Paediatric coma scales

Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology

Volumn 50, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 267-274

  Kirkham, Fenella J ^a,c   Newton, Charles R J C ^a   Whitehouse, William ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NOTTINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

^c Wolfson Centre   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; OSMOTIC DIURETIC AGENT;

ARTICLE; BRAIN MALARIA; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT; COMA; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; CONSCIOUSNESS LEVEL; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; EVOKED RESPONSE; GLASGOW COMA SCALE; HEAD INJURY; HUMAN; INTENSIVE CARE; INTERRATER RELIABILITY; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; MOTOR PERFORMANCE; NEUROLOGIC EXAMINATION; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PATIENT MONITORING; PREDICTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; RATING SCALE; SCORING SYSTEM; SEIZURE; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; TEST RETEST RELIABILITY; VENTILATED PATIENT;

CHILD; COMA; GLASGOW COMA SCALE; HUMANS; PROGNOSIS; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS; TRAUMA SEVERITY INDICES;

EID: 41149140478     PISSN: 00121622     EISSN: 14698749     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2008.02042.x     Document Type: Article

References (60)

1. Wong CP, Forsyth RJ, Kelly TP, Eyre JA. Incidence, aetiology, and outcome of non-traumatic coma: A population-based study. Arch Dis Child 2001; 84: 193-99.
2. James HE, Trauner DA. The Glasgow Coma Scale. In: James HE, Anas NG, Perkin RM, editors. Brain insults in infants and children: pathophysiology and management. Orlando, Florida: Grune and Stratton Inc. 1985, 179-82.
3. Seshia SS, Johnston B, Kasian G. Non-traumatic coma in childhood: clinical variables in prediction of outcome. Dev Med Child Neurol 1983; 25: 493-501.
4. Nayana PP, Serane TV, Nalini P, Mahadevan S. Long-term outcome in coma. Indian J Pediatr 2005; 72: 293-95.
5. Newgard CD, Cudnik M, Warden CR, Hedges JR. The predictive value and appropriate ranges of prehospital physiological parameters for high-risk injured children. Pediatr Emerg Care 2007; 23: 450-56.
6. van Keulen JG, Polderman KH, Gemke RJ. Reliability of PRISM and PIM scores in paediatric intensive care. Arch Dis Child 2005; 90: 211-14.
7. Zandbergen EG, de Haan RJ, Stoutenbeek CP, Koelman JH, Hijdra A. Systematic review of early prediction of poor outcome in anoxic-ischaemic coma. Lancet 1998; 352: 1808-12.
8. Rowley G, Fielding K. Reliability and accuracy of the Glasgow Coma Scale with experienced and inexperienced users. Lancet 1991; 337: 535-38.
9. Newton CR, Kirkham FJ, Johnston B, Marsh K. Inter-observer agreement of the assessment of coma scales and brainstem signs in non-traumatic coma. Dev Med Child Neurol 1995; 37: 807-13.
10. Newton CR, Chokwe T, Schellenberg JA, et al. Coma scales for children with severe falciparum malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1997; 91: 161-65.
11. Teasdale G, Jennett B. Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness. A practical scale. Lancet 1974; 2: 81-84.
12. Jennett B, Teasdale G. Aspects of coma after severe head injury. Lancet 1977; 1: 878-81.
13. Langfitt T W. Measuring the outcome from head injuries. J Neurosurg 1978; 48: 673-78.
14. Starmark JE, Stalhammar D, Holmgren E, Rosander B. A comparison of the Glasgow Coma Scale and the Reaction Level Scale (RLS85). J Neurosurg 1988; 69: 699-706.
15. Teasdale G, Jennett B, Murray L, Murray G. Glasgow coma scale: To sum or not to sum. Lancet 1983; 2: 678.
