The welfare of the neonatal lamb

Small Ruminant Research

Volumn 76, Issue 1-2, 2008, Pages 31-41

  Dwyer, C M ^a  

^a SCOTTISH AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Behaviour; Hypothermia; Lamb; Lambing; Neonatal death; Neonatal mortality; Neonate; Sheep; Starvation; Welfare

Indexed keywords

ANIMALIA; OVIS ARIES;

EID: 40849097480     PISSN: 09214488     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2007.12.011     Document Type: Article

References (138)

1. Alexander G. Behaviour of newly born lambs. Proc. Aust. Soc. Anim. Prod. 2 (1958) 123-125
2. Alexander G. Temperature regulation in the new-born lamb. IV. The effect of wind and evaporation of water from the coat on metabolic rate and body temperature. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 13 (1962) 82-99
3. Alexander G. Cold thermogenesis. Int. Rev. Physiol., Environ. Physiol. III 20 (1979) 43-155
4. Alexander G., Lynch J.J., and Mottershead B.E. Use of shelter and selection of lambing sites by shorn and unshorn ewes in paddocks with closely or widely spaced shelters. Appl. Anim. Ethol. 5 (1979) 51-69
5. Alexander G., Lynch J.J., Mottershead B.E., and Donnelly J.B. Reduction in lamb mortality by means of grass wind-breaks: results of a five-year study. Proc. Aust. Soc. Anim. Prod. 13 (1980) 329-332
6. Alexander G., and Williams D. Maternal facilitation of sucking drive in newborn lambs. Science 146 (1964) 665-666
7. Arnold G.W., Wallace S.R., and Maller R.A. Some factors involved in natural weaning processes in sheep. Appl. Anim. Ethol. 5 (1979) 43-50
8. Bekele T., Woldeab T., Lahlou-Kassi A., and Sherington J. Factors affection morbidity and mortality on-farm and on-station in the Ethiopian highland sheep. Acta Trop. 52 (1992) 99-109
9. Berger J. Social ontogeny and behavioural diversity: consequences for Bighorn sheep Ovis canadensis inhabiting desert and mountain environments. J. Zool. Lond. 188 (1979) 251-266
10. Binns S.H., Cox I.J., Rizvi S., and Green L.E. Risk factors for lamb mortality on UK sheep farms. Prev. Vet. Med. 52 (2002) 287-303
11. Bizelis J.A., Charismiadou M.A., and Rogdakis E. Metabolic changes during the perinatal period in dairy sheep in relation to level of nutrition and breed. II. Early lactation. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. 84 (2000) 73-84
12. Bleich V.C. Mountain sheep and coyotes: patterns of predator evasion in a mountain ungulate. J. Mammal. 80 (1999) 283-289
13. Budge H., Bispham J., Dandrea J., Evans E., Heasman L., Ingleton P.M., Sullivan C., Wilson V., Stephenson T., and Symonds M.E. Effect of maternal nutrition on brown adipose tissue and its prolactin receptor status in the fetal lamb. Pediatr. Res. 47 (2000) 781-786
14. Cannon B., and Nedergaard J. The biochemistry of an inefficient tissue: brown adipose tissue. Essays Biochem. 20 (1985) 110-164
15. Capper J.L., Wilkinson R.G., Kasapidou E., Pattinson S.E., Mackenzie A.M., and Sinclair L.A. The effect of dietary vitamin E and fatty acid supplementation of pregnant and lactating ewes on placental and mammary transfer of vitamin E to the lamb. Brit. J. Nutr. 93 (2005) 549-557
16. Capper J.L., Wilkinson R.G., Mackenzie A.M., and Sinclair L.A. Polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation during pregnancy alters neonatal behavior in sheep. J. Nutr. 136 (2006) 397-403
17. Charismiadou M.A., Bizelis J.A., and Rogdakis E. Metabolic changes during the perinatal period in dairy sheep in relation to level of nutrition and breed. I. Late pregnancy. J. Anim. Phys. Anim. Nutr. 84 (2000) 61-72
18. Chen C.Y., Carstens G.E., Gilbert C.D., Theis C.M., Archibeque S.L., Kurz M.W., Slay L.J., and Smith S.B. Dietary supplementation of high levels of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids to ewes during late gestation reduces thermogenesis in newborn lambs by depressing fatty acid oxidation in perirenal brown adipose tissue. J. Nutr. 137 (2007) 43-48
