Hormonal contraception in women of older reproductive age

New England Journal of Medicine

Volumn 358, Issue 12, 2008, Pages 1262-1270

  Kaunitz, Andrew M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CONJUGATED ESTROGEN; DESOGESTREL; ESTROGEN; ETHINYLESTRADIOL; ETHINYLESTRADIOL PLUS ETONOGESTREL; ETHINYLESTRADIOL PLUS NORELGESTROMIN; ETONOGESTREL; GESTAGEN; LEVONORGESTREL; MEDROXYPROGESTERONE ACETATE; NORETHISTERONE ACETATE; NORGESTIMATE; ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENT; PLACEBO;

ARTICLE; BONE DENSITY; BREAST CANCER; CLINICAL TRIAL; COLORECTAL CANCER; CONTRACEPTION; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIVORCE; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SAFETY; ENDOMETRIUM CANCER; HEART INFARCTION; HOT FLUSH; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; INTRAUTERINE CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICE; MENORRHAGIA; MENSTRUAL CYCLE; MIGRAINE; NEOPLASM; OBESITY; ORAL CONTRACEPTION; OVARY CANCER; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RISK FACTOR; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR; SMOKING; STROKE; UTERUS BLEEDING; VASOMOTOR DISORDER; VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM; AGE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CHEMICALLY INDUCED DISORDER; DRUG EFFECT; FEMALE; MENSTRUATION DISORDER; MIDDLE AGED; REVIEW;

AGE FACTORS; BONE DENSITY; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL; FEMALE; HOT FLASHES; HUMANS; MENSTRUATION DISTURBANCES; MIDDLE AGED; NEOPLASMS; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 40949098491     PISSN: 00284793     EISSN: 15334406     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMcp0708481     Document Type: Article

References (54)