16. Sacco RL, VanGool R, Mohr JP, Hauser WA. Non-traumatic coma. Glasgow coma score and coma etiology as predictors of 2-week outcome. Arch Neurol 1990; 47: 1181-84.
17. Sugiura K, Muraoka K, Chishiki T, Baba M. The Edinburgh-2 coma scale: a new scale for assessing impaired consciousness. Neurosurgery 1983; 12: 411-15.
18. Starmark JE, Holmgren E, Stalhammar D. Current reporting of responsiveness in acute cerebral disorders. A survey of the neurosurgical literature. J Neurosurg 1988; 69: 692-98.
19. Stanczak DE, White JG 3rd, Gouview WD, et al. Assessment of level of consciousness following severe neurological insult. A comparison of the psychometric qualities of the Glasgow Coma Scale and the Comprehensive Level of Consciousness Scale. J Neurosurg 1984; 60: 955-60.
20. Teasdale G, Murray G, Parker L, Jennett B. Adding up the Glasgow Coma Score. Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien) 1979; 28: 13-16.
21. Choi SC, Ward JD, Becker DP. Chart for outcome prediction in severe head injury. J Neurosurg 1983; 59: 294-97.
22. Marshall LF, Toole BM, Bowers SA. The National Traumatic Coma Data Bank. Part 2: Patients who taIk and deteriorate: implications for treatment. J Neurosurg 1983; 59: 285-88.
23. Tatman A, Warren A, Williams A, Powell JE, Whitehouse W. Development of a modified paediatric coma scale in intensive care practice. Arch Dis Child 1997; 77: 519-21.
24. Newton CR, Pasvol G, Winstanley PA, Warrell DA. Cerebral malaria: What is unarousable coma? Lancet 1990; 335: 472.
25. Molyneux ME, Taylor TE, Wirima JJ, Borgstein A. Clinical features and prognostic indicators in paediatric cerebral malaria: A study of 131 comatose Malawian children. Q J Med 1989; 71: 441-59.
26. Starmark JE, Stalhammar D, Holmgren E. The Reaction Level Scale (RLS85). Manual and guidelines. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1988; 91: 12-20.
27. American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma. Advanced life support course for physicians. Chicago, IL: American College of Surgeons, 2003.
28. Advanced Life Support Group. Recognition of the seriously ill child. In: Advanced paediatric life support the practical approach. London: BMJ Books, 2001.
29. Gill M, Martens K, Lynch EL, Salih A, Green SM. Interrater reliability of 3 simplified neurologic scales applied to adults presenting to the emergency department with altered levels of consciousness. Ann Emerg Med 2007; 49: 403-07.
30. Hannan EL, Farrell LS, Meaker PS, Cooper A. Predicting inpatient mortality for pediatric trauma patients with blunt injuries: A better alternative. J Pediatr Surg 2000; 35: 155-59.
31. Alberico AM, Ward JD, Choi SC, Marmarou A, Young HF. Outcome after severe head injury. Relationship to mass lesions, diffuse injury, and ICP course in pediatric and adult patients. J Neurosurg 1987; 67: 648-56.
32. Dhellemmes P, Lejeune JP, Christiaens JL, Combelles G. Traumatic extradural hematomas in infancy and childhood. Experience with 144 cases. J Neurosurg 1985; 62: 861-64.
33. Snoek JW, Minderhoud JM, Wilmink JT. Delayed deterioration following mild head injury in children. Brain 1984; 107: 15-36.
34. Menache CC, du Plessis AJ, Wessel DL, Jonas RA, Newburger J W. Current incidence of acute neurological complications after open-heart operations in children. Ann Thorac Surg 2002; 73: 1752-58.
35. Seshia SS, Seshia MM, Sachdeva RK. Coma in childhood. Dev Med Child Neurol 1977; 19: 614-28.
36. Bruce DA, Alavi A, Bilaniuk L, Dolinskas C, Obrist W, Uzzell B. Diffuse cerebral swelling following head injuries in children: The syndrome of "malignant brain edema". J Neurosurg 1981; 54: 170-78.
37. Luerssen TG, Klauber MR, Marshall LF. Outcome from head injury related to patient's age. A longitudinal prospective study of adult and pediatric head injury. J Neurosurg 1988; 68: 409-16.
