Venous function and central venous pressure: A physiologic story

Anesthesiology

Volumn 108, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 735-748

  Gelman, Simon ^a,b  

^a BRIGHAM AND WOMEN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALPHA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR; ALPHA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; BETA 2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR; CAPTOPRIL; HYDRALAZINE; ISOPRENALINE; NIFEDIPINE; NITROPRUSSIDE SODIUM; PHENTOLAMINE; PRAZOSIN; PROPANOL; PROSTAGLANDIN E1;

ABDOMINAL PRESSURE; BLOOD FLOW; BLOOD VESSEL COMPLIANCE; BLOOD VESSEL FUNCTION; CENTRAL VENOUS PRESSURE; COMPARTMENT MODEL; HEART OUTPUT; HUMAN; NONHUMAN; PATIENT POSITIONING; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PULSE PRESSURE; REVIEW; SPLANCHNIC BLOOD FLOW; SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; THORAX PRESSURE; VASCULAR CAPACITY; VASOCONSTRICTION; VENOUS RETURN;

EID: 41149154296     PISSN: 00033022     EISSN: 15281175     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/ALN.0b013e3181672607     Document Type: Review

References (163)

1. Rothe CF: Reflex control of veins and vascular capacitance. Physiol Rev 1983; 63:1281-342
2. Hainsworth R: The importance of vascular capacitance in cardiovascular control. News Physiol Sci 1990; 5:250-4
3. Edouard DA, Pannier BM, London GM, Cuche JL, Safar ME: Venous and arterial behavior during normal pregnancy. Am J Physiol 1998; 274:1605-12
4. McGregor M: Pathogenesis of angina pectoris and role of nitrates in relief of myocardial ischemia. Am J Med 1983; 74:21-7
5. Kelly RP, Gibbs HH, O'Rourke MF, Daley JE, Mang K, Morgan JJ, Avolio AP: Nitroglycerin has more favourable effects on left ventricular afterload than apparent from measurement of pressure in a peripheral artery. Eur Heart J 1990; 11:138-44
6. Rowell LB: Human Cardiovascular Control. New York, Oxford University Press, 1993, pp 37-96
7. Hainsworth R: Vascular capacitance: Its control and importance. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 1986; 105:101-73
8. Rowell LB: Human Cardiovascular Control. New York, Oxford University Press, 1993, pp 204-35
9. Rothe CF: Mean circulatory filling pressure: Its meaning and measurement. J Appl Physiol 1993; 74:499-509
10. Shoukas AA, Sagawa K: Control of total systemic vascular capacity by the carotid sinus baroreceptor reflex. Circ Res 1973; 33:22-33
11. Trippodo NC: Total circulatory capacity in the rat: Effects of epinephrine and vasopressin on compliance and unstressed volume. Circ Res 1981; 49:923-31
12. Caldini P, Permutt S, Waddell JA, Riley RL: Effect of epinephrine on pressure, flow, and volume relationships in the systemic circulation of dogs. Circ Res 1974; 34:606-23
13. Magder S: Heart-lung interactions in sepsis, Cardiopulmonary Critical Care. Edited by Dantzker DR, Scharf SM. Philadelphia, WB Saunders, 1998, pp 435-48
14. Magder S, De Varennes B: Clinical death and the measurement of stressed vascular volume. Crit Care Med 1998; 26:1061-4
15. Magder S, Scharf SM: Venous return, Respiratory-Circulatory Interactions in Health and Disease. Edited by Scharf SM, Pinsky MR, Magder S. New York, Marcel Dekker, 2001, pp 93-112
16. Rothe CF: Reflex control of the veins in cardiovascular function. Physiologist 1979; 22:28-35
17. Rothe CF, Gaddis ML: Autoregulation of cardiac output by passive elastic characteristics of the vascular capacitance system. Circulation 1990; 81:360-8
18. Rowell LB: Reflex control of regional circulations in humans. J Auton Nerv Syst 1984; 11:101-14
19. Noble BJ, Drinkhill MJ, Myers DS, Hainsworth R: Blood mobilization from the liver of the anaesthetized dog. Exp Physiol 1998; 83:513-22