1. Bastian LA, Smith CM, Nanda K. Is this woman perimenopausal? JAMA 2003;289:895-902.
2. Gebbie AE, Glasier A, Sweeting V. Incidence of ovulation in perimenopausal women before and during hormone replacement therapy. Contraception 1995;52:221-2.
3. Kang BM, Wu TC. Effect of age on intrauterine insemination with frozen donor sperm. Obstet Gynecol 1996;88:93-8.
4. Callaghan WM, Berg CJ. Pregnancy-related mortality among women aged 35 years and older, United States, 1991-1997. Obstet Gynecol 2003;102:1015-21.
5. Viegas OA, Leong WP, Ahmed S, Ratnam SS. Obstetrical outcome with increasing maternal age. J Biosoc Sci 1994;26:261-7.
6. Strauss LT, Herndon J, Chang J, et al. Abortion surveillance - United States, 2001. MMWR Surveill Summ 2004;53(SS-9):1-32.
7. Peterson HB, Curtis KM. Long-acting methods of contraception. N Engl J Med 2005;353:2169-75.
8. Trussell J. Contraceptive failure in the United States. Contraception 2004;70:89-96.
9. Gallo MF, Nanda K, Grimes DA, Schulz KF. Twenty micrograms vs. >20 microg estrogen oral contraceptives for contraception: systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Contraception 2005;71:162-9.
10. Funk S, Miller MM, Mishell DR Jr, et al. Safety and efficacy of Implanon, a single-rod implantable contraceptive containing etonogestrel. Contraception 2005;71:319-26.
11. Kaunitz AM. Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate for contraception. In: Rose BD, ed. UpToDate. Wellesley, MA: UpToDate, 2008.
12. Nightingale AL, Lawrenson RA, Simpson EL, Williams TJ, MacRae KD, Farmer RDT. The effects of age, body mass index, smoking and general health on the risk of venous thromboembolism in users of combined oral contraceptives. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care 2000;5:265-74.
13. Sidney S, Petitti DB, Soff GA, Cundiff DL, Tolan KK, Quesenberry CP Jr. Venous thromboembolic disease in users of low-estrogen combined estrogen-progestin oral contraceptives. Contraception 2004;70:3-10.
14. ACOG practice bulletin. No. 73: use of hormonal contraception in women with coexisting medical conditions. Obstet Gynecol 2006;107:1453-72.
15. Jick SS, Kaye JA, Russman S, Jick H. Risk of nonfatal venous thromboembolism with oral contraceptives containing norgestimate or desogestrel compared with oral contraceptives containing levonorgestrel. Contraception 2006;73:566-70.
16. Petitti DB. Combination estrogen-progestin oral contraceptives. N Engl J Med 2003;349:1443-50. [Erratum, N Engl J Med 2004;350:92.]
17. Medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use. 3rd ed. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2004.
18. Sidney S, Siscovick DS, Petitti DB, et al. Myocardial infarction and use of low-dose oral contraceptives: a pooled analysis of 2 US studies. Circulation 1998;98:1058-63.
19. Schwartz SM, Petitti DB, Siscovick DS, et al. Stroke and use of low-dose oral contraceptives in young women: a pooled analysis of two US studies. Stroke 1998;29:2277-84.
20. Margolis KL, Adami H-O, Luo J, Ye W, Weiderpass E. A prospective study of oral contraceptive use and risk of myocardial infarction among Swedish women. Fertil Steril 2007;88:310-6.
21. MacClellan LR, Giles W, Cole J, et al. Probable migraine with visual aura and risk of ischemic stroke: the stroke prevention in young women study. Stroke 2007;38:2438-45.
22. Hannaford PC, Selvaraj S, Elliott AM, Angus V, Iversen L, Lee AJ. Cancer risk among users of oral contraceptives: cohort data from the Royal College of General Practitioner's oral contraception study. BMJ 2007;335:651.
23. Marchbanks PA, McDonald JA, Wilson HG, et al. Oral contraceptives and the risk of breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2002;346:2025-32.
24. Gill JK, Press MF, Patel AV, Bernstein L. Oral contraceptive use and risk of breast carcinoma in situ (United States). Cancer Causes Control 2006;17:1155-62.
25. Strom BL, Berlin JA, Weber AL, et al. Absence of an effect of injectable and implantable progestin-only contraceptives on subsequent risk of breast cancer. Contraception 2004;69:353-60.
26. Wingo PA, Austin A, Marchbanks PA, et al. Oral contraceptives and the risk of death from breast cancer. Obstet Gynecol 2007;110:793-800.
27. Silvera SA, Miller AB, Rohan TE. Oral contraceptive use and risk of breast cancer among women with a family history of breast cancer: a prospective cohort study. Cancer Causes Control 2005;16:1059-63.
28. Narod SA, Dubé MP, Klijn J, et al. Oral contraceptives and the risk of breast cancer in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. J Natl Cancer Inst 2002;94:1773-9.
29. Haile RW, Thomas DC, McGuire V, et al. BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers, oral contraceptive use, and breast cancer before age 50. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006;15:1863-70.
30. Keshavarz H, Hillis SD, Burney AK, Marchbanks PA. Hysterectomy surveillance - United States, 1994-1999. MMWR Surveill Summ 2002;51(SS-5):1-8.
