Effect of drugs on defibrillation capacity

Drugs

Volumn 68, Issue 5, 2008, Pages 607-630

  Dopp, Anna Legreid ^a   Miller, John M ^b   Tisdale, James E ^b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON   (United States)

^b INDIANA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c PURDUE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Acecainide, therapeutic use; Amiodarone, therapeutic use; Anaesthetics, therapeutic use; Beta adrenergic receptor antagonists, therapeutic use; Defibrillation; Defibrillators; Digoxin, therapeutic use; Disopyramide, therapeutic use

Indexed keywords

ACECAINIDE; AMIODARONE; ANESTHETIC AGENT; ANTIARRHYTHMIC AGENT; ATRIAL NATRIURETIC FACTOR; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; BISOPROLOL; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; CARDIOVASCULAR AGENT; CARVEDILOL; DISOPYRAMIDE; DOFETILIDE; FENTANYL; FLECAINIDE; HALOTHANE; IBUTILIDE; LIDOCAINE; METOPROLOL; MEXILETINE; MORACIZINE; PENTOBARBITAL; PROCAINAMIDE; PROPAFENONE; QUINIDINE; SODIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; SOTALOL; STEARIC ACID DERIVATIVE; UNINDEXED DRUG; VENLAFAXINE; VERAPAMIL;

DEFIBRILLATION; DEFIBRILLATOR; DRUG ACTIVITY; DRUG DOSE ESCALATION; HEART DEATH; HUMAN; LOADING DRUG DOSE; MEDLINE; NONHUMAN; REVIEW; SINGLE DRUG DOSE; SUDDEN DEATH;

ANIMALS; ANTI-ARRHYTHMIA AGENTS; DEATH, SUDDEN, CARDIAC; DEFIBRILLATORS, IMPLANTABLE; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; HUMANS; VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 41349087296     PISSN: 00126667     EISSN: 00126667     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2165/00003495-200868050-00004     Document Type: Review

References (119)

1. Becker T, Doenges K, Vater M, et al. Newer implantable defibrillator leads may be more fragile than older ones. Journal report [online]. Available from URL: http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=3047355/ [Accessed 2007 May 27]
2. Hohnloser SH, Dorian P, Roberts R, et al. Effect of amiodarone and sotalol on ventricular defibrillation threshold: the Optimal Pharmacological Therapy in Cardioverter defibrillator patients (OPTIC) trial. Circulation 2006; 114: 104-9
3. Gregoratos G, Abrams J, Epstein AE, et al. ACC/AHA/NASPE 2002 guideline update for implantation of cardiac pacemakers and antiarrhythmia devices: summary article: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (ACC/AHA/NASPE Committee to Update the 1998 Pacemaker Guidelines). Circulation 2002; 106: 2145-61
4. Hunt SA, Abraham WT, Chin MH, et al. ACC/AHA 2005 guideline update for the diagnosis and management of chronic heart failure in the adult. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 46 (6): 1116-43
5. Swedberg K, Cleland J, Dargie H, et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic heart failure (update 2005). Eur Heart J 2005; 26: 1115-40
6. Adams KF, Lindenfeld J, Arnold JMO, et al. Heart Failure Society of America (HFSA) 2006 comprehensive heart failure practice guideline. J Cardiac Fail 2006; 12 (1): 1-29
7. Zipes DP, Camm AJ, Borggrefe M, et al. ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 48 (5): e248-346
8. Moss AJ, Hall WJ, Cannom DS, et al., on behalf of the Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial Investigators. Improved survival with an implanted defibrillator in patients with coronary disease at high risk for ventricular arrhythmia. N Engl J Med 1996; 335: 1933-40
9. Buxton AE, Lee KL, Fisher JD, et al., on behalf of the Multicenter Unsustained Tachycardia Trial Investigators. A randomized study of the prevention of sudden death in patients with coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 1999; 341: 1882-90
10. Moss AJ, Zareba W, Hall WJ, et al., on behalf of the Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial II Investigators. Prophylactic implantation of a defibrillator in patients with myocardial infarction and reduced ejection fraction. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 877-83
11. Maron BJ, Shen WK, Link MS, et al. Efficacy of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators for the prevention of sudden death in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 2000; 342: 365-73