38. Reilly PL, Simpson DA, Sprod R, Thomas L. Assessing the conscious level in infants and young children: A paediatric version of the Glasgow Coma Scale. Childs Nerv Syst 1988; 4: 30-33.
39. Gordon NS, Fois A, Jacobi G, Minns RA, Seshia SS. The management of the comatose child. Neuropediatrics 1983; 14: 3-5.
40. Raimondi AJ, Hirschauer J. Head injury in the infant and toddler. Coma scoring and outcome scale. Childs Brain 1984; 11: 12-35.
41. Morray J P, Tyler DC, Jones TK, Stuntz JT, Lemire RJ. Coma scale for use in brain-injured children. Crit Care Med 1984; 12: 1018-20.
42. Yager J Y, Johnston B, Seshia SS. Coma scales in pediatric practice. Am J Dis Child 1990; 144: 1088-91.
43. Duncan CC, Ment LR, Smith B, Ehrenkranz RA. A scale for the assessment of neonatal neurologic status. Childs Brain 1981; 8: 299-306.
44. Simpson D, Reilly P. Pediatric coma scale. Lancet 1982; 2: 450.
45. Simpson DA, Cockington RA, Hanieh A, Raftos J, Reilly PL. Head injuries in infants and young children: The value of the Paediatric Coma Scale. Review of literature and report on a study. Childs Nerv Sys 1991; 7: 183-90.
46. Berger MS, Pitts LH, Lovely M, Edwards MS, Bartkowski HM. Outcome from severe head injury in children and adolescents. J Neurosurg 1985; 62: 194-99.
47. Braakman R, Avezaat CJ, Maas AI, Roel M, Schouten HJ. Inter observer agreement in the assessment of the motor response of the Glasgow coma scale. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 1977; 80: 100-06.
48. Born JD, Hans P, Albert A, Bonnal J. Interobserver agreement in assessment of motor response and brain stem reflexes. Neurosurg 1987; 20: 513-17.
49. Newton CR. Assessment of the grimace component of a coma scale. Arch Dis Child 1998; 79: 532.
50. Barret-Goode P. Reliability of the Adelaide Coma Scale. Paed Nursing 2000; 12: 23-27.
51. Teasdale G, Knill-Jones R, van der Sande J. Observer variability in assessing impaired consciousness and coma. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1978; 41: 603-10.
52. Murdoch-Eaton D, Darowski M, Livingston J. Cerebral function monitoring in paediatric intensive care: Useful features for predicting outcome. Dev Med Child Neurol 2001; 43: 91-96.
53. Mandel R, Martinot A, Delepoulle F, et al. Prediction of outcome after hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: A prospective clinical and electrophysiologic study. J Pediatr 2002; 141: 45-50.
54. Mewasingh LD, Christophe C, Fonteyne C, et al. Predictive value of electrophysiology in children with hypoxic coma. Pediatr Neurol 2003; 28: 178-83.
55. Rivara F, Tanaguchi D, Parish RA, Stimac GK, Mueller B. Poor prediction of positive computed tomographic scans by clinical criteria in symptomatic pediatric head trauma. Pediatrics 1987; 80: 579-84.
56. Christophe C, Fonteyne C, Ziereisen F, et al. Value of MR imaging of the brain in children with hypoxic coma. Am J Neuroradiol 2002; 23: 716-23.
57. Akhtar JI, Spear RM, Senac MO, Peterson BM, Diaz SM. Detection of traumatic brain injury with magnetic resonance imaging and S-100B protein in children, despite normal computed tomography of the brain. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2003; 4: 322-26.
58. Berger RP, Pierce MC, Wisniewski SR, Adelson PD, Kochanek PM. Serum S100B concentrations are increased after closed head injury in children: a preliminary study. J Neurotrauma 2002; 19: 1405-09.
59. van Dongen KJ, Braakman R, Gelpke GJ. The prognostic value of computerized tomography in comatose head-injured patients. J Neurosurg 1983; 59: 951-57.
60. Talwar D, Torres F. Continuous electrophysiologic monitoring of cerebral function in the pediatric intensive care unit. Pediatr Neurol 1988; 4: 137-47.