Addressing contemporary racism: The common ingroup identity model

Nebraska Symposium on Motivation

Volumn 53, Issue , 2008, Pages 111-133

  Gaertner, Samuel L ^a   Dovidio, John F ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; HUMAN; HUMAN RELATION; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY;

HUMANS; INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS; PREJUDICE; SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT; SOCIAL IDENTIFICATION;

EID: 40949116434     PISSN: 01467875     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-73233-6_5     Document Type: Article

References (90)

1. Allport, G. W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. New York: Addison-Wesley.
2. Abrams, D. (1985). Focus of attention in minimal intergroup discrimination. British Journal of Social Psychology, 24, 65-74.
3. Bachman, B. A. (1993). An intergroup model of organizational mergers. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Psychology, University of Delaware, Newark.
4. Banker, B. S. (2002). Intergroup conflict and bias reduction in stepfamilies: A longitudinal examination of intergroup relations processes. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Psychology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE.
5. Banker, B. S., & Gaertner, S. L. (1998). Achieving stepfamily harmony: An intergroup relations approach. Journal of Family Psychology, 12, 310-325.
6. Banker, B. S., Gaertner, S. L., Dovidio, J. F., Houlette, M., Johnson, K. S., & Riek, B. M. (2004). Reducing stepfamily conflict: The importance of an inclusive social identity. In M. Bennett & F. Sani (Eds.), The development of the social self (pp. 269-288). New York: Psychology Press.
7. Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
8. Berry, J. W. (1997). Immigration, acculturation, and adaptation. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 46, 5-34.
9. Bettencourt, B. A., Brewer, M. B., Croak, M. R., & Miller, N. (1992). Cooperation and the reduction of intergroup bias: The roles of reward structure and social orientation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 28, 301-319
10. Billig, M. G., & Tajfel, H. (1973). Social categorisation and similarity in intergroup behavior. European Journal of Social Psychology, 3, 27-52.
11. Brewer, M. B. (1979). Ingroup bias in the minimal intergroup situation: A cognitive-motivational analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 86, 307-324.
12. Brewer, M. B. (1988). A dual process model of impression formation. In T. Srull & R.Wyer (Eds.), Advances in social cognition (Vol. 1, pp. 1-36). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
13. Brewer, M. B. (2000). Reducing prejudice through cross-categorization: Effects of multiple social identities. In S. Oskamp (Ed.), Reducing prejudice and discrimination: The claremont symposium on applied social psychology (pp. 165-183). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
14. Brewer, M. B., Ho, H., Lee, J., & Miller, N. (1987). Social identity and social distance among Hong Kong school children. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 13, 156-165.
15. Brewer, M. B., & Miller, N. (1984). Beyond the contact hypothesis: Theoretical perspectives on desegregation. In N. Miller & M. B. Brewer (Eds.), Groups in contact: The psychology of desegregation (pp. 281-302). Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
16. Brewer, M. B., & Schneider, S. (1990). Social identity and social dilemmas: A double-edged sword. In D. Abrams & M. Hogg (Eds.), Social identity theory: Constructive and critical advances (pp. 169-184). London: Harvester Wheatsheaf.
17. Brown, R., & Hewstone, M. (2005). An integrative theory of intergroup contact. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 37, pp. 255-343). San Diego, CA: Academic Press. (Pubitemid 43639975)
18. Brown, R. J., & Turner, J. C. (1979). The criss-cross categorization effect in intergroup discrimination. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 18, 371-383.
19. Brown, R. J., & Turner, J. C. (1981). Interpersonal and intergroup behavior. In J. C. Turner & H. Giles (Eds.), Intergroup behavior (pp. 33-64). Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.
20. Campbell, D. T. (1958). Common fate, similarity and other indices of the status of aggregates of persons as social entities. Behavioral Science, 3, 14-25.
21. Cook, S. W. (1984). Cooperative interaction in multiethnic contexts. In N. Miller & M. B. Brewer (Eds.), Groups in contact: The psychology of desegregation (pp. 291-302). Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