19. Clarke L., Bryant M.J., Lomax M.A., and Symonds M.E. Maternal manipulation of brown adipose tissue and liver development in the ovine fetus during late gestation. Brit. J. Nutr. 77 (1997) 871-883
20. Cloete S.W.P. Observations on neonatal progress of Dormer and South African Mutton Merino lambs. S. Afr. J. Anim. Sci. 23 (1993) 38-42
21. Colditz I.G., Watson D.L., Gray G.D., and Eady S.J. Some relationships between age, immune responsiveness and resistance to parasites in ruminants. Int. J. Parasitol. 26 (1996) 869-877
22. Conjé P.B. Foetal programming of immune competence. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 43 (2003) 1427-1430
23. Cransac M., Hewison A.J., Gaillard J.M., Cugnasse J.M., and Maublanc M.-L. Patterns of mouflon (Ovis gmelini) survival under moderate environmental conditions: effects of sex, age, and epizootics. Can. J. Zool. 75 (1997) 1867-1875
24. Dalton D.C., Knight T.W., and Johnson D.L. Lamb survival in sheep breeds on New Zealand hill country. N.Z. J. Agric. Res. 23 (1980) 167-173
25. Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. Codes of Recommendations for the Welfare of Livestock: Sheep (2000), DEFRA Publications, London
26. Duncan A.J., Mayes R.W., Young S.A., Lamb C.S., and MacEachern P. Choice of foraging patches by hill sheep given different opportunities to seek shelter and food. Anim. Sci. 73 (2001) 563-570
27. Dwyer C.M. Behavioural development in the neonatal lamb: effect of maternal and birth-related factors. Theriogenology 59 (2003) 1027-1050
28. Dwyer C.M. How has the risk of predation shaped the behavioural responses of sheep to fear and distress?. Anim. Welfare 13 (2004) 269-281
29. Dwyer C.M., Calvert S.K., Farish M., Donbavand J., and Pickup H.E. Breed, litter and parity differences in the morphology of the ovine placenta and developmental consequences for the lamb. Theriogenology 63 (2005) 1092-1110
30. Dwyer C.M., and Lawrence A.B. Ewe-ewe and ewe-lamb behaviour in a hill and a lowland breed of sheep: a study using embryo transfer. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 61 (1999) 319-334
31. Dwyer C.M., and Lawrence A.B. Effects of maternal genotype and behaviour on the behavioural development of their offspring in sheep. Behaviour 137 (2000) 1629-1654
32. Dwyer C.M., and Lawrence A.B. A review of the behavioural and physiological adaptations of extensively managed breeds of sheep that favour lamb survival. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 92 (2005) 235-260
33. Dwyer C.M., Lawrence A.B., and Bishop S.C. The effects of selection for lean tissue content on maternal and neonatal lamb behaviours in Scottish Blackface sheep. Anim. Sci. 72 (2001) 555-571
34. Dwyer C.M., and Morgan C.A. Maintenance of body temperature in the neonatal lamb: effects of breed, birth weight and litter size. J. Anim. Sci. 84 (2006) 1093-1101
35. Eales F.A., and Small J. Effects of colostrum on summit metabolic rate in Scottish Blackface lambs at five hours old. Res. Vet. Sci. 30 (1981) 266-269
36. Erhard H.W., Boissy A., Rae M.T., and Rhind S.M. Effects of prenatal undernutrition on emotional reactivity and cognitive flexibility in adult sheep. Behav. Brain Res. 151 (2004) 25-35
37. Farm Animal Welfare Council, 1979. http://www.fawc.org.uk/freedoms.html.
38. Fisher G.J., and MacPherson A. Effect of cobalt deficiency in the pregnant ewe on reproductive performance and lamb viability. Res. Vet. Sci. 50 (1991) 319-327
39. Fisher M.W., and Mellor D.J. The welfare implications of shepherding during lambing in extensive New Zealand farming systems. Anim. Welfare 11 (2002) 157-170
40. Fitzpatrick J., Scott M., and Nolan A. Assessment of pain and welfare in sheep. Small Rumin. Res. 62 (2006) 55-61
41. Fogarty N.M., Hopkins D.L., and van de Ven R. Lamb production from diverse genotypes. 1. Lamb growth and survival and ewe performance. Anim. Sci. 70 (2000) 135-145