12. Chan PS, Hayward RA. Mortality reduction by implantable cardioverter defibrillators in high-risk patients with heart failure, ischemic heart disease, and new-onset ventricular arrhythmia: an effectiveness study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 45: 1474-81
13. Bardy GH, Lee KL, Mark DB, et al. Amiodarone or an implantable cardioverter defibrillator for congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 2005; 352: 225-37
14. The Antiarrhythmics Versus Implantable Defibrillators (AVID) Investigators. A comparison of antiarrhythmic-drug therapy with implantable defibrillators in patients resuscitated from near-fatal ventricular arrhythmias. N Engl J Med 1997; 337: 1576-83
15. Echt DS, Liebson PR, Mitchell LB, et al. Mortality and morbidity in patients receiving encainide, flecainide or placebo: the Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial. N Engl J Med 1991; 324: 781-8
16. The Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial II Investigators. Effect of the antiarrhythmic agent moricizine on survival after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1992; 327 (4): 227-33
17. McClellan MB, Tunis SR. Medicare coverage of ICDs. N Engl J Med 2005; 352: 222-4
18. Strickberger SA, Conti J, Daoud EG, et al. Patient selection for cardiac resynchronization therapy: from the Council on Clinical Cardiology Subcouncil on Electrocardiography and Arrhythmias and the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group, in collaboration with the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation 2005; 111: 2146-50
19. Cleland JG, Daubert JC, Erdmann E, et al. The effect of cardiac resynchronization on morbidity and mortality in heart failure. N Engl J Med 2005; 352: 1539-49
20. Abraham WT, Fisher WG, Smith AL, et al. Cardiac resynchronization in chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med 2002; 346 (24): 1845-53
21. Bristow MR, Saxon LA, Boehmer J, et al. Cardiac-resynchronization therapy with or without an implantable defibrillator in advanced chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 2140-50
22. Ho AT, Pai SM, Timothy P, et al. Effect of concomitant antiarrhythmic therapy on survival in patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2005; 28: 647-53
23. Marchlinski FE, Zado ES, Deely MP, et al. Concomitant device and drug therapy: current trends, potential benefits, and adverse interactions. Am J Cardiol 1999; 84 (9A): 69-75
24. Santini M, Pandozi C, Ricci R. Combining antiarrhythmic drugs and implantable devices therapy: benefits and outcomes. J Intervent Cardiol Electrophysiol 2000; 4 (1): 65-89
25. Shorofsky SR, Peters RW, Rashba EJ, et al. Comparison of step down and binary search algorithms for determination of defibrillation threshold in humans. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2004; 27: 218-20
26. Swerdlow CD, Ahern T, Kass RM, et al. Upper limit of vulnerability is a good estimator of shock strength associated with 90% probability of successful defibrillation in humans with transvenous implantable cardioverter- defibrillators. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996; 27 (5): 1112-8
27. Hwang C, Swerdlow CD, Kass RM, et al. Upper limit of vulnerability reliably predicts the defibrillation threshold in humans. Circulation 1994; 90: 2308-14
28. Glikson M, Gurevitz OT, Trusty JM, et al. Upper limit of vulnerability determination during implantable cardioverter-defibrillator placement to minimize ventricular inductions. Am J Cardiol 2004; 94: 1445-9
29. Kirilmaz A, Dokumaci B, Uzun M, et al. Detection of defibrillation threshold using the upper limit of vulnerability following defibrillator implantation. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2005; 28 (6): 498-505
30. Kavanagh KM, Tang AS, Rollins DL, et al. Comparison of the internal defibrillation thresholds for monophasic and double and single capacitor biphasic waveforms. J Am Coll Cardiol 1989; 14 (5): 1343-9
31. Winkle RA, Mead RH, Ruder MA, et al. Improved low energy defibrillation efficacy in man with the use of a biphasic truncated exponential waveform. Am Heart J 1989; 117 (1): 122-7
32. Babbs CF, Whistler SJ, Yim GKW, et al. Dependence of defibrillation threshold upon extracellular/intracellular K[+] concentrations. J Electrocardiol 1980; 13: 73-8
33. Ujhelyi MR, Schur M, Frede T, et al. Mechanisms of antiarrhythmic drug-induced changes in defibrillation threshold: role of potassium and sodium channel conductance. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996; 27: 1534-42
34. Varma P, Qi X, Newman D, et al. Combination IK1 and IKr channel blockade: no additive lowering of the defibrillation threshold. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2002; 80: 22-30
35. Mehdirad AA, Carnes CA, Nelson SD. The influence of specific and nonspecific potassium current blockade on the defibrillation energy requirement of biphasic shock. PACE 1999; 22 (Pt 2): 147-51
36. Harbison MT, Allen JD, Adgey AAJ. The effects of potassium-ATP channel modulation on ventricular fibrillation and defibrillation in the pig heart. Int J Cardiol 2000; 76: 187-97
37. Ujhelyi MR, Schur M, Frede T, et al. Differential effects of lidocaine on defibrillation thresholds with monophasic vs biphasic shock waveforms. Circulation 1995; 92: 1644-50
38. Sims JJ, Miller AW, Ujhelyi MR. Lidocaine increases the proarrhythmic effects of monophasic but not biphasic shocks. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2001; 12: 1363-8
39. Li L, Nikolski V, Efimov IR. Effects of lidocaine on shock-induced vulnerability. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2003 (Suppl.); 14: S237-48
40. Zaugg CE, Wu ST, Barbosa V, et al. Ventricular fibrillation-induced intracellular Ca[2+] overload causes failed electrical defibrillation and post-shock reinitiation of fibrillation. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1998; 30: 2183-92
41. ++ homeostasis in isolated perfused rat hearts. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1995; 275: 254-62
42. Chattipakorn N, Ideker RE. Delayed afterdepolarization inhibitor: a potential pharmacologic intervention to improve defibrillation efficacy. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2003; 14: 72-5
43. Rattes MF, Sharma AD, Klein GJ, et al. Adrenergic effects on internal cardiac defibrillation threshold. Am J Physiol 1987; 253: H500-6
44. Sezaki K, Murakawa Y, Inoue H, et al. Effect of isoproterenol on facilitation of electrical defibrillation by E-4031. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1995 Mar; 25 (3): 393-6
45. Barold HS, Shander G, Tomassoni G, et al. Effect of increased parasympathetic and sympathetic tone on internal atrial defibrillation thresholds in humans. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1999; 22 (Pt II): 238-42
46. Kalus JS, White CM, Caron MF, et al. The impact of catecholamines on defibrillation threshold in patients with implanted cardioverter defibrillators. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2005; 28: 1147-56
47. Pharand C, Goldman R, Fan C, et al. Effect of chronic oral moricizine and intravenous epinephrine on ventricular fibrillation and defibrillation thresholds. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1996; 19: 82-9
48. Murakawa Y, Yamashita T, Kanese Y, et al. Effect of atrial natriuretic peptide on electrical defibrillation efficacy. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 1998; 9: 962-9
49. Qi X, Varma P, Newman D, et al. Gap junction blockers decrease defibrillation thresholds without changes in ventricular refractoriness in isolated rabbit hearts. Circulation 2001; 104: 1544-9
50. Vigh AG, Lowder J, Deantonio HJ. Does acute volume over-loading in the setting of left ventricular dysfunction and pulmonary hypertension affect the defibrillation threshold? Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1999; 22: 758-64
51. Behrens S, Li C, Franz MR. Effects of long-term amiodarone treatment on ventricular-fibrillation vulnerability and defibrillation efficacy in response to monophasic and biphasic socks. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1997; 30: 412-8
52. Fain ES, Lee JT, Winkle RA. Effects of acute intravenous and chronic oral amiodarone on defibrillation energy requirements. Am Heart J 1987; 114: 8-17
53. Haberman RJ, Veltri EP, Mower M. The effect of amiodarone on defibrillation threshold. J Electrophysiol 1988; 2: 415-23
54. Frame LH. The effect of chronic oral and acute intravenous amiodarone administration on ventricular defibrillation threshold using implanted electrodes in dogs. PACE 1989; 12: 339-46
55. Tsagalou EP, Anastasiou-Nana MI, Charitos CE, et al. Time course of fibrillation and defibrillation thresholds after an intravenous bolus of amiodarone: an experimental study. Resuscitation 2004; 61: 83-9
56. Huang J, Skinner JL, Rogers JM, et al. The effects of acute and chronic amiodarone on activation patterns and defibrillation threshold during ventricular fibrillation in dogs. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002; 40: 375-83
57. Arredondo MT, Guillen SG, Quinteiro RA. Effect of amiodarone on ventricular fibrillation and defibrillation thresholds in the canine heart under normal and ischemic conditions. Eur J Pharmacol 1986; 125: 23-38
58. Fogoros RN. Amiodarone-induced refractoriness to cardioversion. Ann Intern Med 1984; 100: 699-700
59. Güldal M, Karaoguz R, Akalin H, et al. Is there an effect of amiodarone on the defibrillation threshold? Jpn Heart J 1993; 34: 221-6
60. Boriani G, Biffi M, Frabetti L, et al. High defibrillation threshold at cardioverter defibrillator implantation under amiodarone treatment: favorable effects of D,L-sotalol. Heart Lung 2000; 29: 412-6
61. Boriani G, Rapezzi C, Biffi M, et al. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with massive hypertrophy, amiodarone treatment and high defibrillation threshold at cardioverter-defibrillator implant [letter]. Int J Cardiol 2002; 83: 171-3
62. Kühlkamp V, Mewis C, Suchalla R, et al. Effect of amiodarone and sotalol on the defibrillation threshold in comparison to patients without antiarrhythmic drug treatment. Int J Cardiol 1999; 69: 271-9
63. Jung W, Manz M, Pizzulli L, et al. Effects of chronic amiodarone therapy on defibrillation threshold. Am J Cardiol 1992; 70: 1023-7
64. Troup PJ, Chapman PD, Olinger GN, et al. The implanted defibrillator: relation of defibrillating lead configuration and clinical variables to defibrillation threshold. J Am Coll Cardiol 1985; 6: 1315-21
65. Neuzner J, Bahawar H, Berkowitsch A, et al. Clinical predictors of defibrillation energy requirements. Am J Cardiol 1997; 79: 205-6
66. Raitt MH, Johnson G, Dolack GL, et al. Clinical predictors of the defibrillation threshold with the unipolar implantable defibrillation system. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995; 25: 1576-83
67. Daoud EG, Man C, Horwood L, et al. Relation between amiodarone and desethylamiodarone plasma concentrations and ventricular defibrillation energy requirements. Am J Cardiol 1997; 79: 97-100
68. Connolly SJ, Dorian P, Roberts RS, et al. Comparison of β-blockers, amiodarone plus β-blockers, or sotalol for prevention of shocks from implantable cardioverter defibrillators. The OPTIC study: a randomized trial. JAMA 2006; 295: 165-71
69. Leong-Sit P, Gula LJ, Diamantouros P, et al. Effect of defibrillation testing on management during implantable cardioverter defibrillator implantation. Am Heart J 2006; 152: 1104-8
70. Wang M, Dorian P. DL and D sotalol decrease defibrillation energy requirements. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1989; 12: 1522-9
71. Iskos D, Lurie KG, Adler SW, et al. Effect of parenteral d-sotalol on transvenous atrial defibrillation threshold in a canine model of atrial fibrillation. Am Heart J 1996; 132: 116-9
72. Giardina EG, Fenster PE, Bigger Jr JT, et al. Efficacy, plasma concentrations and adverse effects of a new sustained release procainamide preparation. Am J Cardiol 1980; 46: 855-62
73. Dorian P, Newman D, Sheahan R, et al. d-sotalol decreases defibrillation energy requirements in humans: a novel indication for drug therapy. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 1996; 7: 952-61
74. Dorian P, Newman D. Effect of sotalol on ventricular fibrillation and defibrillation in humans. Am J Cardiol 1993; 72: 72-9A
75. Lau C-P, Lok N-S. A comparison of transvenous atrial defibrillation of acute and chronic atrial fibrillation and the effect of intravenous sotalol on human atrial defibrillation threshold. PACE 1997; 20: 2442-52
76. Szabo TS, Jones DL, McQuinn RL, et al. Flecainide acetate does not alter the energy requirements for direct ventricular defibrillation using sequential pulse defibrillation in pigs. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1988; 12: 377-83
77. Natale A, Jones DL, Kleinstiver PW, et al. Effects of flecainide on defibrillation threshold in pigs. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1993; 21: 573-7
78. Hernandez R, Mann DE, Breckinridge S, et al. Effects of flecainide on defibrillation thresholds in the anesthetized dog. J Am Coll Cardiol 1989; 14: 777-81
79. Murakawa Y, Sezaki K, Inoue H, et al. Shock-induced refractory period extension and pharmacologic modulation of defibrillation threshold. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1994; 23: 822-5
80. Murakawa Y, Inoue H, Kuo TT, et al. Prolongation of intraventricular conduction time associated with fatal impairment of defibrillation efficiency during treatment with class I antiarrhythmic agents. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1995; 25: 194-9
81. Boriani G, Biffi M, Capucci A, et al. Favorable effects of flecainide in transvenous internal cardioversion of atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999; 33: 333-41
82. Peters W, Gang ES, Okazaki H, et al. Acute effects of intravenous propafenone on the internal defibrillation threshold in the anesthetized dog. Am Heart J 1991; 122: 1355-60
83. Natale A, Montenero AS, Bombardieri G, et al. Effects of acute and prolonged administration of propafenone on internal defibrillation threshold in the pig. Am Heart J 1992; 124: 104-9
84. Montenero AS, Bombardieri G, Barilaro C, et al. Intravenous propafenone reduces energy requirements for defibrillation in pigs. Cardiologia 1990; 35: 291-4
85. Stevens SK, Haffajee CI, Naccarelli GV, et al. Effects of oral propafenone on defibrillation and pacing thresholds in patients receiving implantable cardioverter-defibrillators. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996; 28: 418-22
86. Anvari A, Schmidinger H, Schuster E, et al. Effects of lidocaine, ajmaline, and diltiazem on ventricular defibrillation energy requirements in isolated rabbit heart. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1997; 29: 429-35
87. Babbs CF, Yim KG, Whistler SJ, et al. Elevation of ventricular defibrillation threshold in dogs by antiarrhythmic drugs. Am Heart J 1979; 98: 345-50
88. Echt DS, Black JN, Barbey JT, et al. Evaluation of antiarrhythmic drugs on defibrillation energy requirements in dogs. Sodium channel block and action potential prolongation. Circulation 1989; 79: 1106-17
89. Chow MSS, Kluger J, Lawrence R, et al. The effect of lidocaine and bretylium on the defibrillation threshold during cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1986; 182: 63-7
90. Ujhelyi MR, O'Rangers EA, Kluger J, et al. Defibrillation energy requirements during moricizine and moricizine-lidocaine therapy. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1992; 20: 932-9
91. Sato S, Imagawa N. Effects of lidocaine and mexiletine on defibrillation energy requirements in animals treated with flecainide. Resuscitation 1998; 36: 175-80
92. Kerber RE, Pandian NG, Jensen SR, et al. Effect of lidocaine and bretylium on energy requirements for transthoracic defibrillation: experimental studies. J Am Coll Cardiol 1986 Feb; 7 (2): 397-405
93. Natale A, Jones DL, Kim YH, et al. Effects of lidocaine on defibrillation threshold in the pig: evidence of anesthesia related increase. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1991; 14: 1239-44
94. Topham SL, Cha Y-M, Peters BP, et al. Effects of lidocaine on relation between defibrillation threshold and upper limit of vulnerability in open-chest dogs. Circulation 1992; 85: 1146-51
95. Winecoff Miller AP, Sims JJ, McSwain R, et al. Lidocaine's effect on defibrillation threshold are dependent on the defibrillation electrode system: epicardial vs endocardial. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 1998; 9: 312-20
96. Peters RW, Gilbert TB, Johns-Walton S, et al. Lidocaine-related increase in defibrillation threshold. Anesth Analg 1997; 85: 299-300
97. Jones DL, Klein GJ, Guiraudon GM, et al. Effects of lidocaine and verapamil on defibrillation in humans. J Electrocardiol 1991; 24: 299-305
98. Deeb GM, Hardesty RL, Griffith BP, et al. The effects of cardiovascular drugs on the defibrillation threshold and the pathological effects on the heart using an automatic implantable defibrillator. Ann Thorac Surg 1983; 35: 361-5
99. Fan W, Gotoh M, Chen P-S. Effects of the pacing site, procainamide, and lead configuration on the relationship between the upper limit of vulnerability and the defibrillation threshold. PACE 1995; 18: 1279-84
100. Fiksinski E, Martin D, Venditti Jr F. Electrical proarrhythmia with procainamide: a new ICD-drug interaction. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 1994; 5: 144-5
101. Dangman KH, Hoffman BF. In vivo and in vitro antiarrhythmic and arrhythmogenic effects of N-acetyl procainamide. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1981; 217: 851-62
102. Wesley RC, Karkhani F, Morgan D, et al. Ibutilide: enhanced defibrillation via plateau sodium current activation. Am J Physiol 1993; 264: H1269-74
103. Labhasetwar V, Underwood T, Heil Jr RW, et al. Epicardial administration of ibutilide from polyurethane matrices: effects on defibrillation threshold and electrophysiologic parameters. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1994; 24: 826-40
104. Oral H, Souza JJ, Michaud GF, et al. Facilitating transthoracic cardioversion of atrial fibrillation with ibutilide pretreatment. N Engl J Med 1999; 340: 1849-54
105. Efremidis M, Sideris A, Batra R, et al. Facilitating internal cardioversion of chronic atrial fibrillation with ibutilide: predictors of atrial defibrillation-threshold decrease. Med Sci Monit 2004; 10: CR258-63
106. Davis DR, Beatch GN, Dickenson DR, et al. Dofetilide enhances shock-induced extension of refractoriness and lowers defibrillation threshold. Can J Cardiol 1999; 15: 193-200
107. Murakawa Y, Yamashita T, Kanese Y, et al. Do the effects of antiarrhythmic drugs on defibrillation efficacy vary among different shock waveforms? Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1998; 21: 1901-8
108. Sato S, Tsuji MH, Naito H. Mexiletine has no effect on defibrillation energy requirements in dogs. PACE 1994; 17: 2279-84
109. Marinchak RA, Friehling TD, Kline RA, et al. Effect of antiarrhythmic drugs on defibrillation threshold: case report of an adverse effect of mexiletine and review of the literature. PACE 1988; 11: 7-12
110. Crystal E, Ovsyschcher E, Wagshal AB, et al. Mexiletine related chronic defibrillation threshold elevation: case report and review of the literature. PACE 2002; 25: 507-8
111. Avitall B, Hare J, Zander G, et al. Cardioversion, defibrillation, and overdrive pacing of ventricular arrhythmias: the effect of moricizine in dogs with sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia. PACE 1993; 16: 2092-7
112. Tworek DA, Nazari J, Ezri M, et al. Interference by antiarrhythmic agents with function of electrical cardiac devices. Clin Pharm 1992; 11: 48-56
113. Ruffy R, Schechtman K, Monje E, et al. Adrenergically mediated variations in the energy required to defibrillate the heart: observations in closed-chest, nonanesthetized dogs. Circulation 1986; 73: 374-80
114. Melichercik J, Goepfrich M, Breidenbach T, et al. Rise of defibrillation energy requirement under carvedilol therapy. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2001; 24: 1417-9
115. Jones DL, Kim YH, Natale A, et al. Bretylium decreases and verapamil increases defibrillation threshold in pigs. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1994; 17: 1380-90
116. Carnes CA, Pickworth KK, Votolato NA, et al. Elevated defibrillation threshold with venlafaxine therapy. Pharmacotherapy 2004; 24: 1095-8
117. Cohen TJ, Chenqot T, Quan C, et al. Elevation of defibrillation thresholds with propofol during implantable cardioverter-defibrillator testing. J Invasive Cardiol 2000; 12: 121-3
118. Weinbroum AA, Glick A, Copperman Y, et al. Halothane, isoflurane, and fentanyl increase the minimally effective defibrillation threshold of an implantable cardioverter defibrillator: first report in humans. Anesth Analg 2002; 95: 1147-53
119. Moerman A, Herregods L, Tavernier R, et al. Influence of anaesthesia on defibrillation threshold. Anaesthesia 1998; 53: 1156-9