20. De Jager S: Experiments and considerations on haemodynamics. J Physiol (Lond) 1886; 7:130-215
21. Barcroft H, Samaan A: The explanation of the increase in systemic flow caused by occluding the descending thoracic aorta. J Physiol 1935; 85:47-61
22. Gelman S: The pathophysiology of aortic cross-clamping and unclamping. ANESTHESIOLOGY 1995; 82:1026-60
23. Gelman S, Rabbani S, Bradley EL Jr: Inferior and superior vena caval blood flows during crossclamping of the thoracic aorta in pigs. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1988; 96:387-92
24. Gregoretti S, Gelman S, Henderson T, Bradley EL: Hemodynamics and oxygen uptake below and above aortic occlusion during crossclamping of the thoracic aortic and sodium nitroprusside infusion. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1990; 100:830-6
25. Gregoretti S, Henderson T, Parks DA, Gelman S: Haemodynamic changes and oxygen uptake during crossclamping of the thoracic aorta in dexmedetomidine pretreated dogs. Can J Anaesth 1992; 39:731-41
26. Gelman S, Khazaeli MB, Orr R, Henderson T: Blood volume redistribution during crossclamping of the descending aorta. Anesth Analg 1994; 78:219-24
27. Guyton AC: Determination of cardiac output by equating venous return curves with cardiac response curves. Physiol Rev 1955; 35:123-9
28. Guyton AC, Jones CE, Coleman TG: Circulatory Physiology: Cardiac Output and Its Regulation, 2nd edition. Philadelphia, WB Saunders, 1973, pp 205-20
29. Fessler HE, Brower RG, Wise RA, Permutt S: Effects of positive endexpiratory pressure on the canine venous return curve. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992; 146:4-10
30. Nanas S, Magder S: Adaptations of the peripheral circulation to PEEP. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992; 146:688-93
31. Tarasiuk A, Scharf SM: Effects of periodic obstructive apneas on venous return in closed-chest dogs. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993; 148:323-9
32. Fessler HE, Brower RG, Wise RA, Permutt S: Effects of positive endexpiratory pressure on the gradient for venous return. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 143:19-24
33. Deschamps A, Magder S: Effects of heat stress on vascular capacitance. Am J Physiol 1994; 266:H2122-9
34. Karim F, Hainsworth R: Responses to abdominal vascular capacitance to stimulation of splanchnic nerves. Am J Physiol 1976; 231:434-40
35. Green JF: Mechanism of action of isoproterenol on venous return. Am J Physiol 1977; 232:H152-6
36. Deschamps A, Magder S: Baroreflex control of regional capacitance and blood flow distribution with or without alpha adrenergic blockade. J Appl Physiol 1992; 263:H1755-63
37. Reuter DA, Felbinger TW, Schmidt C, Moerstedt K, Kilger E, Lamm P, Goetz AE: Trendelenburg positioning after cardiac surgery: Effects on intrathoracic blood volume index and cardiac performance. Eur J Anaesth 2003; 20:17-20
38. Bressack MA, Morton NS, Hortop J: Group B streptococcal sepsis in the piglet: Effects of fluid therapy on venous return, organ edema, and organ blood flow. Circ Res 1987; 61:659-69
39. Ayuse T, Brienza N, Revelly JP, O'Donnell CP, Boitnott JK, Robotham JL: Alterations in liver hemodynamics in an intact porcine model of endotoxin shock. Am J Physiol 1995; 268:H1106-14
40. Appleton C, Olajos M, Morkin E, Goldman S: Alpha-1 adrenergic control of the venous circulation in intact dogs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1985; 233:729-34
41. Kaiser GA, Ross J Jr, Braunwald E: Alpha and beta adrenergic receptor mechanisms in the systemic venous bed. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1964; 144:156-62