42. Forrest R.H., Hickford J.G.H., Wynyard J., Merrick N., Hogan A., and Frampton C. Polymorphism at the beta(3)-adrenergic receptor (ADRB3) locus of Merino sheep and its association with lamb mortality. Anim. Genet. 37 (2006) 465-468
43. Gama L.T., Dickerson G.E., Young L.D., and Leymaster K.A. Effects of breed, heterosis, age of dam, litter size, and birth weight on lamb mortality. J. Anim. Sci. 69 (1991) 2727-2743
44. Goursaud A.P., and Nowak R. Colostrum mediates the development of mother preference by newborn lambs. Physiol. Behav. 67 (1999) 49-56
45. Greentree C., Saunders G., Mcleod L., and Hone J. Lamb predation and fox control in south-eastern Australia. J. Appl. Ecol. 37 (2000) 935-943
46. Greenwood P.L., and Bell A.W. Consequences of intra-uterine growth retardation for postnatal growth, metabolism and pathophysiology. Reproduction 61 (2002) 195-206
47. Hall D.G., Holst P.J., and Shutt D.A. The effect of nutritional supplements in late pregnancy on ewe colostrum production, plasma progesterone and IGF-1 concentrations. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 43 (1992) 325-337
48. Haughey K.G. The effect of birth injury to the foetal nervous system on the survival and feeding behaviour of lambs. Rev. Rural Sci. 4 (1980) 109-111
49. Haughey K.G. Perinatal lamb mortality-its investigation, causes and control. Irish Vet. J. 46 (1993) 9-28
50. Hinch G.N., Kelly R.W., Owens J.L., and Crosbie S.F. Patterns of lamb survival in high fecundity Booroola flocks. Proc. N.Z. Soc. Anim. Prod. 43 (1983) 29-32
51. Hodgson J.C. In: Gyles C.L. (Ed). Escherichia coli in Domestic Animals and Humans (1994), CAB International, Wallingford 135-150
52. Hodgson J.C., Barclay G.R., Hay L.A., Moon G.M., and Poxton I.R. Prophylactic use of human endotoxin-core hyperimmune gamma-globulin to prevent endotoxemia in colostrum-deprived, gnotobiotic lambs challenged orally with Escherichia coli. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 11 (1995) 171-180
53. Houston D.C., and Maddox J.G. Causes of mortality among young Scottish Blackface lambs. Vet. Rec. 95 (1974) 575
54. Huffman E.M., Kirk J.H., and Papaioanou M. Factors associated with neonatal lamb mortality. Theriogenology 24 (1985) 163-171
55. Jagusch K.T., Gumbrell R.C., Mobley M.C., and Jay N.P. Effect on growth of early weaning lambs on to pure stands of lucerne. N.Z. J. Exp. Agric. 5 (1977) 15-18
56. Johnston C.C., Stevens B.J., Yang F., and Horton L. Differential response to pain by very premature neonates. Pain 61 (1995) 471-479
57. Jorgenson J.T., FestaBianchet M., Gaillard J.M., and Wishart W.D. Effects of age, sex, disease, and density on survival of bighorn sheep. Ecology 7 (1997) 1019-1032
58. Kent J.E., Jackson R.E., Molony V., and Hosie B.D. Effects of acute pain reduction methods on the chronic inflammatory lesions and behaviour of lambs castrated and tail-docked with rubber rings at less than two days of age. Vet. J. 160 (2000) 33-41
59. Kent, J.E., Molony, V., Jackson, R.E., Hosie, B. 1999. Chronic inflammatory responses of lambs to rubber ring castration: are there any effects of age or size of lamb at treatment? In: Russel, A.J.F., Morgan, C.A., Savory, C.J., Appleby, M.A., Lawrence, T.J.L. (Eds.). Farm Animal Welfare-Who writes the rules? British Society of Animal Science, Penicuik, pp. 160-162 (Occasional Publication No. 23).
60. Kent J.E., Molony V., and Robertson I.S. Changes in plasma cortisol concentration in lambs of 3 ages after 3 methods of castration and tail docking. Res. Vet. Sci. 55 (1993) 246-251
61. Kott R.W., Ruttle J.L., and Southward G.M. Effects of vitamin E and selenium injections on reproduction and preweaning lamb survival in ewes consuming diets marginally deficient in selenium. J. Anim. Sci. 57 (1983) 557-558
62. Landa A., Gudvangen K., Swenson J.E., and Roskaft E. Factors associated with wolverine Gulo gulo predation on domestic sheep. J. Appl. Ecol. 36 (1999) 963-973
