971-2977
    • Drake, D.C.1    Naiman, R.J.2    Helfield, J.M.3
  • 17
    • 0034933175 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seed rain, soil seed bank, seedling recruitment, and survival of seedlings on a glacier foreland in the Central Alps
    • Erschbamer, B., Kneringer, E., and Schlag, R. N. (2001) Seed rain, soil seed bank, seedling recruitment, and survival of seedlings on a glacier foreland in the Central Alps. Flora, Vol. 196, 304-312.
    • (2001) Flora , vol.196 , pp. 304-312
    • Erschbamer, B.1    Kneringer, E.2    Schlag, R.N.3
  • 18
    • 0041767998 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Taking the pulse of mountains: Ecosystem responses to climatic variability
    • Fagre, D. B., Peterson, D. L., and Hessl, A. E. (2003) Taking the pulse of mountains: Ecosystem responses to climatic variability. Climatic Change, Vol. 59, 263-282.
    • (2003) Climatic Change , vol.59 , pp. 263-282
    • Fagre, D.B.1    Peterson, D.L.2    Hessl, A.E.3
  • 20
    • 0001570654 scopus 로고
    • Invasion of subalpine meadows by trees in the Cascade Range, Washington and Oregon
    • Franklin, J. F., Moir, W. H., Douglas, G. W., and Wiberg, C. (1971) Invasion of subalpine meadows by trees in the Cascade Range, Washington and Oregon. Arctic and Alpine Research, Vol. 3, 215-224.
    • (1971) Arctic and Alpine Research , vol.3 , pp. 215-224
    • Franklin, J.F.1    Moir, W.H.2    Douglas, G.W.3    Wiberg, C.4
  • 22
    • 0036034245 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conifer seedling distribution and survival in an alpine-treeline ecotone
    • Germino, M. J., Smith, W. K., and Resor, A. C. (2002) Conifer seedling distribution and survival in an alpine-treeline ecotone. Plant Ecology, Vol. 162, 157-168.
    • (2002) Plant Ecology , vol.162 , pp. 157-168
    • Germino, M.J.1    Smith, W.K.2    Resor, A.C.3
  • 25
    • 0037315295 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeled climate-induced glacier change in Glacier National Park, 1850-2100
    • Hall, M. H. P. and Fagre, D. B. (2003) Modeled climate-induced glacier change in Glacier National Park, 1850-2100. BioScience, Vol. 53, 131-140.
    • (2003) Bioscience , vol.53 , pp. 131-140
    • Hall, M.H.P.1    Fagre, D.B.2
  • 26
    • 0022843157 scopus 로고
    • Influence of increasing elevation on growth characteristics at timberline
    • Hansen-Bristow, K. J. (1986) Influence of increasing elevation on growth characteristics at timberline. Canadian Journal of Botany, Vol. 64, 2517-2523.
    • (1986) Canadian Journal of Botany , vol.64 , pp. 2517-2523
    • Hansen-Bristow, K.J.1
  • 27
    • 0033744926 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Empirical evidence for North Pacific regime shifts in 1977 and 1989
    • Hare, S. R. and Mantua, N. J. (2000) Empirical evidence for North Pacific regime shifts in 1977 and 1989. Progress in Oceanography, Vol. 47, 103-145.
    • (2000) Progress in Oceanography , vol.47 , pp. 103-145
    • Hare, S.R.1    Mantua, N.J.2
  • 28
    • 17144437468 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seedling occurrence in alpine treeline conifers: A case study from the central Rocky Mountains, USA
    • Hattenschwiler, S. and Smith, W. K. (1999) Seedling occurrence in alpine treeline conifers: A case study from the central Rocky Mountains, USA. Acta Oecologica, Vol. 20, 219-224.
    • (1999) Acta Oecologica , vol.20 , pp. 219-224
    • Hattenschwiler, S.1    Smith, W.K.2
  • 29
    • 0030792344 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spruce-fir growth form changes in the forest-tundra ecotone of Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, USA
    • Hessl, A. E. and Baker, W. L. (1997a) Spruce-fir growth form changes in the forest-tundra ecotone of Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, USA. Ecography, Vol. 20, 356-367.