42. Marino RJ, Romagnoli A, Keats AS: Selective venoconstriction by dopamine in comparison with isoproterenol and phenylephrine. ANESTHESIOLOGY 1975; 43:570-2
43. Yamazaki R, Tsuchida K, Aihara H: Effects of α-adrenoceptor agonists on cardiac output and blood pressure in spinally anesthetized ganglion-blocked dogs. Arch Int Pharmacodyn 1988; 295:80-93
44. Bell L, Hennecken J, Zaret BL, Rutlen DL: Alpha-adrenergic regulation of splanchnic volume and cardiac output in the dog. Acta Physiol Scand 1990; 138:321-9
45. Muller-Ruchholtz ER, Losch HM, Grund E, Lochner W: Effect of alpha adrenergic receptor stimulation on integrated systemic venous bed. Pflugers Arch Eur J Physiol 1977; 370:241-6
46. Imai Y, Satoh K, Taira N: Role of the peripheral vasculature in changes in venous return caused by isoproterenol, norepinephrine, and methoxamine in anesthetized dogs. Circ Res 1978; 43:553-61
47. Stokland O, Thorvaldson J, Ilebekk A, Kiil F: Factors contributing to blood pressure elevation during norepinephrine and phenylephrine infusions in dogs. Acta Physiol Scand 1983; 117:481-9
48. Zandberg P, Timmermans PB, van Zwieten PA: Hemodynamic profiles of methoxamine and B-HT 933 in spinalized ganglion-blocked dogs. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1984; 6:256-62
49. Hiley CR, Thomas GR: Effects of alpha-adrenoceptor agonists on cardiac output and its regional distribution in the pithed rat. Br J Pharmacol 1987; 90:61-70
50. Richer C, Lefevre-Borg F, Lechaire J, Gomeni C, Gomeni R, Giudicelli JF, Cavero I: Systemic and regional hemodynamic characterization of alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists in pithed rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1987; 240:944-53
51. MacLean MR, Hiley CR: Effects of enalapril on changes in cardiac output and organ vascular resistances induced by alpha1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists in pithed normotensive rats. Br J Pharmacol 1988; 94:449-62
52. 2-adrenergic receptor stimulation on intravascular systemic capacity in the dog. Hypertension 1988; 11:352-9
53. Gelman S, Mushlin PS: Catecholamine-induced changes in the splanchnic circulation affecting systemic hemodynamics. ANESTHESIOLOGY 2004; 100:434-9
54. Gelman S, Mushlin PS: Do alpha agonists increase venous return? ANESTHESIOLOGY 2004; 101:1038-9
55. Lewis CM, Weil MH: Hemodynamic spectrum of vasopressor and vasodilator drugs. JAMA 1969; 208:1391-8
56. Rutlen DL, Supple EW, Powell WJ Jr: The role of the liver in the adrenergic regulation of blood flow from the splanchnic to the central circulation. Yale J Biol Med 1979; 52:99-106
57. Rothe CF, Maass-Moreno R: Hepatic venular resistance responses to norepinephrine, isoproterenol, adenosine, histamine, and ACh in rabbits. Am J Physiol 1998; 274:H777-85
58. Rothe CF, Maass-Moreno R: Active and passive liver microvascular responses from angiotensin, endothelin, norepinephrine, and vasopressin. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2000; 279:H1147-56
59. Leenen FH, Chan YK, Smith DL, Reeves RA: Epinephrine and left ventricular function in humans: Effects of beta-1 versus nonselective beta-blockade. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1988; 43:519-28
60. Brooker RF, Butterworth JF IV, Kitzman DW, Berman JM, Kashtan HI, McKinley AC: Treatment of hypotension after hyperbaric tetracaine spinal anesthesia: A randomized, double-blind, cross-over comparison of phenylephrine and epinephrine. ANESTHESIOLOGY 1997; 86:797-805
61. Krogh A: The regulation of the supply of blood to the right heart. Scand Arch Physiol 1912; 27:227-48
