Variation of infected cell count in bronchoalveolar lavage and timing of ventilator-associated pneumonia

Intensive Care Medicine

Volumn 30, Issue 8, 2004, Pages 1557-1563

  Dupont, Hervé ^a,b   Chalhoub, Viviane ^a   Plantefève, Gaétan ^a   De Vaumas, Cyrille ^a   Kermarrec, Nathalie ^a   Paugam Burtz, Catherine ^a   Mantz, Jean ^a  

^a BICHAT HOSPITAL   (France)

^b AMIENS UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (France)

Author keywords

Bronchoalveolar lavage; Duration of mechanical ventilation; Infected cells; Ventilator associated pneumonia

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT;

ADULT; AGED; ARTIFICIAL VENTILATION; CELL COUNT; CONFERENCE PAPER; CONTROLLED STUDY; CULTURE MEDIUM; DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE; EVALUATION; FEMALE; HOSPITAL ADMISSION; HUMAN; INTENSIVE CARE UNIT; LUNG ALVEOLUS CELL; LUNG LAVAGE; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; NEUTROPHIL; PATHOGENESIS; PNEUMONIA; PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE; SURGICAL WARD; THORAX RADIOGRAPHY; VENTILATOR;

EID: 4143088076     PISSN: 03424642     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00134-004-2323-4     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (44)

