The European union: In search of an identity

European Journal of Political Theory

Volumn 2, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 319-340

  Possum, John Erik ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OSLO   (Norway)

Author keywords

Charter of fundamental rights of the european union; Constitutional patriotism; Convention on the future of europe; Deep diversity; Fundamental rights

Indexed keywords

EID: 4143069376     PISSN: 14748851     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1474885103002003005     Document Type: Article

References (76)

1. 'Rede von Frau Bundesjustizministerin Prof. Dr. Herta Däubler-Gmelin auf dem Kongreß: Eine europäische Charta der Grundrechte -Beitrag zur gemeinsamen Identität', 27 April 1999, Cologne.
2. See J. Shaw (2000) 'Process and Constitutional Discourse in the European Union', Journal of Law and Society 27(1): 4-37, 22,
3. who refers to Tully's work on cultural diversity. Cf. J. Tully (1995) Strange Multiplicity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
4. Cf. Lord Goldsmith, 'Consolidation of Fundamental Rights at EU Level: The British Perspective', in K. Feus (ed.) (2000) An EU Charter of Fundamental Rights - Text and Commentaries, pp. 27-38. London: Federal Trust.
5. CHARTE 42 97/00.
6. The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (1982) is reflective of quite extensive 'diversity awareness'. It contains specific group rights that promote and protect groupbased distinctiveness. It also contains a so-called notwithstanding clause that permits provinces and the federal government to opt out of portions of the Charter.
7. 'By disembedding I mean the "lifting out" of social relations from local contexts of interaction and their restructuring across indefinite spans of time-space.' A. Giddens (1990) The Consequences of Modernity, p. 21. Cambridge: Polity Press.
8. For a definition of these terms see W. Kymlicka (1995) Multicultural Citizenship. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
9. A proposal for a European federal-type entity was set forth by Joschka Fischer in May 2000. This helped spark a renewed debate on the outcome of the process, with different proposals from prominent politicians including Gerhard Schroeder, Jacques Chirac, Lionel Jospin, Tony Blair and Wladislaw Bartoszewski. For a selection of some of the academic responses see C. Joerges, Y. Meny and J. Weiler (eds) (2000) What Kind of Constitution for What Kind of Polity? Responses to Joschka Fischer. San Domenico, Florence: The Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies at the EUI and Harvard Law School.
10. J. Habermas (1996) Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy, pp. 465-66. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
11. J. Habermas (1998) The Inclusion of the Other. Cambridge, MA: Polity Press.
12. A. Ingram (1996) 'Constitutional Patriotism', Philosophy and Social Criticism 22(6): 1-18.
13. J. Habermas (1994) 'Struggles for Recognition in the Democratic Constitutional State', in C. Taylor and A. Gutmann (eds) Multiculturalism, p. 135. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
14. Multiculturalism Ibid.
15. Habermas (n. 9), p. 88.
16. A. Honneth (1995) The Struggle for Recognition, p. 108. Cambridge: Polity Press.
17. The Struggle for Recognition Ibid. p. 109.
18. Habermas (n. 8), p. 112; (n. 9), p. 120.
19. Habermas (n. 8), p. 113.
20. Some also see him as a holistic liberal, cf. J. Fossland and H. Grimen (2001) Selvforståelse og frihet: En introduksjon til Charles Taylors filosofi, pp. 230-31. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.
21. C. Taylor (1993) Reconciling the Solitudes: Essays on Canadian Federalism and Nationalism, p. 183. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press.
22. Reconciling the Solitudes: Essays on Canadian Federalism and Nationalism Ibid. p. 58.
23. M. Sandel (1982) Liberalism and the Limits of Justice, p. 179. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
24. Taylor (n. 18), pp. 176-77.
25. Ibid. p.176.
26. C. Taylor (1989) Sources of the Self: The Making of the Modern Identity. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
27. C. Taylor, 'The Politics of Recognition', in Taylor and Gutmann (1994).
28. C. Taylor (1995) Philosophical Arguments. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
29. M. Cooke (1997) 'Authenticity and Autonomy: Taylor, Habermas and the Politics of Recognition', Political Theory 25(2): 258-88, 261.
30. Ibid. p. 266.
31. D. Curtin (1997) Postnational Democracy: The European Union in Search of a Political Philosophy. The Hague: Kluwer Law.
32. E.O. Eriksen and J.E. Fossum (eds) (2000) Democracy in the European Union: Integration through Deliberation? London: Routledge
33. . 27. Habermas (n. 9), pp. 118-19.
34. Ibid. p. 119.
35. Cf. A. Menendez (2001) 'The Sinews of Peace: Rights to Solidarity in the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the Union', in E.O. Eriksen, J.E. Fossum and A. Menendez (eds) The Chartering of Europe. Oslo: ARENA Report 8.