62. Brunner MJ, Shoukas AA, MacAnespie CL: The effect of the carotid sinus baroreceptor reflex on blood flow and volume redistribution in the total systemic vascular bed of the dog. Circ Res 1981; 48:274-85
63. Emerson TE Jr: Changes of venous return and other hemodynamic parameters during bradykinin infusion. Am J Physiol 1967; 212:1455-60
64. 2α on venous return and other parameters in the dog. Am J Physiol 1971; 220:243-9
65. Rowell LB: Human Cardiovascular Control. New York, Oxford University Press, 1993, pp 205-19
66. Rowell LB: Human Cardiovascular Control. New York, Oxford University Press, 1993, pp 255-88
67. Gelman S, Ernst EA: Hepatic circulation during sodium nitroprusside infusion in the dog. ANESTHESIOLOGY 1978; 49:182-7
68. Hoka S, Siker D, Bosnjak ZJ, Kampine JP: Alteration of blood flow distribution and vascular capacitance during induced hypotension in deafferented dogs. ANESTHESIOLOGY 1987; 66:647-52
69. Pouleur H, Covell JW, Ross J Jr: Effects of nitroprusside on venous return and central blood volume in the absence and presence of acute heart failure. Circulation 1980; 61:328-37
70. Smiseth OA, Manyari DE, Lima JA, Scott-Douglas NW, Kingma I, Smith ER, Tyberg JV: Modulation of vascular capacitance by angiotensin and nitroprusside: A mechanism of changes in pericardial pressure. Circulation 1987; 76:875-83
71. Gall WE, Clarke WR, Doty DB: Vasomotor dynamics associated with cardiac operations: I. Venous tone and the effects of vasodilators. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1982; 83:724-31
72. Ogilvie RI: Comparative effects of vasodilator drugs on flow distribution and venous return. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1985; 63:1345-55
73. Adler-Graschinsky E, Langer SZ: Possible role of a beta-adrenoceptor in the regulation of noradrenaline release by nerve stimulation through a positive feed-back mechanism. Br J Pharmacol 1975; 53:43-50
74. Stjärne L, Brundin J: B2-adrenoceptors facilitating noradrenaline secretion from human vasoconstrictor nerves. Acta Physiol Scand 1976; 97:88-93
75. Stjärne L, Brundin J: Affinity of Noradrenaline and dopamine for neural alpha-receptors mediating negative feedback control of noradrenaline secretion in human vasoconstrictor nerves. Acta Physiol Scand 1975; 95:89-94
76. Yamaguchi N, de Champlain J, Nadeau RA: Regulation of norepinephrine release from cardiac sympathetic fibers in the dog by presynaptic alpha and beta receptors. Circ Res 1977; 41:108-17
77. Langer SZ: Presynaptic regulation of the release of catecholamines. Pharmacol Rev 1981; 32:337-62
78. Chang PI, Rutlen DL: Effect of beta-adrenergic agonists on splanchnic vascular volume and cardiac output. Am J Physiol 1991; 261:H1499-507
79. Winer N, Chokshi DS, Walkenhorst WG: Effects of cyclic AMP, sympathomimetic amines, and adrenergic receptor antagonists on renin secretion. Circ Res 1971; 29:239-48
80. Greenway CV: Effects of sodium nitroprusside, isosorbide dinitrate, isoproterenol, phentolamine and prazosin on hepatic venous responses to sympathetic nerve stimulation in the cat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1979; 209:56-61
81. Pinsky MR: Hemodynamic effects of ventilation and ventilatory maneuvers, Respiratory-Circulatory Interactions in Health and Disease. Edited by Scharf SM, Pinsky MR, Magder S. New York, Marcel Dekker, 2001, pp 183-218. Lung Biology in Health and Disease, vol. 157. Edited by Lenfant C
82. Henry JP, Gauer OH, Reeves JL: Evidence of the atrial location of receptors influencing urine flow. Circ Res 1956; 4:85-90
83. Baisset A, Montestruc P: Polyurie par distention auricularire chez le chien: Role de l'hormone antidiuretique. J Physiol (Paris) 1957; 49:33-6