    • (1997) Ecography , vol.20 , pp. 356-367
    • Hessl, A.E.1    Baker, W.L.2
  • 30
    • 0030613435 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spruce and fir regeneration and climate in the forest-tundra ecotone of Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, USA
    • Hessl, A.E. and Baker, W. L. (1997b) Spruce and fir regeneration and climate in the forest-tundra ecotone of Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, USA. Arctic and Alpine Research, Vol. 29, 173-183.
    • (1997) Arctic and Alpine Research , vol.29 , pp. 173-183
    • Hessl, A.E.1    Baker, W.L.2
  • 31
    • 0036729563 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Annual and decadal climate forcing of historical fire regimes in the interior Pacific Northwest, USA
    • Heyerdahl, E. K., Brubaker, L. B., and Agee, J. K. (2002) Annual and decadal climate forcing of historical fire regimes in the interior Pacific Northwest, USA. Holocene, Vol. 12, 597-604.
    • (2002) Holocene , vol.12 , pp. 597-604
    • Heyerdahl, E.K.1    Brubaker, L.B.2    Agee, J.K.3
  • 32
    • 0037304429 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ENSO and PDO effects on hydroclimatic variations of the Upper Colorado River basin
    • Hidalgo, H. G. and Dracup, J. A. (2003) ENSO and PDO effects on hydroclimatic variations of the Upper Colorado River basin. Journal of Hydrometeorology, Vol. 4, 5-23.
    • (2003) Journal of Hydrometeorology , vol.4 , pp. 5-23
    • Hidalgo, H.G.1    Dracup, J.A.2
  • 33
    • 0036695985 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Snow redistribution by wind and interactions with vegetation at upper treeline in the Medicine Bow Mountains, Wyoming, USA. Arctic
    • Hiemstra, C. A., Liston, G. E., and Reiners, W. A. (2002) Snow redistribution by wind and interactions with vegetation at upper treeline in the Medicine Bow Mountains, Wyoming, USA. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research, Vol. 34, 262-273.
    • (2002) Antarctic, and Alpine Research , vol.34 , pp. 262-273
    • Hiemstra, C.A.1    Liston, G.E.2    Reiners, W.A.3
  • 34
    • 0027090601 scopus 로고
    • The influence of tree islands and microtopography on pedoecological conditions in the forest-alpine tundra ecotone on Niwot Ridge, Colorado Front Range, USA
    • Holtmeier, F. K. and Broll, G. (1992) The influence of tree islands and microtopography on pedoecological conditions in the forest-alpine tundra ecotone on Niwot Ridge, Colorado Front Range, USA. Arctic and Alpine Research, Vol. 24, 216-228.
    • (1992) Arctic and Alpine Research , vol.24 , pp. 216-228
    • Holtmeier, F.K.1    Broll, G.2
  • 35
    • 0034053374 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Time series analyses of tree ring chronologies from Pacific North America: Evidence for sub-century climate oscillations
    • Kadonaga, L. K., Podlaha, O., and Whiticar, M. J. (1999) Time series analyses of tree ring chronologies from Pacific North America: Evidence for sub-century climate oscillations. Chemical Geology, Vol. 161, 339-363.
    • (1999) Chemical Geology , vol.161 , pp. 339-363
    • Kadonaga, L.K.1    Podlaha, O.2    Whiticar, M.J.3
  • 36
    • 0036219846 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A half century of change in alpine treeline patterns at Glacier National Park, Montana, USA. Arctic
    • Klasner, F. L. and Fagre, D. B. (2002) A half century of change in alpine treeline patterns at Glacier National Park, Montana, USA. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research, Vol. 34, 49-56.
    • (2002) Antarctic, and Alpine Research , vol.34 , pp. 49-56
    • Klasner, F.L.1    Fagre, D.B.2
  • 37
    • 2642619383 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A re-assessment of high elevation treeline positions and their explanation
    • Korner, C. (1998) A re-assessment of high elevation treeline positions and their explanation. Oecologia, Vol. 115, 445-459.
    • (1998) Oecologia , vol.115 , pp. 445-459
    • Korner, C.1
  • 38
    • 0037245837 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decadal variability in climate and glacier fluctuations on Mt Baker, Washington, USA
    • Kovanen, D. J. (2003) Decadal variability in climate and glacier fluctuations on Mt Baker, Washington, USA. Geografiska Annaler, Vol. 85A, 43-55.