22. Commins, B., & Lockwood, J. (1978). The effects of intergroup relations of mixing Roman Catholics and Protestants: An experimental investigation. European Journal of Social Psychology, 8, 218-219.
23. Correll, J., & Park, B. (2005). A model of the ingroup as a social resource. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 9, 341-359. (Pubitemid 43076160)
24. Deschamps J. C., & Doise, W. (1978). Crossed-category membership in intergroup relations. In H. Tajfel (Ed.), Differentiation between social groups (pp. 141-158). London: Academic Press.
25. Dion, K. L. (1974). A cognitive model of ingroup-outgroup bias. Paper presented at the American Psychological Association Meeting, New Orleans, LA.
26. Doise, W. (1978). Groups and individuals: Explanations in social psychology. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
27. Dovidio, J. F., Gaertner, S. L., & Kafati, G. (2000). Group identity and intergroup relations: The common in-group identity model. In S. R. Thye, E. J. Lawler, M. W. Macy, & H. A. Walker (Eds.), Advances in group processes (Vol. 17, pp. 1-34). Stamford, CT: JAI Press.
28. Dovidio, J. F., Gaertner, S. L., & Kawakami, K. (1998). Multiple attitudes and contemporary racial bias. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Experimental Social Psychology, Lexington, KY.
29. Dovidio, J. F., Gaertner, S. L., & Kawakami, K. (2003). The contact hypothesis: The past, present, and the future. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 6, 5-21.
30. Dovidio, J. F., Gaertner, S. L., & Validzic, A. (1998). Intergroup bias: Status, differentiation, and a common ingroup identity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 109-120. (Pubitemid 128452425)
31. Dovidio, J. F., Gaertner, S. L., Validzic, A., Matoka, K., Johnson, B., & Frazier, S. (1997). Extending the benefits of re-categorization: Evaluations, self-disclosure and helping. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 33, 401-420.
32. Ferguson, C. K., & Kelley, H. H. (1964). Significant factors in over-evaluation of own groups' products. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 69, 223-228.
33. Fiske, S. T., Lin, M., & Neuberg, S. L. (1999). The continuum model: Ten years later. In S. Chaiken & Y. Trope (Eds.), Dual process theories in social psychology (pp. 211-254). New York: Guilford.
34. Fiske, S. T., & Taylor, S. E. (1991). Social cognition (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
35. Gaertner, S. L., Bachman, B. A., Dovidio, J. D., & Banker, B. S. (2001). Corporate mergers and stepfamily marriages: Identity, Harmony, and Commitment. In M. A. Hogg & D. Terry (Eds.), Social identity in organizations (pp. 265-288). Oxford: Blackwell.
36. Gaertner, S. L., & Dovidio, J. F. (2000). Reducing intergroup bias: The common ingroup identity model. Philadelphia, PA: Psychology Press.
37. Gaertner, S. L., Dovidio, J. F., Anastasio, P. A., Bachman, B. A., & Rust, M. C. (1993). The common ingroup identity model: Recategorization and the reduction of intergroup bias. In W. Stroebe & M. Hewstone (Eds.), European review of social psychology (Vol. 4. pp. 1-26). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
38. Gaertner, S. L., Mann, J. A., Dovidio, J. F., Murrell, A. J., & Pomare, M. (1990). How does cooperation reduce intergroup bias? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 692-704.
39. Gaertner, S. L., Mann, J., Murrell, A., & Dovidio, J. F. (1989). Reducing intergroup bias: The benefits of recategorization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 239-249.
40. Gaertner, S. L., Rust, M. C., Dovidio, J. F., Bachman, B. A., & Anastasio, P. A. (1994). The contact hypothesis: The role of a common ingroup identity on reducing intergroup bias. Small Groups Research, 25, 224-249.
41. Gaertner, S. L., Rust, M. C., Dovidio, J. F., Bachman, B. A., & Anastasio, P. A. (1996). The contact hypothesis: The role of a common ingroup identity on reducing intergroup bias among majority and minority group members. In J. L. Nye & A. M. Brower (Eds.), What's social about social cognition? (pp. 230-360). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
42. Gans, H. (1979). Symbolic ethnicity: The future of ethnic groups and culture in America. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 2, 1-20.
43. Hamilton, D. L., & Sherman, J. W. (1994). Stereotypes. In R. S. Wyer & T. K. Srull (Eds.), Handbook of social cognition (Vol. 2, pp. 1-68). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