84. Sladen A, Laven MB, Pontoppidan H: Pulmonary complications and water retention in prolonged mechanical ventilation. N Engl J Med 1968; 279:448-53
85. Baratz RA, Philbim DM, Patterson RW: Plasma ADH and urinary output during continuous positive pressure breathing in the dog. ANESTHESIOLOGY 1971; 34:510-3
86. Bark H, LeRoith D, Nyska M, Glick SM: Elevations in plasma ADH levels during PEEP ventilation in the dog: Mechanisms involved. Am J Physiol 1980; 239:E474-81
87. Meehan JP: Cardiovascular receptors and fluid volume control. Aviat Space Environ Med 1986; 57:267-75
88. Said SI: Neurohumoral aspects of respiratory-cardiovascular interactions, Respiratory-Circulatory Interactions in Health and Disease. Edited by Scharf SM, Pinsky MR, Magder S. New York, Marcel Dekker, 2001, pp 427-45. Lung Biology in Health and Disease, vol. 157. Edited by Lenfant C
89. Brienza N, Revelly J-P, Ayuse T, Robotham JL: Effects of PEEP on liver arterial and venous blood flows. Am J Resp Crit Care Med 1995; 152:504-10
90. Guyton AC, Lindsey AW, Abernathy B, Richardson T: Venous return at various right atrial pressures and the normal venous return curve. Am J Physiol 1957; 189:609-15
91. Stalcup SA, Mellins RB: Mechanical forces producing pulmonary edema in acute asthma. N Engl J Med 1977; 297:592-6
92. Lores ME, Keagy BA, Vassiliades T, Henry GW, Lucas CL, Wilcox BR: Cardiovascular effects of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) after pneumonectomy in dogs. Ann Thorac Surg 1985; 40:464-8
93. Scharf S, Tow DE, Miller MJ, Brown R, McIntyre K, Dilts C: Influence of posture and abdominal pressure on the hemodynamic effects of Mueller's maneuver. J Crit Care 1989; 4:26-34
94. Perel A, Pizov R, Cotev S: Systolic blood pressure variation is a sensitive indicator of hypovolemia in ventilated dogs subjected to graded hemorrhage. ANESTHESIOLOGY 1987; 67:498-502
95. Rooke GA, Schwid HA, Shapira Y: The effect of graded hemorrhage and intravascular volume replacement on systolic pressure variation in humans during mechanical and spontaneous ventilation. Anesth Analg 1995; 80:925-32
96. Perel A: Assessing fluid responsiveness by the systolic pressure variation in mechanically ventilated patients. ANESTHESIOLOGY 1998; 89:1310-2
97. Coriat P, Vrillon M, Perel A, Baron JF, LeBret F, Saada M, Vlars P: A comparison of systolic blood pressure variations and echocardiographic estimates of end-diastolic left ventricular size in patients after aortic surgery. Anesth Analg 1994; 78:46-53
98. Ornstein E, Eidelman LA, Drenger B, Elami A, Pizov R: Systolic pressure variation predicts the response to acute blood loss. J Clin Anesth 1998; 10:137-40
99. Wiesenack C, Flegl C, Keyser A, Prasser C, Keyl C: Assessment of fluid responsiveness in mechanically ventilated cardiac surgical patients. Eur J Anaesth 2005; 22:658-65
100. Joris JL, Didier PN, Legrand MJ, Jacquet NJ, Lamy ML: Hemodynamic changes during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Anesth Analg 1993; 76:1067-71
101. McLaughlin J, Scheeres D, Dean R, Bonnell B: The adverse hemodynamic effects of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Surg Endosc 1995; 9:121-4
102. Koivusalo AM, Kellokumpu I, Scheinin M, Tikkanen I, Mäkisalo H, Lindgren L: A comparison of gasless mechanical and conventional carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum methods for laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Anesth Analg 1998; 86:153-8
103. Koivusalo AM, Lindgren L: Effects of carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Acta Anaesth Scand 2000; 44:834-41
104. Mann C, Boccara G, Pouzeratte Y, Eliet J, Serradeil-LeGal C, Vergnes C, Bichet DG, Guillon G, Fabre JM, Colson P: The relationship among carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum, vasopressin release, and hemodynamic changes. Anesth Analg 1999; 89:278-83
105. Hofer CK, Zalunardo MP, Klaghofer R, Spahr T, Pasch T, Zollinger A: Changes in intrathoracic blood volume associated with pneumoperitoneum and positioning. Acta Anesth Scand 2002; 46:303-8
106. Andersson L, Wallin CJ, Sollevi A, Odeberg-Wennerman S: Pneumoperitoneum in healthy humans is not associated with increased central blood volume. Acta Anaesth Scand 1999; 43:809-14
107. Odeberg S, Ljugqvist O, Svenberg T, Gannedahl P, Bäckdahl M, von Rosen A, Sollevi A: Haemodynamic effects of pneumoperitoneum and the influence of posture during anaesthesia for laparoscopic surgery. Acta Anaesth Scand 1994; 38:276-83
108. Goldberg P: Abdominal-circulatory interactions, Respiratory-Circulatory Interactions in Health and Disease. Edited by Scharf SM, Pinsky MR, Magder S. New York, Marcel Dekker, 2001, pp 883-903. Lung Biology in Health and Disease, vol. 157. Edited by Lenfant C
109. Mikami O, Kawakita S, Fujise K, Shingu K, Takahashi H, Matsuda T: Catecholamine release caused by carbon dioxide insufflation during laparoscopic surgery. J Urol 1996; 155:1368-71
110. Bäcklund M, Kellokumpu I, Scheinin T, von Smitten K, Tikkanen I, Lindgren L: Effect of temperature of insufflated cardiac output2 during and after prolonged laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc 1998; 12:1126-30
111. Stekiel Ta Ozono K, McCallum JB, Bosnjak ZJ, Stekiel WJ, Kampine JP: The inhibitory action of halothane on reflex constriction in mesenteric capacitance veins. ANESTHESIOLOGY 1990; 73:1169-78
112. McCallum JB, Stekiel TA, Bosnjak ZJ, Kampine JP: Does isoflurane alter mesenteric venous capacitance in the intact rabbit? Anesth Analg 1993; 76:1095-105
113. Hogan QH, Stadnicka A, Bosnjak ZJ, Kampine JP: Effects of lidocaine and bupivacaine on isolated rabbit mesenteric capacitance veins. Reg Anesth Pain Med 1998; 23:409-17
114. Thorlacius K, Bodelsson M: Sevoflurane promotes endothelium-dependent smooth muscle relaxation in isolated human omental arteries and veins. Anesth Analg 2004; 99:423-8
115. Moller S, Norgaard A, Henriksen JH, Frandsen E, Bendtsen F: Effects of tilting on central hemodynamics and homeostatic mechanisms in cirrhosis. Hepatology 2004; 40:811-9
116. Hirovonen EA, Nuutinen LS, Vuolteenaho O: Hormonal responses and cardiac filling pressures in head-up or head-down position and pneumoperitoneum in patients undergoing operative laparoscopy. Br J Anaesth 1997; 78:128-33
117. Olsen CO, Tyson GS, Maier GW, Davis JW, Rankin JS: Diminished stroke volume during inspiration: A reverse thoracic pump. Circulation 1985; 72:668-79
118. Robotham JL: Hemodynamic consequences of mechanical ventilation. Acta Anaesth Scand 1987; 36:7-52
119. Takata M, Wise R, Robotham JL: Effects of abdominal pressure on venous return: Abdominal vascular zone conditions. J Appl Physiol 1990; 69:1961-72
120. Takata M, Robotham JL: Effects of inspiratory diaphragmatic descent on inferior vena caval venous return. J Appl Physiol 1992; 72:597-607
121. Takata M, Robotham JL: Mechanical heart-pericardium-lung interactions, Respiratory-Circulatory Interactions in Health and Disease. Edited by Scharf SM, Pinsky MR, Magder S. New York, Marcel Dekker, 2001, pp 257-78. Lung Biology in Health and Disease, vol. 157. Edited by Lenfant C
122. Rowell LB: Human Cardiovascular Control. New York, Oxford University Press, 1993, pp 39-74, 195-9
123. Brinker JA, Weiss JL, Lappe DL, Rabson JL, Summer WR, Permutt S, Weisfeldt ML: Leftward septal displacement during right ventricular loading in man. Circulation 1980; 61:623-33
124. Cassidy SS, Wead WB, Seibert GB, Ramanathan M: Changes in left ventricular geometry during spontaneous breathing. J Appl Physiol 1987; 63:803-11
125. Peters J, Fraser C, Stuart RS, Baumgartner W, Robotham JL: Negative intrathoracic pressure independently decreases both left ventricular inflow and outflow. Am J Physiol 1989; 257:H120-31
126. Rowell LB: Human Cardiovascular Control. New York, Oxford University Press, 1993, pp 39-74
127. Rashkind WJ, Lewis DH, Henderson LB, Heiman DF, Dietrick RB: Venous return as affected by cardiac output and total peripheral resistance. Am J Physiol 1953; 175:415-23
128. Ross J, Frahm CJ, Braunwald E: Influence of carotid baroreceptors and vasoactive drugs on systemic vascular volume and venous distensibility. Circ Res 1961; 9:75-82
129. Browse NL, Conald DE, Shepherd JT: Role of the veins in the carotid sinus reflex. Am J Physiol 1966; 210:1424-34
130. Drees JA, Rothe CF: Reflex venoconstriction and capacity vessel pressure-volume relationships in dogs. Circ Res 1974; 34:360-73
131. Karim F, Hainsworth R, Pandey RP: Reflex responses of abdominal vascular capacitance from aortic baroreceptors in dogs. Am J Physiol 1978; 235:H488-93
132. Carneiro JJ, Donald DE: Change in liver blood flow and blood content in dogs during direct and reflex alteration of hepatic sympathetic nerve activity. Circ Res 1977; 40:150-8
133. Brunner MJ, Greene AS, Frankle AE, Shoukas AA: Carotid sinus baroreceptor control of splanchnic resistance and capacity. Am J Physiol 1988; 255:H1305-10
134. Shigemi K, Brunner MJ, Shoukas AA: Alpha and beta adrenergic mechanisms in the control of vascular capacitance by the carotid sinus baroreflex system. Am J Physiol 1994; 267:H201-10
135. Henriksen O: Local sympathetic reflex mechanism in regulation of blood flow in human subcutaneous adipose tissue. Acta Physiol Scand Suppl 1977; 450:1-48
136. Cohn JN: Central venous pressure as a guide to volume expansion. Ann Int Med 1967; 66:1283-7
137. Baek S-M, Makabali GG, Bryan-Brown CW, Kusek JM, Shoemaker WC: Plasma expansion in surgical patients with high central venous pressure (CVP): The relationship of blood volume to hematocrit, CVP, pulmonary wedge pressure, and cardiorespiratory changes. Surgery 1975; 78:304-15
138. Michard F, Teboul J-L: Predicting fluid responsiveness in ICU patients: A critical analysis of the evidence. Chest 2002; 121:2000-8
139. Bendjelid K, Romand JA: Fluid responsiveness in mechanically ventilated patients: A review of indices used in intensive care. Intensive Care Med 2003; 29:352-60
140. Rex S, Brose S, Metzelder S, Huneke R, Schalte G, Autschbach R, Rossaint R, Buhre W: Prediction of fluid responsiveness in patients during cardiac surgery. Br J Anaesth 2004; 93:782-8
141. Michard F: Changes in arterial pressure during mechanical ventilation. ANESTHESIOLOGY 2005; 103:419-28
142. Pinsky MR, Teboul JL: Assessment of indices of preload and volume responsiveness. Curr Opin Crit Care 2005; 11:235-9
143. Cannesson M, Atof Y, Rosamel P, Desebbe O, Joseph P, Metton O, Bastien O, Lehot J-J: Respiratory variations in pulse oximetry plethysmographic waveform amplitude to predict fluid responsiveness in the operating room. ANESTHESIOLOGY 2007; 106:1105-11
144. Oohashi S, Endoh H: Does central venous pressure or pulmonary capillary wedge pressure reflect the status of circulating blood volume in patients after extended transthoracic esophagectomy? J Anesth 2005; 19:21-5
145. Hoeft A, Schorn B, Weyland A, Scholz M, Buhre W, Stepanek E, Allen SJ, Sonntag H: Bedside assessment of intravascular volume status in patients undergoing coronary bypass surgery. ANESTHESIOLOGY 1994; 81:76-86
146. Funayama T, Aida S, Matsukawa T, Okada K, Kumazawa T: Systemic, but not pulmonary, hemodynamics are depressed during combined high thoracocervical epidural and general anesthesia in dogs. Can J Anesth 2003; 50:454-9
147. Shoukas AA, Brunner MC: Epinephrine and the carotid sinus baroreceptor reflex. Influence on capacitive and resistive properties of the total systemic vascular bed of the dog. Circ Res 1980; 47:249-57
148. Sato H, Okuda Y: Prostaglandin E1 has the same vasodilatory as sympathetic block and increases cardiac output to maintain blood pressure in anesthetized dogs. Dokkyo J Med Sci 2001; 28:535-8
149. Calvin JE, Driedger AA, Sibbald WJ: The hemodynamic effect of rapid fluid infusion in critically ill patients. Surgery 1981; 90:61-76
150. Reuse C, Vincent JL, Pinsky MR: Measurements of right ventricular volumes during fluid challenge. Chest 1990; 98:1450-4
151. Wagner JG, Leatherman JW: Right ventricular end-diastolic volume as a predictor of the hemodynamic response to a fluid challenge. Chest 1998; 113:1048-54
152. Michard F, Boussat S, Chemla D, Anguel N, Mercat A, Lecarpentier Y, Richard C, Pinsky MR, Teboul JL: Relation between respiratory changes in arterial pulse pressure and fluid responsiveness in septic patients with acute circulatory failure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 162:134-8
153. Kumar A, Anel R, Bunnell E, Habet K, Zanotti S, Marshall S, Neumann A, Ali A, Cheang M, Kavinsky C, Parrillo JE: Pulmonary artery occlusion pressure and central venous pressure fail to predict ventricular filling volume, cardiac performance, or the response to volume infusion in normal subjects. Crit Care Med 2004; 32:691-9
154. Coudray A, Romand J-A, Treggiari M, Bendjelid K: Fluid responsiveness in spontaneously breathing patients: A review of indexes used in intensive care. Crit Care Med 2005; 33:2757-62
155. Guyton AC: Venous return, Handbook of Physiology. Edited by Hamilton WF. Circulation. Washington, DC, American Physiological Society, 1963, sect. 2, chap. 32, pp 1099-133
156. Sagawa K: Baroreflex control of systemic arterial pressure and vascular bed, Handbook of Physiology: Section 2: The Cardiovascular System, vol. 3, Peripheral Circulation and Organ Blood Flow, part 2. By Shepherd JT, Abboud FM. Bethesda, Maryland, American Physiological Society, 1983, pp 453-96
157. Rowell LB: Human Cardiovascular Control. New York, Oxford University Press, 1993, pp 180-99
158. Tyberg JV: How changes in venous capacitance modulate cardiac output. Eur J Physiol 2002; 445:10-7
159. Stéphan F, Flahault A, Dieudonné N, Hollande J, Paillard F, Bonnet F: Clinical evaluation of circulating blood volume in critically ill patients: Contribution of a clinical scoring system. Br J Anaesth 2001; 86:754-62
160. Magder S, Georgiadis G, Cheong T: Respiratory variations in right atrial pressure predict the response to fluid challenge. J Crit Care 1992; 7:76-85
161. Magder S, Lagonidis D: Effectiveness of albumin versus normal saline as a test of volume responsiveness in post-cardiac surgery patients. J Crit Care 1999; 14:164-71
162. Magder S: Diagnostic information from the respiratory variations in central hemodynamics pressures, Respiratory-Circulatory Interactions in Health and Disease. Edited by Scharf SM, Pinsky MR, Magder S. New York, Marcel Dekker, 2001, pp 861- 82. Lung Biology in Health and Disease, vol. 157. Edited by Lenfant C
163. Monnet X, Rienzo M, Osman D, Anguel N, Richard C, Pinsky MR, Teboul J-L: Passive leg raising predicts fluid responsiveness in the critically ill. Crit Care Med 2006; 34:1402-7