    • (2003) Geografiska Annaler , vol.85 , pp. 43-55
    • Kovanen, D.J.1
  • 39
    • 0024220574 scopus 로고
    • Holocene history of the forest-alpine tundra ecotone in the Scandes Mountains (Central Sweden)
    • Kullman, L. (1988). Holocene history of the forest-alpine tundra ecotone in the Scandes Mountains (Central Sweden). New Phytologist, Vol. 108, 101-110.
    • (1988) New Phytologist , vol.108 , pp. 101-110
    • Kullman, L.1
  • 40
    • 0037372998 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recent reversal of Neoglacial climate cooling trend in the Swedish Scandes as evidenced by mountain birch tree-limit rise
    • Kullman, L. (2003) Recent reversal of Neoglacial climate cooling trend in the Swedish Scandes as evidenced by mountain birch tree-limit rise. Global and Planetary Change, Vol. 36, 77-88.
    • (2003) Global and Planetary Change , vol.36 , pp. 77-88
    • Kullman, L.1
  • 41
    • 0030425258 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The suitability of montane ecotones as indicators of global climatic change
    • Kupfer, J. A. and Cairns, D. M. (1996) The suitability of montane ecotones as indicators of global climatic change. Progress in Physical Geography, Vol. 20, 253-272.
    • (1996) Progress in Physical Geography , vol.20 , pp. 253-272
    • Kupfer, J.A.1    Cairns, D.M.2
  • 42
    • 0000015535 scopus 로고
    • Holocene climatic variations inferred from treeline fluctuations in the White Mountains, California
    • LaMarche, V. C. (1973) Holocene climatic variations inferred from treeline fluctuations in the White Mountains, California. Quaternary Research, Vol. 3, 632-660.
    • (1973) Quaternary Research , vol.3 , pp. 632-660
    • Lamarche, V.C.1
  • 43
    • 0037326787 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Photosynthetic functions of cembran pines and dwarf pines during winter at timberline as regulated by different temperatures, snowcover and light
    • Lehner, G. and Lutz, C. (2003) Photosynthetic functions of cembran pines and dwarf pines during winter at timberline as regulated by different temperatures, snowcover and light. Journal of Plant Physiology, Vol. 160, 153-166.
    • (2003) Journal of Plant Physiology , vol.160 , pp. 153-166
    • Lehner, G.1    Lutz, C.2
  • 44
    • 0001191237 scopus 로고
    • A new contagion index to quantify spatial patterns of landscapes
    • Li, H. B. and Reynolds, J. F. (1993) A new contagion index to quantify spatial patterns of landscapes. Landscape Ecology, Vol. 8, 155-162.
    • (1993) Landscape Ecology , vol.8 , pp. 155-162
    • Li, H.B.1    Reynolds, J.F.2
  • 45
    • 0037534012 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Growth responses of Picea abies and Larix decidua to elevation in subalpine areas of Tyrol, Austria
    • Li, M., Yang, J., and Krauchi, N. (2003) Growth responses of Picea abies and Larix decidua to elevation in subalpine areas of Tyrol, Austria. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Vol. 33, 653-662.
    • (2003) Canadian Journal of Forest Research , vol.33 , pp. 653-662
    • Li, M.1    Yang, J.2    Krauchi, N.3
  • 46
    • 0030875288 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Response of tree-line populations of foxtail pine (Pinus balfouri-ana) to climate variation over the last 1000 years
    • Lloyd, A. H. (1997) Response of tree-line populations of foxtail pine (Pinus balfouri-ana) to climate variation over the last 1000 years. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Vol. 27, 936-942.
    • (1997) Canadian Journal of Forest Research , vol.27 , pp. 936-942
    • Lloyd, A.H.1
  • 47
    • 0030613887 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Holocene dynamics of treeline forests in the Sierra Nevada
    • Lloyd, A. H. and Graumlich, L. J. (1997) Holocene dynamics of treeline forests in the Sierra Nevada. Ecology, Vol. 78, 1199-1210.
    • (1997) Ecology , vol.78 , pp. 1199-1210
    • Lloyd, A.H.1    Graumlich, L.J.2
  • 49
    • 0022849401 scopus 로고
    • Reconstruction of Holocene changes in alpine vegetation and climate in the Maligne Range, Jasper National Park, Alberta
    • Luckman, B. H. and Kearney, M. S. (1986). Reconstruction of Holocene changes in alpine vegetation and climate in the Maligne Range, Jasper National Park, Alberta. Quaternary Research, Vol. 26, 244-261.