36. K. Lenaerts and E. De Smijter (2001) 'A "Bill of Rights" for the European Union', Common Market Law Review 38: 281. For instance, the right of everyone who is lawfully within the territory of a state to freedom of movement therein (recognized by the ECJ in Case 36/75, Rutili v. Ministre de l'Interieur [1975]) is not listed in the Charter.
37. For an overview of these see for instance Y. Soysal (1994) Limits of Citizenship: Migrants and Postnational Membership in Europe. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
38. Limits of Citizenship: Migrants and Postnational Membership in Europe Ibid. pp. 147-49.
39. U. Preuss (1998) 'Citizenship in the European Union', in D. Archibugi, D. Held and M. Köhler (eds) Re-imagining Political Community, p. 148. Cambridge: Polity Press.
40. Re-imagining Political Community Ibid. p. 147.
41. Re-imagining Political Community Ibid.
42. The ECJ has only jurisdiction on what regards articles TEU 35 and 40 as specifically provided in Article TEU 35, section 1, and Article TEU 40, section 4, second paragraph.
43. Citizens may have recourse to other legal instruments such as the national constitutional systems and the ECHR.
44. European Commission (1999) 'Affirming Fundamental Rights in the European Union Time to Act', Report of the Expert Group on Fundamental Rights, p. 12. Brussels: Employment, Industrial Relations and Social Affairs.
45. J.E. Lane (1996) Constitutions and Political Theory, p. 16. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
46. J. Weiler (1995) 'Does Europe Need a Constitution? Demos, Telos and the German Maastricht Decision', European Law Journal 1(3): 219-58, 220.
47. CHARTE 4105/00. See also European Commission (2000) 'Communication from the Commission on the Legal Nature of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union', Brussels, 11 Oct. COM (2000) 644 final, 4.
48. Lenaerts and De Smijter (n. 30), pp. 281-82. Goldsmith (n. 3), pp. 27-38. A. Menendez (2001) 'Chartering Europe: The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union', ARENA Working Paper 13.
49. For further detail on activities, see European Parliament, Directorate General for Committees and Delegations, Committee on Constitutional Affairs (2002) 'Reference Document on the Impact of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union since its Proclamation', Brussels, August 2002.
50. For an updated list and commentary on these, see A. Menendez (2002) 'Chartering Europe: Legal Status and Policy Implications of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union', Journal of Common Market Studies 40: 3. See also European Parliament (n. 43), pp. 39-66.
51. In two judgments the Court of First Instance has invoked the Charter as legal authority.
52. STC 292/2000, 30 Nov. 2000, Plenary Session.
53. Lenaerts and De Smijter (n. 30), p. 299.
54. Ibid. pp. 299-300.
55. Menendez (n. 42), p. 21;
56. cf. B. De Witte (2001) 'The Legal Status of the Charter: Vital Question or Non-issue?', Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law 8(1): 81-89.
57. Menendez (n. 42), p. 21. De Witte (n. 49).
58. Lenaerts and De Smijter (n. 30), p. 273.
59. Lord Goldsmith, 'EU Charter of Rights Convention: Note on Structure', CHARTE 412 2/00. European Parliament Press Service (http://www.europarl.eu.int/dg3/charte_df/en/index.ht), p. 8. Cf. Lord Goldsmith (n. 3), p. 30.
60. A. Duff (2000) 'Towards a European Federal Society', in Feus (n. 3), pp. 13-26.
61. P. Eeckhout (2000) 'The Proposed EU Charter: Some Reflections on its Effects in the Legal Systems of the EU and of its Member States', in Feus (n. 3), pp. 97-110.
62. Cf. Taylor (n. 18).
63. CHARTE 4470/00, 1.
64. 56. The representative of the French government present at the Convention apparently would block any draft version of the Charter that had the word 'religion' in the preamble.
65. See J. Schönlau (2001) 'Drafting Europe's Value Foundation: Deliberation and Arm-Twisting in Formulating the Preamble to the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights', in Eriksen et al. (n. 29), p. 146.
66. Drafting Europe's Value Foundation: Deliberation and Arm-Twisting in Formulating the Preamble to the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights Ibid. p. 148.
67. Lenaerts and De Smijter (n. 30), p. 274.
68. Cf. 1. Young ( 1990) Justice and the Politics of Difference. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
69. Case 450/93, Kalanke v. Freie Hansestadt Bremen, [1995] ECR 1-3051.
70. Case 409/95, Hellmut Marschall v. Land Nordrhein-Westfalen [1997] ECR 1-6363.
71. But see Case 407/98, Abrahamsson and Anderson [2000], ECR 1-5539, judgment 6 July 2000.
72. Lenaerts and De Smijter (n. 30), p. 288.
73. Ibid. p. 275.
74. J. Weiler (2000) 'Editorial: Does the European Union Truly Need a Charter of Rights?', European Law Journal 6(2): 96.
75. J. Liisberg (2001) 'Does the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights Threaten the Supremacy of Community Law?, Harvard Jean Monnet Working Paper 04/01.
76. Follesdal (2000) 'Subsidiarity and Democratic Deliberation', in Eriksen and Fossum (n. 26), p. 105.