1. Vincent JL, Bihari DJ, Suter PM, Bruining HA, White J, Nicolas-Chanoine MH, Wolff M, Spencer RC and Hemmer M (1995) The prevalence of nosocomial infection in intensive care units in Europe. Results of the European Prevalence of Infection in Intensive Care (EPIC) Study. JAMA 274:639-644
2. Chevret S, Hemmer M, Carlet J, Langer M (1993) Incidence and risk factors of pneumonia acquired in intensive care units. Results from a multicenter prospective study on 996 patients. European Cooperative Group on Nosocomial Pneumonia. Intensive Care Med 19:256-264
3. Chastre J, Fagon JY (2002) Ventilator-associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 165:867-903
4. Andrews CP, Coalson JJ, Smith JD, Johanson WG (1981) Diagnosis of nosocomial bacterial pneumonia in acute, diffuse lung injury. Chest 80:254-258
5. Meduri GU, Mauldin GL, Wunderink RG, Leeper KV Jr, Jones CB, Tolley E, Mayhall G (1994) Causes of fever and pulmonary densities in patients with clinical manifestations of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Chest 106:221-235
6. Fagon JY, Chastre J, Wolff M, Gervais C, Parer-Aubas S, Stephan F, Similowski T, Mercat A, Diehl JL, Sollet JP, Tenaillon A (2000) Invasive and non-invasive strategies for management of suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia. A randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 132:621-630
7. Heyland DK, Cook DJ, Marshall J, Heule M, Guslits B, Lang J, Jaeschke R (1999) The clinical utility of invasive diagnostic techniques in the setting of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Canadian Critical Care Trials Group. Chest 115:1076-1084
8. Torres A, El-Ebiary M (2000) Bronchoscopic BAL in the diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Chest 117:198S-202S
9. Baughman RP (2000) Protected-specimen brush technique in the diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Chest 117:203S-206S
10. Chastre J, Fagon JY, Soler P, Bornet M, Domart Y, Trouillet JL, Gibert C, Hance AJ (1988) Diagnosis of nosocomial bacterial pneumonia in intubated patients undergoing ventilation: comparison of the usefulness of bronchoalveolar lavage and the protected specimen brush. Am J Med 85:499-506
11. Timsit JF, Cheval C, Gachot B, Bruneel F, Wolff M, Cartel J, Regnier B (2001) Usefulness of a strategy based on bronchoscopy with direct examination of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in the initial antibiotic therapy of suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia. Intensive Care Med 27:640-647
12. Veber B, Souweine B, Gachot B, Chevret S, Bedos JP, Decre D, Dombret MC, Dureuil B, Wolff M (2000) Comparison of direct examination of three types of bronchoscopy specimens used to diagnose nosocomial pneumonia. Crit Care Med 28:962-968
13. De Jaeger A, Litalien C, Lacroix J, Guertin MC, Infante Rivard C (1999) Protected specimen brush or bronchoalveolar lavage to diagnose bacterial nosocomial pneumonia in ventilated adults: a meta-analysis. Crit Care Med 27:2548-2560
14. Christou NV, Meakins JL (1979) Neutrophil function in anergic surgical patients: neutrophil adherence and chemotaxis. Ann Surg 190:557-564
15. Combes A, Figliolini C, Trouillet JL, Kassis N, Wolff M, Gibert C, Chastre J (2002) Incidence and outcome of polymicrobial ventilator-associated pneumonia. Chest 121:1618-1623
16. Hayon J, Figliolini C, Combes A, Trouillet JL, Kassis N, Dombret MC, Gibert C, Chastre J (2002) Role of serial routine microbiologic culture results in the initial management of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 165:41-46
17. Trouillet JL, Vuagnat A, Combes A, Kassis N, Chastre J, Gibert C (2002) Pseudomonas aeruginosa ventilator-associated pneumonia: comparison of episodes due to piperacillin-resistant versus piperacillin-susceptible organisms. Clin Infect Dis 34:1047-1054
18. Allaouchiche B, Jaumain H, Chassard D, Bouletreau P (1999) Gram stain of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in the early diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Br J Anaesth 83:845-849
19. Fagon JY, Chastre J, Hance AJ, Montravers P, Novara A, Gibert C (1993) Nosocomial pneumonia in ventilated patients: a cohort study evaluating attributable mortality and hospital stay. Am J Med 94:281-288
20. De Brauwer E, Jacobs J, Nieman F, Bruggeman C, Drent M (1999) Test characteristics of acridine orange, Gram and May-Grunwald-Giemsa stains for enumeration of intracellular organisms in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. J Clin Microbiol 37:427-429
21. Le Gall JR, Lemeshow S, Saulnier F (1993) A new simplified acute physiologic score (SAPS II) based on a European-North American multicenter study. JAMA 270:29057-29068
22. Trouillet JL, Chastre J, Vuagnat A, Joly-Guillou ML, Combaux D, Dombret MC, Gibert C (1998) Ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by potentially drug-resistant bacteria. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 157:531-539
23. Rello J, Sa Borges M, Correa H, Leal SR, Baraibar J (1999) Variations in etiology of ventilator-associated pneumonia across four treatment sites: implications for antimicrobial prescribing practices. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 160:608-613
24. Combes A, Costa MA, Trouillet JL, Baudot J, Mokhtari M, Gibert C, Chastre J (2003) Morbidity, mortality and quality-of-life outcomes of patients requiring ≥14 days of mechanical ventilation. Crit Care Med 31:1373-1380
25. Michaud S, Suzuki S, Harbarth S (2002) Effect of design-related bias in studies of diagnostic tests for ventilator-associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 166:1320-1325
26. Lambotte O, Timsit JF, Garrouste-Orgeas M, Misset B, Benali A, Carlet J (2002) The significance of distal bronchial samples with commensals in ventilator-associated pneumonia: colonizer or pathogen? Chest 122:1389-1399
27. Torres A, El-Ebiary M (2000) Bronchoscopic BAL in the diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Chest 117:198S-202S
28. Allaouchiche B, Jaumain H, Dumontet C, Motin J (1996) Early diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Is it possible to define a cut-off value of infected cells in BAL fluid? Chest 110:1558-1565
29. Torres A, El-Ebiary M, Fabregas N, Gonzalez J, de la Bellacasa JP, Hernandez C, Ramirez J, Rodriguez-Roisin R (1996) Value of intracellular bacteria detection in the diagnosis of ventilator associated pneumonia. Thorax 51:378-384
30. Jourdain B, Joly-Guillou ML, Dombret MC, Calvat S, Trouillet JL, Gibert C, Chastre J (1997) Usefulness of quantitative cultures of BAL fluid for diagnosing nosocomial pneumonia in ventilated patients. Chest 111:411-418
31. Timsit JF, Misset B, Goldstein FW, Vaury P, Carlet J (1995) Reappraisal of distal diagnostic testing in the diagnosis of ICU-acquired pneumonia. Chest 108:1632-1639
32. Dos Santos CC, Slutsky AS (2000) Invited review: mechanisms of ventilator-induced lung injury: a perspective. J Appl Physiol 89:1645-1655
33. Zhang H, Downey GP, Suter PM, Slutsky AS, Ranieri VM (2002) Conventional mechanical ventilation is associated with bronchoalveolar lavage-induced activation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes: a possible mechanism to explain the systemic consequences of ventilator-induced lung injury in patients with ARDS. Anesthesiology 97:1426-1433
34. Mathy-Hartert M, Damas P, Nys M, Deby-Dupont G, Canivet JL, Ledoux D, Lamy M (2000) Nitrated proteins in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of patients at risk of ventilator-associated bronchopneumonia. Eur Respir J 16:296-301
35. Zimmermann B, Dalhoff K, Braun J (1999) Impaired neutrophil exocytosis in patients with severe pneumonia. Intensive Care Med 25:44-51
36. Christou NV, McLean AP, Meakins JL (1980) Host defense in blunt trauma: interrelationships of kinetics of anergy and depressed neutrophil function, nutritional status and sepsis. J Trauma 20:833-841
37. Yang KY, Arcaroli JJ, Abraham E (2003) Early alterations in neutrophil activation are associated with outcome in acute lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 167:1567-1574
38. Timsit JF, Misset B, Renaud B, Goldstein FW, Carlet J (1995) Effect of previous antimicrobial therapy on the accuracy of the main procedures used to diagnose nosocomial pneumonia in patients who are using ventilation. Chest 108:1036-1040
39. Souweine B, Veber B, Bedos JP, Gachot B, Dombret MC, Regnier B, Wolff M (1998) Diagnostic accuracy of protected specimen brush and bronchoalveolar lavage in nosocomial pneumonia: impact of previous antimicrobial treatments. Crit Care Med 26:236-244
40. Dotson RG, Pingleton SK (1993) The effect of antibiotic therapy on recovery of intracellular bacteria from bronchoalveolar lavage in suspected ventilator-associated nosocomial pneumonia. Chest 103:541-546
41. Attalah HL, Azoulay E, Yang K, Lasclos C, Jouault H, Soussy CJ, Guillot T, Brochard L, Brun-Buisson C, Harf A, Delclaux C (2002) Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor enhances host defenses against bacterial pneumonia following peritonitis in nonneutropenic rats. Crit Care Med 30:2107-2114
42. Stephan F, Yang K, Tankovic J, Soussy CJ, Dhonneur G, Duvaldestin P, Brochard L, Brun-Buisson C, Harf A, Delclaux C (2002) Impairment of polymorphonuclear neutrophil functions precedes nosocomial infections in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 30:315-322
43. White JC, Nelson S, Winkelstein JA, Booth FV, Jakab GJ (1986) Impairment of antibacterial defense mechanisms of the lung by extrapulmonary infection. J Infect Dis 153:202-208
44. Ahmed K, Dai TC, Ichinose A, Masaki H, Nagatake T, Matsumoto K (1993) Neutrophil response to Pseudomonas aeruginosa in respiratory infection. Microbiol Immunol 37:523-529