63. Langlands J.P., Donald G.E., Bowles J.E., and Smith A.J. Subclinical selenium deficiency. 2. The response in reproductive performance of grazing ewes supplemented with selenium. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 31 (1991) 33-35
64. Lawrence A.B. Mother-daughter and peer relations of Scottish hill sheep. Anim. Behav. 39 (1990) 481-486
65. Le Pendu Y., Maublanc M.-L., Briedermann L., and Dubois M. Spatial structure and activity in groups of Mediterranean Mouflon (Ovis gmelini): a comparative study. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 46 (1996) 201-216
66. Lobato J.F.P., Pearce G.R., and Beilharz R.G. Effects of early familiarization with dietary supplements on the subsequent ingestion of molasses-urea blocks by sheep. Appl. Anim. Ethol. 6 (1980) 149-161
67. Lynch J.J., and Alexander G. The effect of gramineous windbreaks on behaviour and lamb mortality among shorn and unshorn Merino sheep during lambing. Appl. Anim. Ethol. 2 (1976) 305-325
68. Lynch J.J., Keogh R.G., Elwin R.L., Green G.C., and Mottershead B.E. Effects of early experience on the post-weaning acceptance of whole grain wheat by fine wool Merino lambs. Anim. Prod. 36 (1983) 175-183
69. McCutcheon S.N., Holmes C.W., and McDonald M.F. The starvation-exposure syndrome and neonatal lamb mortality. A review. Proc. N.Z. Soc. Anim. Prod. 41 (1981) 209-217
70. McCutcheon S.N., Holmes C.W., McDonald M.F., and Rae A.L. Resistance to cold stress in the newborn lamb. 1. Responses of Romney, Drysdale × Romney, and Merino lambs to components of the thermal environment. N.Z. J. Agric. Res. 26 (1983) 169-174
71. Malik R.C., and Acharya R.M. A note on factors affecting lamb survival in Indian sheep. Anim. Prod. 14 (1972) 123-125
72. Mandal A., Prasad H., Kumar A., Roy R., and Sharma N. Factors associated with lamb mortalities in Muzaffarnagari sheep. Small Rumin. Res. 71 (2007) 273-279
73. Markowitz T.M., Dally M.R., Gursky K., and Price E.O. Early handling increases lamb affinity for humans. Anim. Behav. 55 (1998) 573-587
74. Mears G.J., and Brown F.A. Cortisol and β-endorphin responses to physical and psychological stressors in lambs. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 77 (1997) 689-694
75. Mellor D.J., and Diesch T.J. Onset of sentience: the potential for suffering in fetal and newborn farm animals. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 100 (2006) 48-57
76. Mellor D.J., Flint D.J., Vernon R.G., and Forsyth I.A. Relationships between plasma hormone concentrations, udder development and the production of early mammary secretions in twin-bearing ewes on different planes of nutrition. Q. J. Exp. Phys. Cogn. Med. Sci. 72 (1987) 345-356
77. Mellor D.J., and Gregory N.G. Responsiveness, behavioural arousal and awareness in fetal and newborn lambs: experimental, practical and therapeutic implications. N.Z. Vet. J. 51 (2003) 2-13
78. Mellor D.J., and Murray L. Effects of maternal nutrition on udder development during late pregnancy and on colostrum production in Scottish Blackface ewes with twin lambs. Res. Vet. Sci. 39 (1985) 230-234
79. Mellor D.J., and Stafford K.J. Animal welfare implications of neonatal mortality and morbidity in farm animals. Vet. J. 168 (2004) 118-133
80. Meyer H.H., and Clarke J.N. Genetic and environmental effects on incidence and causes of lamb mortality. Proc. N.Z. Soc. Anim. Prod. 38 (1978) 181-184
81. Miller G.R. Some responses of hill ewes and lambs to artificial shelter. Anim. Prod. 10 (1968) 59-66
82. Mitchell L.M., Robinson J.J., Watt R.G., McEvoy T.G., Ashworth C.J., Rooke J.A., and Dwyer C.M. Effects of cobalt/vitamin B12 status in ewes undergoing ovum recovery and transfer procedures on embryo development and lamb viability at birth. Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 19 (2007) 553-562
83. Moberg G.P., and Wood V.A. