On the wealth of nations: Bourdieuconomics and social capital

Theory and Society

Volumn 32, Issue 5-6, 2003, Pages 607-631

  Svendsen, Gunnar Lind Haase ^a   Svendsen, Gert Tinggaard ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN DENMARK   (Denmark)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 4143072893     PISSN: 03042421     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/B:RYSO.0000004967.97783.c4     Document Type: Review

References (132)

1. A. Smith, The Wealth of Nations (New York: Everyman's Library, A. A. Knopf, Inc., [1776] 1991).
2. P. Bourdieu, "The Forms of Capital," in John G. Richardson, editor, Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1986), 242-258.
3. In 1979, Bourdieu published two smaller articles, "Le capital social" and "Les trois états du capital culturel," in Actes de la Recherche en Sciences Sociales, Paris. In 1983, these ideas were further elaborated in "Ökonomisches Kapital, kulturelles Kapital, sociales Kapital," which appeared in the anthology Soziale Ungleichheiten, published by Soziale Welt, Göttingen. In 1986, the German article was "concealed" in a relatively obscure publication from Greenwood Press, Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education, which may explain why Bourdieu's great capital-project within the human sciences has gone largely unnoticed by the broad academic audience. For a discussion of Bourdieu's definitions of capital and forms of capital, see also D. Swartz, Culture and Power: The Sociology of Pierre Bourdieu (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998); H.-P. Müller, "Kultur, Geschmack und Distinktion: Grundzüge der Kultursoziologie Pierre Bourdieus," in Friedhelm Neidhardt, et al., editors, Kultur und Gesellschaft (Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1985); D. Gartman, "Culture as class symbolization or mass reification? A critique of Bourdieu's Distinction," American Journal of Sociology 97/2 (1991): 421-447; P. Bourdieu and L. J. D. Wacquant, An Invitation to Reflexive Sociology (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992); and H. K. Anheier, J. Gerhards, and F. P. Romo, "Forms of capital and social structure in cultural fields: examining Bourdieu's social topography," American Journal of Sociology 100/4 (1995): 859-903.
4. In 1979, Bourdieu published two smaller articles, "Le capital social" and "Les trois états du capital culturel," in Actes de la Recherche en Sciences Sociales, Paris. In 1983, these ideas were further elaborated in "Ökonomisches Kapital, kulturelles Kapital, sociales Kapital," which appeared in the anthology Soziale Ungleichheiten, published by Soziale Welt, Göttingen. In 1986, the German article was "concealed" in a relatively obscure publication from Greenwood Press, Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education, which may explain why Bourdieu's great capital-project within the human sciences has gone largely unnoticed by the broad academic audience. For a discussion of Bourdieu's definitions of capital and forms of capital, see also D. Swartz, Culture and Power: The Sociology of Pierre Bourdieu (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998); H.-P. Müller, "Kultur, Geschmack und Distinktion: Grundzüge der Kultursoziologie Pierre Bourdieus," in Friedhelm Neidhardt, et al., editors, Kultur und Gesellschaft (Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1985); D. Gartman, "Culture as class symbolization or mass reification? A critique of Bourdieu's Distinction," American Journal of Sociology 97/2 (1991): 421-447; P. Bourdieu and L. J. D. Wacquant, An Invitation to Reflexive Sociology (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992); and H. K. Anheier, J. Gerhards, and F. P. Romo, "Forms of capital and social structure in cultural fields: examining Bourdieu's social topography," American Journal of Sociology 100/4 (1995): 859-903.
5. In 1979, Bourdieu published two smaller articles, "Le capital social" and "Les trois états du capital culturel," in Actes de la Recherche en Sciences Sociales, Paris. In 1983, these ideas were further elaborated in "Ökonomisches Kapital, kulturelles Kapital, sociales Kapital," which appeared in the anthology Soziale Ungleichheiten, published by Soziale Welt, Göttingen. In 1986, the German article was "concealed" in a relatively obscure publication from Greenwood Press, Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education, which may explain why Bourdieu's great capital-project within the human sciences has gone largely unnoticed by the broad academic audience. For a discussion of Bourdieu's definitions of capital and forms of capital, see also D. Swartz, Culture and Power: The Sociology of Pierre Bourdieu (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998); H.-P. Müller, "Kultur, Geschmack und Distinktion: Grundzüge der Kultursoziologie Pierre Bourdieus," in Friedhelm Neidhardt, et al., editors, Kultur und Gesellschaft (Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1985); D. Gartman, "Culture as class symbolization or mass reification? A critique of Bourdieu's Distinction," American Journal of Sociology 97/2 (1991): 421-447; P. Bourdieu and L. J. D. Wacquant, An Invitation to Reflexive Sociology (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992); and H. K. Anheier, J. Gerhards, and F. P. Romo, "Forms of capital and social structure in cultural fields: examining Bourdieu's social topography," American Journal of Sociology 100/4 (1995): 859-903.
6. In 1979, Bourdieu published two smaller articles, "Le capital social" and "Les trois états du capital culturel," in Actes de la Recherche en Sciences Sociales, Paris. In 1983, these ideas were further elaborated in "Ökonomisches Kapital, kulturelles Kapital, sociales Kapital," which appeared in the anthology Soziale Ungleichheiten, published by Soziale Welt, Göttingen. In 1986, the German article was "concealed" in a relatively obscure publication from Greenwood Press, Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education, which may explain why Bourdieu's great capital-project within the human sciences has gone largely unnoticed by the broad academic audience. For a discussion of Bourdieu's definitions of capital and forms of capital, see also D. Swartz, Culture and Power: The Sociology of Pierre Bourdieu (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998); H.-P. Müller, "Kultur, Geschmack und Distinktion: Grundzüge der Kultursoziologie Pierre Bourdieus," in Friedhelm Neidhardt, et al., editors, Kultur und Gesellschaft (Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1985); D. Gartman, "Culture as class symbolization or mass reification? A critique of Bourdieu's Distinction," American Journal of Sociology 97/2 (1991): 421-447; P. Bourdieu and L. J. D. Wacquant, An Invitation to Reflexive Sociology (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992); and H. K. Anheier, J. Gerhards, and F. P. Romo, "Forms of capital and social structure in cultural fields: examining Bourdieu's social topography," American Journal of Sociology 100/4 (1995): 859-903.
7. In 1979, Bourdieu published two smaller articles, "Le capital social" and "Les trois états du capital culturel," in Actes de la Recherche en Sciences Sociales, Paris. In 1983, these ideas were further elaborated in "Ökonomisches Kapital, kulturelles Kapital, sociales Kapital," which appeared in the anthology Soziale Ungleichheiten, published by Soziale Welt, Göttingen. In 1986, the German article was "concealed" in a relatively obscure publication from Greenwood Press, Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education, which may explain why Bourdieu's great capital-project within the human sciences has gone largely unnoticed by the broad academic audience. For a discussion of Bourdieu's definitions of capital and forms of capital, see also D. Swartz, Culture and Power: The Sociology of Pierre Bourdieu (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998); H.-P. Müller, "Kultur, Geschmack und Distinktion: Grundzüge der Kultursoziologie Pierre Bourdieus," in Friedhelm Neidhardt, et al., editors, Kultur und Gesellschaft (Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1985); D. Gartman, "Culture as class symbolization or mass reification? A critique of Bourdieu's Distinction," American Journal of Sociology 97/2 (1991): 421-447; P. Bourdieu and L. J. D. Wacquant, An Invitation to Reflexive Sociology (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992); and H. K. Anheier, J. Gerhards, and F. P. Romo, "Forms of capital and social structure in cultural fields: examining Bourdieu's social topography," American Journal of Sociology 100/4 (1995): 859-903.
8. In 1979, Bourdieu published two smaller articles, "Le capital social" and "Les trois états du capital culturel," in Actes de la Recherche en Sciences Sociales, Paris. In 1983, these ideas were further elaborated in "Ökonomisches Kapital, kulturelles Kapital, sociales Kapital," which appeared in the anthology Soziale Ungleichheiten, published by Soziale Welt, Göttingen. In 1986, the German article was "concealed" in a relatively obscure publication from Greenwood Press, Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education, which may explain why Bourdieu's great capital-project within the human sciences has gone largely unnoticed by the broad academic audience. For a discussion of Bourdieu's definitions of capital and forms of capital, see also D. Swartz, Culture and Power: The Sociology of Pierre Bourdieu (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998); H.-P. Müller, "Kultur, Geschmack und Distinktion: Grundzüge der Kultursoziologie Pierre Bourdieus," in Friedhelm Neidhardt, et al., editors, Kultur und Gesellschaft (Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1985); D. Gartman, "Culture as class symbolization or mass reification? A critique of Bourdieu's Distinction," American Journal of Sociology 97/2 (1991): 421-447; P. Bourdieu and L. J. D. Wacquant, An Invitation to Reflexive Sociology (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992); and H. K. Anheier, J. Gerhards, and F. P. Romo, "Forms of capital and social structure in cultural fields: examining Bourdieu's social topography," American Journal of Sociology 100/4 (1995): 859-903.
9. In 1979, Bourdieu published two smaller articles, "Le capital social" and "Les trois états du capital culturel," in Actes de la Recherche en Sciences Sociales, Paris. In 1983, these ideas were further elaborated in "Ökonomisches Kapital, kulturelles Kapital, sociales Kapital," which appeared in the anthology Soziale Ungleichheiten, published by Soziale Welt, Göttingen. In 1986, the German article was "concealed" in a relatively obscure publication from Greenwood Press, Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education, which may explain why Bourdieu's great capital-project within the human sciences has gone largely unnoticed by the broad academic audience. For a discussion of Bourdieu's definitions of capital and forms of capital, see also D. Swartz, Culture and Power: The Sociology of Pierre Bourdieu (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998); H.-P. Müller, "Kultur, Geschmack und Distinktion: Grundzüge der Kultursoziologie Pierre Bourdieus," in Friedhelm Neidhardt, et al., editors, Kultur und Gesellschaft (Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1985); D. Gartman, "Culture as class symbolization or mass reification? A critique of Bourdieu's Distinction," American Journal of Sociology 97/2 (1991): 421-447; P. Bourdieu and L. J. D. Wacquant, An Invitation to Reflexive Sociology (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992); and H. K. Anheier, J. Gerhards, and F. P. Romo, "Forms of capital and social structure in cultural fields: examining Bourdieu's social topography," American Journal of Sociology 100/4 (1995): 859-903.
10. In 1979, Bourdieu published two smaller articles, "Le capital social" and "Les trois états du capital culturel," in Actes de la Recherche en Sciences Sociales, Paris. In 1983, these ideas were further elaborated in "Ökonomisches Kapital, kulturelles Kapital, sociales Kapital," which appeared in the anthology Soziale Ungleichheiten, published by Soziale Welt, Göttingen. In 1986, the German article was "concealed" in a relatively obscure publication from Greenwood Press, Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education, which may explain why Bourdieu's great capital-project within the human sciences has gone largely unnoticed by the broad academic audience. For a discussion of Bourdieu's definitions of capital and forms of capital, see also D. Swartz, Culture and Power: The Sociology of Pierre Bourdieu (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998); H.-P. Müller, "Kultur, Geschmack und Distinktion: Grundzüge der Kultursoziologie Pierre Bourdieus," in Friedhelm Neidhardt, et al., editors, Kultur und Gesellschaft (Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1985); D. Gartman, "Culture as class symbolization or mass reification? A critique of Bourdieu's Distinction," American Journal of Sociology 97/2 (1991): 421-447; P. Bourdieu and L. J. D. Wacquant, An Invitation to Reflexive Sociology (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992); and H. K. Anheier, J. Gerhards, and F. P. Romo, "Forms of capital and social structure in cultural fields: examining Bourdieu's social topography," American Journal of Sociology 100/4 (1995): 859-903.
11. A data search of articles published within the latest few years shows that besides the familiar economic terms (financial, real, public, venture, human, social capital, etc.) scholars operate with at least 16 alternative forms of capital: religious, intellectual, natural, digital, psychological, linguistic, emotional, symbolic, cultural, moral, political, endogenous, network, family, knowledge, and organizational capital.
12. Bourdieu, "The Forms of Capital."
13. M. Woolcock, "Social capital and economic development: Toward a theoretical synthesis and policy framework," Theory and Society 27/2 (1998): 151-208, 155.
14. A. Smart, "Gifts, Bribes," (1993), and Guanxi: A Reconsideration of Bourdieu's Social Capital," Cultural Anthropology 3: 388-408, 388-389.
15. K. Marx, (1968 [1867]), K. Marx and Friedrich Engels, Werke, Band 23, Das Kapital, Bd. I, Zweiter Abschnitt, (Berlin, D.D.R.: Dietz Verlag), 161-191.
16. Bourdieu, "The Forms of Capital," 241.
17. I b i d.
18. I b i d.
19. Ibid., 43.
20. E.g., P. Bourdieu, "Le capital social," in Actes de la Recherche en Sciences Sociales 31 (1979): 2-3; Bourdieu, "Les trois états du capital culturel," in Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales (1979): 3-6; Bourdieu, "The Forms of Capital"; P. Bourdieu, "Le Champ Économique," in Actes de la recherche en sciences socials 119 (1997): 48-66; P. Bourdieu, Les Structures Sociales de L'Économie (Paris: Seuil, 2000).
21. E.g., P. Bourdieu, "Le capital social," in Actes de la Recherche en Sciences Sociales 31 (1979): 2-3; Bourdieu, "Les trois états du capital culturel," in Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales (1979): 3-6; Bourdieu, "The Forms of Capital"; P. Bourdieu, "Le Champ Économique," in Actes de la recherche en sciences socials 119 (1997): 48-66; P. Bourdieu, Les Structures Sociales de L'Économie (Paris: Seuil, 2000).
22. E.g., P. Bourdieu, "Le capital social," in Actes de la Recherche en Sciences Sociales 31 (1979): 2-3; Bourdieu, "Les trois états du capital culturel," in Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales (1979): 3-6; Bourdieu, "The Forms of Capital"; P. Bourdieu, "Le Champ Économique," in Actes de la recherche en sciences socials 119 (1997): 48-66; P. Bourdieu, Les Structures Sociales de L'Économie (Paris: Seuil, 2000).
23. E.g., P. Bourdieu, "Le capital social," in Actes de la Recherche en Sciences Sociales 31 (1979): 2-3; Bourdieu, "Les trois états du capital culturel," in Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales (1979): 3-6; Bourdieu, "The Forms of Capital"; P. Bourdieu, "Le Champ Économique," in Actes de la recherche en sciences socials 119 (1997): 48-66; P. Bourdieu, Les Structures Sociales de L'Économie (Paris: Seuil, 2000).
24. E.g., P. Bourdieu, "Le capital social," in Actes de la Recherche en Sciences Sociales 31 (1979): 2-3; Bourdieu, "Les trois états du capital culturel," in Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales (1979): 3-6; Bourdieu, "The Forms of Capital"; P. Bourdieu, "Le Champ Économique," in Actes de la recherche en sciences socials 119 (1997): 48-66; P. Bourdieu, Les Structures Sociales de L'Économie (Paris: Seuil, 2000).
25. I b i d.
26. Bourdieu, "The Forms of Capital," 42.
27. Ibid., 249.
28. Ibid., 241.
29. Cf. J. S. Coleman, "A rational choice perspective on economic sociology," in N. J. Smelser and R. Swedberg, editors, The Handbook of Economic Sociology (New York: Princeton University Press, 1994), 166-178, 175.
30. É. Durkheim, "Débat sur l'économie politique et les sciences sociales," (1908), édition électronique par Jean-Marie Tremblay: http://pages.infinit.nct/sociojmt, 5.
31. Y. Ben-Porath, "The F-connection: families, friends, and firms and the organization of exchange," Population and Development Review 6 (1980): 1-30.
32. M. S. Granovetter, "Economic action, social structure and embeddedness," American Journal of Sociology 91 (1985): 481-510.
33. K. Polanyi, C. Arensberg, and H. Pearson, Trade and Markets in the Early Empires (New York: Free Press, 1957).
34. Bourdieu, Les Structures Sociales de L'Économie, 235; Bourdieu, Firing Back. Against the Tyranny of the Market (New York: New Press, 2003).
35. Bourdieu, Les Structures Sociales de L'Économie, 235; Bourdieu, Firing Back. Against the Tyranny of the Market (New York: New Press, 2003).
36. F. Lebaron, La Croyance Économique (Paris: Le Seil, 2000).
37. D. C. North, Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990).
38. D. C. North and B. R. Weingast, "Constitutions and Commitment: The Evolution of Institutions Governing Public Choice in Seventeenth Century England," The Journal of Economic History 49/4 (1989): 803-832.
39. M. Olson, "Big Bills Left on the Sidewalk: Why Some Nations are Rich, and Others Poor," Journal of Economic Perspectives 2 (1996): 3-24.
40. North, Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance, 54.
41. Olson, "Big Bills Left on the Sidewalk."
42. I b i d.
43. I b i d.
44. I b i d.
45. M. Olson, Power and Prosperity: Outgrowing Communist and Capitalist Dictatorships (New York: Basic Books, 2000).
46. Olson, "Big Bills Left on the Sidewalk."
47. M. Weber, The Theory of Social and Economic Organization (New York: Free Press, 1947). See also L. Dudley and U. Blum, "Religion and Economic Growth: Was Weber Right?" Journal of Evolutionary Economics 11/2 (2001): 207-230.
48. M. Weber, The Theory of Social and Economic Organization (New York: Free Press, 1947). See also L. Dudley and U. Blum, "Religion and Economic Growth: Was Weber Right?" Journal of Evolutionary Economics 11/2 (2001): 207-230.
49. Olson, "Big Bills Left on the Sidewalk."
50. I b i d.
51. I b i d.
52. I b i d.
53. See, e.g., Bourdieu, Les Structures Sociales de L'Économie.
54. E.g., P. Bourdieu, In Other Words: Essays towards a Reflexive Sociology (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1990), 46ff.; Bourdieu, "Les Structures Sociales de L'Économie," 11ff.
55. E.g., P. Bourdieu, In Other Words: Essays towards a Reflexive Sociology (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1990), 46ff.; Bourdieu, "Les Structures Sociales de L'Économie," 11ff.
56. E.g., Bourdieu, "Le Champ Économique"; Bourdieu, Les Structures Sociales de L'Économie.
57. E.g., Bourdieu, "Le Champ Économique"; Bourdieu, Les Structures Sociales de L'Économie.
58. See G. L. H. Svendsen and G. T. Svendsen, "Measuring social capital: the Danish co-operative dairy movement," Sociologia Ruralis 40/1 (2000): 72-86; G. L. H. Svendsen and G. T. Svendsen, "Alleviating poverty: entrepreneurship and social capital in rural Denmark 1800-1900," Belgeo 1/3 (2001): 231-246.
59. See G. L. H. Svendsen and G. T. Svendsen, "Measuring social capital: the Danish co-operative dairy movement," Sociologia Ruralis 40/1 (2000): 72-86; G. L. H. Svendsen and G. T. Svendsen, "Alleviating poverty: entrepreneurship and social capital in rural Denmark 1800-1900," Belgeo 1/3 (2001): 231-246.
60. G. L. H. Svendsen, and G. T. Svendsen, The Creation and Destruction of Social Capital: Entrepreneurship, Co-operative Movements and Institutions (Cheltenham, U.K.: Edward Elgar, forthcoming 2004).
61. Bourdieu, "The Forms of Capital," 242; P. Bourdieu, "The production of belief: contribution to an economy of symbolic goods," Media, Culture and Society 2/3 (1980): 261-293.
62. Bourdieu, "The Forms of Capital," 242; P. Bourdieu, "The production of belief: contribution to an economy of symbolic goods," Media, Culture and Society 2/3 (1980): 261-293.
63. Bourdieu, "The Forms of Capital," 253.
64. Ibid., 243.
65. CF. C. Calhoun, "Habitus, field, and capital," in C. Calhoun, E. LiPuma, and M. Postone, editors, Bourdieu: Critical Perspectives (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1993), 61-88, 69.
66. P. Bourdieu, The Logic of Practice (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1990), 113; S. Lash, "Cultural economy and social change," in C. Calhoun, E. LiPuma, and M. Postone, editors, Bourdieu: Critical Perspectives, 193-211.
67. P. Bourdieu, The Logic of Practice (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1990), 113; S. Lash, "Cultural economy and social change," in C. Calhoun, E. LiPuma, and M. Postone, editors, Bourdieu: Critical Perspectives, 193-211.
68. P. Bourdieu, Algeria 1960 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979).
69. Bourdieu, In Other Words: Essays towards a Reflexive Sociology.
70. Bourdieu, Outline of a Theory of Practice (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977), 178; I. Snook, "Language, truth and power," in R. Harker, C. Mahar, and C. Wilkes, editors, An Introduction to the Work of Pierre Bourdieu: The Practice of Theory (London: Macmillan, 1990), 160-179, 169; T. May, Situating Social Theory (Buckingham, Philadelphia: Open University Press, 1996), 125.
71. Bourdieu, Outline of a Theory of Practice (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977), 178; I. Snook, "Language, truth and power," in R. Harker, C. Mahar, and C. Wilkes, editors, An Introduction to the Work of Pierre Bourdieu: The Practice of Theory (London: Macmillan, 1990), 160-179, 169; T. May, Situating Social Theory (Buckingham, Philadelphia: Open University Press, 1996), 125.
72. Bourdieu, Outline of a Theory of Practice (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977), 178; I. Snook, "Language, truth and power," in R. Harker, C. Mahar, and C. Wilkes, editors, An Introduction to the Work of Pierre Bourdieu: The Practice of Theory (London: Macmillan, 1990), 160-179, 169; T. May, Situating Social Theory (Buckingham, Philadelphia: Open University Press, 1996), 125.
73. Bourdieu, Outline of a Theory of Practice, 177.
74. Ibid., 195.
75. Ibid., 172.
76. P. Bourdieu, Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste (London: Routledge, 1989). See also Bourdieu, Outline of a Theory of Practice, 197ff.
77. P. Bourdieu, Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste (London: Routledge, 1989). See also Bourdieu, Outline of a Theory of Practice, 197ff.
78. P. Bourdieu, "Le capital social" and "Les trois états du capital culturel," in Actes de la recherche en sciences socials (1979): 2-3, 3-6, 2; Bourdieu, "The Forms of Capital," 253; Bourdieu, Distinction: A Social Critique, 224.
79. P. Bourdieu, "Le capital social" and "Les trois états du capital culturel," in Actes de la recherche en sciences socials (1979): 2-3, 3-6, 2; Bourdieu, "The Forms of Capital," 253; Bourdieu, Distinction: A Social Critique, 224.
80. P. Bourdieu, "Le capital social" and "Les trois états du capital culturel," in Actes de la recherche en sciences socials (1979): 2-3, 3-6, 2; Bourdieu, "The Forms of Capital," 253; Bourdieu, Distinction: A Social Critique, 224.
81. Bourdieu, "The Forms of Capital," 252-253.
82. Bourdieu, In Other Words: Essays towards a Reflexive Sociology, 89.
83. Bourdieu, Outline of a Theory of Practice, 177.
84. Bourdieu, "The Forms of Capital," 243ff.; R. Jenkins, Pierre Bourdieu (London: Routledge, 1992), 79.
85. Bourdieu, "The Forms of Capital," 243ff.; R. Jenkins, Pierre Bourdieu (London: Routledge, 1992), 79.
86. Bourdieu, "The production of belief," 262.
87. Quoted from C. Mahar, R. Harker, and C. Wilkes, "The basic theoretical position," in R. Harker, C. Mahar, and C. Wilkes, editors, An Introduction to the Work of Pierre Bourdieu. The Practice of Theory (London: Macmillan, 1990), 1-25, 14.
88. A. Portes and J. Sensenbrenner, "Embeddedness and immigration: notes on the social determinants of economic action," American Journal of Sociology, 98/6 (1993): 1320-1350, 1322ff.
89. Bourdieu, "The Forms of Capital," 248-249.
90. The more recent definition in Bourdieu, Les Structures Sociales de L'Économie, 237, is similar but less specific: "Le capital social est l'ensemble des ressources mobilisées (des capitaux financiers, mais aussi de l'information, etc.) à travers un réseau de relations plus ou moins étendu et plus ou moins mobilisable qui procure un avantage compététif en assurant aux investissements des rendements plus élevés."
91. J. S. Coleman, "Social capital in the creation of human capital," American Journal of Sociology 94 (1988): 95-121.
92. Coleman, "Social capital in the creation of human capital," 116ff; J. S. Coleman, "The creation and destruction of social capital: implications for the law," Journal of Law, Ethics & Public Policy 3 (1988): 375-404, 388ff.
93. Coleman, "Social capital in the creation of human capital," 116ff; J. S. Coleman, "The creation and destruction of social capital: implications for the law," Journal of Law, Ethics & Public Policy 3 (1988): 375-404, 388ff.
94. J. S. Coleman and T. B. Hoffer, Public and Private Schools: The Impact of Communities (New York: Basic, 1987); Coleman, "Social capital in the creation of human capital."
95. J. S. Coleman and T. B. Hoffer, Public and Private Schools: The Impact of Communities (New York: Basic, 1987); Coleman, "Social capital in the creation of human capital."
96. Coleman, "The creation and destruction of social capital," 386ff.
97. Coleman, "Social capital in the creation of human capital," 119, see also Coleman, "The creation and destruction of social capital," 389; J. S. Coleman, Foundations of Social Theory (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990), 317ff.
98. Coleman, "Social capital in the creation of human capital," 119, see also Coleman, "The creation and destruction of social capital," 389; J. S. Coleman, Foundations of Social Theory (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990), 317ff.
99. Coleman, "Social capital in the creation of human capital," 119, see also Coleman, "The creation and destruction of social capital," 389; J. S. Coleman, Foundations of Social Theory (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990), 317ff.
100. R. D. Putnam, "The prosperous community: social capital and public life," The American Prospect no. 13 (spring 1993): 35-42; R. D. Putnam, Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000).
101. R. D. Putnam, "The prosperous community: social capital and public life," The American Prospect no. 13 (spring 1993): 35-42; R. D. Putnam, Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000).
102. R. D. Putnam, "The prosperous community," 35-36.
103. R. D. Putnam, Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993).
104. Putnam, Bowling Alone.
105. Putnam, "The prosperous community," 37.
106. J. F. Helliwell and R. D. Putnam, "Economic growth and social capital in Italy," in P. Dasgupta and I. Serageldin, editors, Social Capital: A multifaceted Perspective (Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, 2000), 253-268, 255.
107. R. D. Putnam, "The strange disappearance of civic America," The American Prospect no. 24 (Winter 1996): 34-48; Putnam, Bowling Alone.
108. R. D. Putnam, "The strange disappearance of civic America," The American Prospect no. 24 (Winter 1996): 34-48; Putnam, Bowling Alone.
109. Putnam, "The strange disappearance of civic America," 48.
110. A. Portes, "Social capital: origins and applications," Annual Review of Sociology 24 (1998): 1-24, see also A. Portes and P. Landolt, "The downside of social capital," The American Prospect no. 26 (May-June 1996): 18-21.
111. A. Portes, "Social capital: origins and applications," Annual Review of Sociology 24 (1998): 1-24, see also A. Portes and P. Landolt, "The downside of social capital," The American Prospect no. 26 (May-June 1996): 18-21.
112. Portes, "Social capital: origins and applications."
113. Portes, "Social capital: origins and applications," 15-18; B. Edwards, and M. W. Foley, "Social capital and the political economy of our discontent," American Behavioral Scientist 40/5 (1997): 669-678, 672; M. Woolcock, "Social capital and economic development," 158.
114. Portes, "Social capital: origins and applications," 15-18; B. Edwards, and M. W. Foley, "Social capital and the political economy of our discontent," American Behavioral Scientist 40/5 (1997): 669-678, 672; M. Woolcock, "Social capital and economic development," 158.
115. Portes, "Social capital: origins and applications," 15-18; B. Edwards, and M. W. Foley, "Social capital and the political economy of our discontent," American Behavioral Scientist 40/5 (1997): 669-678, 672; M. Woolcock, "Social capital and economic development," 158.
116. See also Svendsen and Svendsen, The Creation and Destruction of Social Capital.
117. Portes, "Social capital: origins and applications," 10.
118. Putnam, Bowling Alone.
119. Zhou and Bankston, in Portes, "Social capital: origins and applications," 10.
120. Portes, "Social capital: origins and applications," 11.
121. Anheier et al. in Portes, "Social capital: origins and applications," 12.
122. M. S. Granovetter, "The strength of weak ties," American Journal of Sociology 78 (1973): 1360-1380.
123. M. S. Granovetter, Getting a Job: A Study of Contacts and Careers (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1974).
124. Portes, "Social capital: origins and applications," 14.
125. Putnam, Bowling Alone.
126. Boissevain in Portes, "Social capital: origins and applications," 16.
127. Portes, "Social capital: origins and applications," 17.
128. M. Paldam and G. T. Svendsen, editors, Trust, Social Capital and Economic Growth: An International Comparison (Cheltenham, U.K. and Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, forthcoming 2004).
129. Putnam, "The prosperous community."
130. I b i d.
131. Paldam and Svendsen, Trust, Social Capital and Economic Growth.
132. C. Dougherty, A Comparison Of Productivity And Economic Growth In The G7-Countries (Ph.D. dissertation, Harvard University, 1991).