31. Davis A, Godwin A, Lippman J, Olson W, Kafrissen M. Triphasic norgestimate-ethinyl estradiol for treating dysfunctional uterine bleeding. Obstet Gynecol 2000;96:913-20.
32. Kaunitz AM. Noncontraceptive health benefits of oral contraceptives. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2002;3:277-83.
33. Hurskainen R, Teperi J, Rissanen P, et al. Clinical outcomes and costs with the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system or hysterectomy for treatment of menorrhagia: randomized trial 5-year follow-up. JAMA 2004;291:1456-63.
34. Kaunitz AM. Progestin-releasing intra-uterine systems and leiomyoma. Contraception 2007;75:Suppl:S130-S133.
35. Bragheto AM, Caserta N, Bahamondes L, Petta CA. Effectiveness of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system in the treatment of adenomyosis diagnosed and monitored by magnetic resonance imaging. Contraception 2007;76:195-9.
36. Casper RF, Dodin S, Reid RL. The effect of 20 μg ethinyl estradiol/1 mg norethindrone acetate (Minestrin), a low-dose oral contraceptive, on vaginal bleeding patterns, hot flashes, and quality of life in symptomatic perimenopausal women. Menopause 1997;4:139-47.
37. Shargil AA. Hormone replacement therapy in perimenopausal women with a triphasic contraceptive compound: a three-year prospective study. Int J Fertil 1985;30:15, 18-28.
38. Hampton NRE, Rees MCP, Lowe DG, Rauramo I, Barlow D, Guillebaud J. Levonorgestrel intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) with conjugated equine estrogen: a successful regimen for HRT in perimenopausal women. Hum Reprod 2005;20:2653-60.
39. North American Menopause Society. Treatment of menopause-associated vasomotor symptoms: position statement of the North American Menopause Society. Menopause 2004;11:11-33.
40. Gambacciani M, Cappagli B, Lazzarini V, Ciaponi M, Fruzzetti F, Genazzani AR. Longitudinal evaluation of perimenopausal bone loss: effects of different low dose oral contraceptive preparations on bone mineral density. Maturitas 2006;54:176-80.
41. Michaëlsson K, Baron JA, Farahmand BY, Persson I, Ljunghall S. Oral-contraceptive use and risk of hip fracture: a case-control study. Lancet 1999;353:1481-4.
42. Barad D, Kooperberg C, Wactawski-Wende J, Liu J, Hendrix SL, Watts NB. Prior oral contraception and postmenopausal fracture: a Women's Health Initiative observational cohort study. Fertil Steril 2005;84:374-83.
43. Rosenberg L, Zhang Y, Constant D, et al. Bone status after cessation of use of injectable progestin contraceptives. Contraception 2007;76:425-31.
44. Collaborative Group on Epidemiological Studies of Ovarian Cancer. Ovarian cancer and oral contraceptives: collaborative reanalysis of data from 45 epidemiological studies including 23,257 women with ovarian cancer and 87,303 controls. Lancet 2008;371:303-14.
45. Narod SA, Risch H, Moslehi R, Dorum A, Neuhausen S, Olsson H. Oral contraceptives and the risk of hereditary ovarian cancer. N Engl J Med 1998;339:424-8.
46. Whittemore AS, Balise RR, Pharoah PD, et al. Oral contraceptive use and ovarian cancer risk among carriers of BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations. Br J Cancer 2004;91:1911-5.
47. Schlesselman JJ. Risk of endometrial cancer in relation to use of combined oral contraceptives: a practitioner's guide to meta-analysis. Hum Reprod 1997;12:1851-63.
48. Depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) and risk of endometrial cancer: the WHO Collaborative Study of Neoplasia and Steroid Contraceptives. Int J Cancer 1991;49:186-90.
49. Fernandez E, La Vecchia C, Balducci A, Chatenoud L, Franceschi S, Negri E. Oral contraceptives and colorectal cancer risk: a meta-analysis. Br J Cancer 2001;84:722-7.
50. Mosher WD, Martinez GM, Chandra A, Abma JC, Willson SJ. Use of contraception and use of family planning services in the United States: 1982-2002. Advance data from vital and health statistics. No. 350. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics, December 10, 2004.
51. Abma JC, Chandra A, Mosher WD, Peterson LS, Piccinino LJ. Fertility, family planning, and women's health: new data from the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth. Vital and health statistics. Series 23. No. 19. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics, May 1997:1-114. (DHHS publication no. (PHS) 97-1995.)
52. van den Heuvel MW, van Bragt AJ, Alnabawy AK, Kaptein MC. Comparison of ethinylestradiol pharmacokinetics in three hormonal contraceptive formulations: the vaginal ring, the transdermal patch and an oral contraceptive. Contraception 2005;72:168-74.
53. Jick S, Kaye JA, Li L, Jick H. Further results on the risk of nonfatal venous thromboembolism in users of the contraceptive transdermal patch compared to users of oral contraceptives containing norgestimate and 35 microg of ethinyl estradiol. Contraception 2007;76:4-7.
54. Creinin MD. Laboratory criteria for menopause in women using oral contraceptives. Fertil Steril 1996;66:101-4.