44. Hamilton, D. L., & Trolier, T. K. (1986). Stereotypes and stereotyping: An overview of the cognitive approach. In J. F. Dovidio & S. L. Gaertner (Eds.), Prejudice, discrimination, and racism (pp. 127-163). Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
45. Hewstone, M. (1990). The 'ultimate attribution error'? A review of the literature on intergroup causal attribution. European Journal of Social Psychology, 20, 311-335.
46. Hewstone, M., & Brown, R. J. (1986). Contact is not enough: An intergroup perspective on the "contact hypothesis." In M. Hewstone & R. Brown (Eds.), Contact and conflict in intergroup encounters (pp. 1-44). Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
47. Hornstein, H. A. (1976). Cruelty and kindness: A new look at aggression and altruism. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
48. Houlette, M., Gaertner, S. L., Johnson, K. M., Banker, B. S., Riek, B. M., & Dovidio, J. F. (2004). Developing a more inclusive social identity: An elementary school intervention. Journal of Social Issues, 60, 35-56.
49. Howard, J. M., & Rothbart, M. (1980). Social categorization for in-group and out-group behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38, 301-310.
50. Huo, Y. J., Smith, H. H., Tyler, T. R., & Lind, A. E. (1996). Superordinate identification, subgroup identification, and justice concerns: Is separatism the problem. Is assimilation the answer? Psychological Science, 7, 40-45.
51. Johnson, D. W., Johnson, F. P. & Maruyama, G. (1983). Interdependence and interpersonal attraction among heterogeneous and homogeneous individuals: A theoretical formulation and a meta-analysis of the research. Review of Educational Research, 52, 5-54.
52. Karpinski, A., & Von Hippel, W. (1996). The role of the linguistic intergroup bias in expectancy maintenance. Social Cognition, 14, 141-163. (Pubitemid 126333553)
53. Kramer, R. M., & Brewer, M. B. (1984). Effects of group identity on resource utilization in a simulated commons dilemma. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 1044-1057.
54. Maass, A., Salvi, D., Arcuri, L., & Semin, G. R. (1989). Language use in intergroup contexts: The linguistic intergroup bias. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 981-993.
55. Macrae, C. N., Milne, A. B., & Bodenhausen, G. V. (1994). Stereotypes as energy-saving devices: A peek inside the cognitive toolbox. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 37-47.
56. Marcus-Newhall, A., Miller, N., Holtz, R., & Brewer, M. B. (1993). Cross-cutting category membership with role assignment: A means of reducing intergroup bias. British Journal of Social Psychology, 32, 125-146.
57. Miller, N. (2002). Personalization and the promise of contact theory. Journal of Social Issues, 58, 29-44.
58. Miller, N., Brewer, M. B., & Edwards, K. (1985). Cooperative interaction in desegregated settings: A laboratory analog. Journal of Social Issues, 41(3), 63-75.
59. Monteith, M., Sherman, J., & Devine, P. (1998). Suppression as a stereotype control strategy. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 1, 63-82.
60. Mullen, B., & Hu, L. T. (1989). Perceptions of ingroup and outgroup variability: A meta-analytic integration. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 10, 233-252.
61. Murrell, A. J., Dietz-Uhler, B. L., Dovidio, J. F., Gaertner, S. L., & Drout, C. E. (1994). Aversive racism and resistance to affirmative action: Perceptions of justice are not necessarily colorblind. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 5, 71-86.
62. Nier, J. A., Gaertner, S. L., Dovidio, J. F., Banker, B. S., & Ward, C. M. (2001). Changing interracial evaluations and behavior: The effects of a common group identity. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 4, 299-316. (Pubitemid 33345369)
63. Park, B., & Rothbart, M. (1982). Perception of out-group homogeneity and levels of social categorization: Memory for the subordinate attributes of in-group and out-group members. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 1051-1068.
64. Perdue, C. W., Dovidio, J. F., Gurtman, M. B., & Tyler, R. B. (1990). "Us" and "Them": Social categorization and the process of intergroup bias. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 475-486.
65. Pettigrew, T. F. (1979). The ultimate attributional error: Extending Allport's cognitive analysis of prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 55, 461-476.
66. Pettigrew, T. F. (1998). Intergroup contact theory. Annual Review of Psychology, 49, 65-85.