    • (1986) Quaternary Research , vol.26 , pp. 244-261
    • Luckman, B.H.1    Kearney, M.S.2
  • 50
    • 0031438133 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of feedbacks and seed rain on ecotone patterns
    • Malanson, G. P. (1997) Effects of feedbacks and seed rain on ecotone patterns. Landscape Ecology, Vol. 12, 27-38.
    • (1997) Landscape Ecology , vol.12 , pp. 27-38
    • Malanson, G.P.1
  • 52
    • 0035739269 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Complex responses to global change at alpine treeline
    • Malanson, G. P. (2001) Complex responses to global change at alpine treeline. Physical Geography, Vol. 22, 333-342.
    • (2001) Physical Geography , vol.22 , pp. 333-342
    • Malanson, G.P.1
  • 53
    • 84952491301 scopus 로고
    • Tree-tundra competitive hierarchies, soil fertility gradients, and the elevation of treeline in Glacier National Park, Montana
    • Malanson, G. P. and Butler, D. R. (1994) Tree-tundra competitive hierarchies, soil fertility gradients, and the elevation of treeline in Glacier National Park, Montana. Physical Geography, Vol. 15, 166-180.
    • (1994) Physical Geography , vol.15 , pp. 166-180
    • Malanson, G.P.1    Butler, D.R.2
  • 54
    • 0035706944 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A simulation test of the resource averaging hypothesis of ecotone formation
    • Malanson, G. P., Xiao, N., and Alftine, K. J. (2001) A simulation test of the resource averaging hypothesis of ecotone formation. Journal of Vegetation Science, Vol. 12,743-748.
    • (2001) Journal of Vegetation Science , vol.12 , pp. 743-748
    • Malanson, G.P.1    Xiao, N.2    Alftine, K.J.3
  • 55
    • 5644265089 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pacific Decadal Oscillation
    • M. C. McCracken and J. S. Perry, eds., Chichester, UK: Wiley
    • Mantua, N. J. (2002) Pacific Decadal Oscillation. In M. C. McCracken and J. S. Perry, eds., Encyclopedia of Environmental Change, Vol. 1, The Earth System: Physical and Chemical Dimensions of Global Environmental Change. Chichester, UK: Wiley, 592-594.
    • (2002) Encyclopedia of Environmental Change , vol.1 , pp. 592-594
    • Mantua, N.J.1
  • 56
    • 0141582136 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PDO Index of Monthly Values. Available from the Joint Institute of the Ocean and Atmosphere Web site
    • Mantua, N. J. (2004) The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). PDO Index of Monthly Values. Available from the Joint Institute of the Ocean and Atmosphere Web site http://www.jisao.washington.edu/pdo
    • (2004) The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO)
    • Mantua, N.J.1
  • 58
    • 0000732457 scopus 로고
    • The development and movement of tree islands near the upper limit of tree growth in the southern Rocky Mountains
    • Marr, J. W. (1977) The development and movement of tree islands near the upper limit of tree growth in the southern Rocky Mountains. Ecology, Vol. 58, 1159-1164.
    • (1977) Ecology , vol.58 , pp. 1159-1164
    • Marr, J.W.1
  • 59
    • 0033396865 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microscale patterns of tree establishment near upper treeline, Snowy Range, Wyoming, USA. Arctic
    • Moir, W. H., Rochelle, S. G., and Schoettle, A. W. (1999) Microscale patterns of tree establishment near upper treeline, Snowy Range, Wyoming, USA. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research, Vol. 31, 379-388.
    • (1999) Antarctic, and Alpine Research , vol.31 , pp. 379-388
    • Moir, W.H.1    Rochelle, S.G.2    Schoettle, A.W.3
  • 60
    • 0036968382 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variability in the climate of the Pacific Ocean and North America as expressed in the Mount Logan ice core
    • Moore, G. W. K., Alverson, K., and Holdsworth, G. (2002) Variability in the climate of the Pacific Ocean and North America as expressed in the Mount Logan ice core. Annals of Glaciology, Vol. 35, 423-429.
    • (2002) Annals of Glaciology , vol.35 , pp. 423-429
    • Moore, G.W.K.1    Alverson, K.2    Holdsworth, G.3
  • 61
    • 4143128245 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Available from the National Park Service Web site at
    • National Park Service (NPS). (2004) Inventory and Mapping Program. Available from the National Park Service Web site at http://science.nature.nps.gov
    • (2004) Inventory and Mapping Program
  • 64
    • 0031688537 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Palaeoecol-ogy of postglacial treeline shifts in the northern Cascade Mountains, Canada. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology
    • Pellatt, M. G., Smith, M. J., Mathewes, R. W., and Walker, I. R. (1998) Palaeoecol-ogy of postglacial treeline shifts in the northern Cascade Mountains, Canada. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, Vol. 141, 123-138.
    • (1998) Palaeoecology , vol.141 , pp. 123-138
    • Pellatt, M.G.1    Smith, M.J.2    Mathewes, R.W.3    Walker, I.R.4
  • 65
    • 0035668294 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mountain hemlock growth responds to climatic variability at annual and decadal time scales
    • Peterson, D. W. and Peterson, D. L. (2001) Mountain hemlock growth responds to climatic variability at annual and decadal time scales. Ecology, Vol. 82, 3330-3345.
    • (2001) Ecology , vol.82 , pp. 3330-3345
    • Peterson, D.W.1    Peterson, D.L.2
  • 66
    • 0036446557 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Growth responses of subalpine fir to climatic variability in the Pacific Northwest
    • Peterson, D. W., Peterson, D. L., and Ettl, G. J. (2002) Growth responses of subalpine fir to climatic variability in the Pacific Northwest. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Vol. 32, 1503-1517.
    • (2002) Canadian Journal of Forest Research , vol.32 , pp. 1503-1517
    • Peterson, D.W.1    Peterson, D.L.2    Ettl, G.J.3
  • 67
    • 0037369470 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Holocene treeline dynamics in the mountains of northeastern British Columbia, Canada, inferred from fossil pollen and stomata
    • Pisaric, M. F. J., Holt, C., Szeicz, J. M., Karst, T., and Smol, J. P. (2003) Holocene treeline dynamics in the mountains of northeastern British Columbia, Canada, inferred from fossil pollen and stomata. Holocene, Vol. 13, 161-173.
    • (2003) Holocene , vol.13 , pp. 161-173
    • Pisaric, M.F.J.1    Holt, C.2    Szeicz, J.M.3    Karst, T.4    Smol, J.P.5
  • 68
    • 0001075598 scopus 로고
    • Vegetational patterns and processes in the balsam fir zone, White Mountains, New Hampshire
    • Reiners, W. A. and Lang, G. E. (1979) Vegetational patterns and processes in the balsam fir zone, White Mountains, New Hampshire. Ecology, Vol. 60, 403-417.
    • (1979) Ecology , vol.60 , pp. 403-417
    • Reiners, W.A.1    Lang, G.E.2
  • 69
    • 0030446890 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Temporal and spatial distribution of trees in subalpine meadows of Mount Rainier National Park
    • Rochefort, R. M. and Peterson, D. L. (1996) Temporal and spatial distribution of trees in subalpine meadows of Mount Rainier National Park. Arctic and Alpine Research, Vol. 28, 52-59.
    • (1996) Arctic and Alpine Research , vol.28 , pp. 52-59
    • Rochefort, R.M.1    Peterson, D.L.2
  • 70
    • 0028163230 scopus 로고
    • Changes in the distribution of subalpine conifers in western North America: A review of climate and other factors
    • Rochefort, R. M., Little, R. L., Woodward, A., and Peterson, D. L. (1994) Changes in the distribution of subalpine conifers in western North America: A review of climate and other factors. Holocene, Vol. 4, 89-100.
    • (1994) Holocene , vol.4 , pp. 89-100
    • Rochefort, R.M.1    Little, R.L.2    Woodward, A.3    Peterson, D.L.4
  • 71
    • 0037203269 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interannual variation in snowpack in the Crown of the Continent ecosystem
    • Selkowitz, D. J., Fagre, D. B., and Reardon, B. A. (2002) Interannual variation in snowpack in the Crown of the Continent ecosystem. Hydrological Processes, Vol. 16, 3651-3665.
    • (2002) Hydrological Processes , vol.16 , pp. 3651-3665
    • Selkowitz, D.J.1    Fagre, D.B.2    Reardon, B.A.3
  • 72
    • 0345331021 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Another perspective on altitudinal limits of alpine timberlines
    • Smith, W. K., Germino, M. J., Hancock, T. E., and Johnson, D. M. (2003) Another perspective on altitudinal limits of alpine timberlines. Tree Physiology, Vol. 23, 1101-1112.
    • (2003) Tree Physiology , vol.23 , pp. 1101-1112
    • Smith, W.K.1    Germino, M.J.2    Hancock, T.E.3    Johnson, D.M.4
  • 76
    • 0036668179 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Winter water relations of New England conifers and factors influencing their upper elevational limits. I. Measurements
    • Vostral, C. B., Boyce, R. L., and Friedland, A, J. (2002) Winter water relations of New England conifers and factors influencing their upper elevational limits. I. Measurements. Tree Physiology, Vol. 22, 793-800.
    • (2002) Tree Physiology , vol.22 , pp. 793-800
    • Vostral, C.B.1    Boyce, R.L.2    Friedland, A.3
  • 77
    • 0003125540 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Snow-vegetation interactions in tundra environments
    • H. G. Jones, J. W. Pomeroy, D. A. Walker, and R. W. Hoham, eds., Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press
    • Walker, D. A., Billings, W. D., and deMolenaar, J. G. (2001) Snow-vegetation interactions in tundra environments. In H. G. Jones, J. W. Pomeroy, D. A. Walker, and R. W. Hoham, eds., Snow Ecology. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 266-324.
    • (2001) Snow Ecology , pp. 266-324
    • Walker, D.A.1    Billings, W.D.2    Demolenaar, J.G.3
  • 79
    • 0029754639 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interpretation of interdecadal trends in Northern Hemisphere surface air temperature
    • Wallace, J. M., Zhang, Y., and Bajuk, L. (1996) Interpretation of interdecadal trends in Northern Hemisphere surface air temperature. Journal of Climate, Vol. 9, 249-259.
    • (1996) Journal of Climate , vol.9 , pp. 249-259
    • Wallace, J.M.1    Zhang, Y.2    Bajuk, L.3
  • 80
    • 0038606888 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mapping, modeling, and visualization of the influences of geo-morphic processes on the alpine treeline ecotone, Glacier National Park, Montana, USA
    • Walsh, S. J., Butler, D. R., Malanson, G. P., Crews-Meyer, K. A., Messina, J. P., and Xiao, N. (2003) Mapping, modeling, and visualization of the influences of geo-morphic processes on the alpine treeline ecotone, Glacier National Park, Montana, USA. Geomorphology, Vol. 53, 129-145.
    • (2003) Geomorphology , vol.53 , pp. 129-145
    • Walsh, S.J.1    Butler, D.R.2    Malanson, G.P.3    Crews-Meyer, K.A.4    Messina, J.P.5    Xiao, N.6
  • 81
    • 0028980346 scopus 로고
    • Spatial variation in tree regeneration in the forest-tundra ecotone, Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado
    • Weisberg, P. J. and Baker, W. L. (1995) Spatial variation in tree regeneration in the forest-tundra ecotone, Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Vol. 28, 1326-1339.
    • (1995) Canadian Journal of Forest Research , vol.28 , pp. 1326-1339
    • Weisberg, P.J.1    Baker, W.L.2
  • 82
    • 85007840962 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Available from the Western Regional Climate Center Web site
    • Western Regional Climate Center (WRCC). (2004) Babb 6, NE, Montana (240392). Available from the Western Regional Climate Center Web site http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/cgi-bin/cliMAIN.pUmtbabb
    • (2004) Babb 6, NE, Montana (240392)
  • 83
    • 0030731329 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ENSO-like interdecadal variability: 1900-93
    • Zhang, Y., Wallace, J. M., and Battisti, D. S. (1997) ENSO-like interdecadal variability: 1900-93. Journal of Climate, Vol. 10, 1004-1020.
    • (1997) Journal of Climate , vol.10 , pp. 1004-1020
    • Zhang, Y.1    Wallace, J.M.2    Battisti, D.S.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.