67. Piliavin, J. A., Dovidio, J. F., Gaertner, S. L., & Clark, R. D., III. (1981). Emergency intervention. New York: Academic Press.
68. Rabbie, J. M. (1982). The effects of intergroup competition and cooperation on intragroup and intergroup relationships. In V. J. Derlega & J. Grzelak (Eds.), Cooperation and helping behavior: Theories and research (pp. 128-151). New York: Academic Press.
69. Richeson, J. A., & Nussbaum, R. J. (2004). The impact of multiculturalism versus color-blindness on racial bias. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 40, 417-423. (Pubitemid 38582691)
70. Roccas, S., & Brewer, M. (2002). Social identity complexity. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 6, 88-106. (Pubitemid 37195265)
71. Rothbart, M. (1996). Category-exemplar dynamics and stereotype change. In Y. Amir & J. Schwarzwald (Eds.), International Journal of Intercultural Relations (Vol. 20, pp. 305-321) [Special Issue]. (Pubitemid 126170263)
72. Rothbart, M., & John, O. P. (1985). Social categorization and behavioral episodes: A cognitive analysis of the effects of intergroup contact. Journal of Social Issues, 41(3), 81-104.
73. Schofield, J. W. (1986). Causes and consequences of the colorblind perspective. In J. F. Dovidio & S. L. Gaertner (Eds.), Prejudice, discrimination and racism (pp. 231-253). Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
74. Sherif, M., & Sherif, C. W. (1969). Social psychology. New York: Harper & Row.
75. Skinner, M., & Stephenson, G. M. (1981). The effects of intergroup comparisons on the polarization of opinions. Current Psychological Research, 1, 49-61.
76. Stürmer, S., Snyder, M., & Omoto, A. M. (2005). Prosocial emotions and helping: The moderating role of group membership. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 532-546. (Pubitemid 40322654)
77. Sumner, W. G. (1906). Folkways. New York: Ginn.
78. Tajfel, H. (1969). Cognitive aspects of prejudice. Journal of Social Issues, 25(4), 79-97.
79. Tajfel, H., Billig, M. G., Bundy, R. F., & Flament, C. (1971). Social categorisation and intergroup behavior. European Journal of Social Psychology, 1, 149-177.
80. Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W. G. Austin & S. Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 33-48). Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.
81. Turner, J. C. (1975). Social comparison and social identity: Some prospects for intergroup behavior. European Journal of Social Psychology, 5, 5-34.
82. Turner, J. C. (1981). The experimental social psychology of intergroup behavior. In J. C. Turner & H. Giles (Eds.), Intergroup behavior (pp. 66-101). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
83. Turner, J. C. (1985). Social categorization and the self-concept: A social cognitive theory of group behavior. In E. J. Lawler (Ed.), Advances in group processes (Vol. 2, pp. 77-122). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
84. Vanbeselaere, N. (1987). The effects of dichotomous and crossed social categorization upon intergroup discrimination. European Journal of Social Psychology, 17, 143-156.
85. Waldzus, S., Mummendey, A., Wenzel, M., & Weber, U. (2003). Towards tolerance: Representations of superordinate categories and perceived ingroup prototypicality. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 39, 31-47. (Pubitemid 36194914)
86. Wilder, D. A. (1978). Reducing intergroup discrimination through individuation of the outgroup. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 1361-1374.
87. Wilder, D. A. (1981). Perceiving persons as a group: Categorization and intergroup relations. In D. L. Hamilton (Ed.), Cognitive processes in stereotyping and intergroup behavior (pp. 213- 257). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
88. Wilder, D. A. (1986). Social categorization: Implications for creation and reduction of intergroup bias. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 19, pp. 291- 355). Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
89. Wohl, M. J. A., & Branscombe, N. R. (2004). Forgiveness and collective guilt assignment to historical perpetrator groups depend on level of social category inclusiveness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 288-303. (Pubitemid 40217035)
90. Wolsko, C., Park, B., Judd, C. M., & Wittenbrink, B. (2000). Framing interethnic ideology: Effects of multicultural and color-blind perspectives on judgments of groups and individuals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 635-654.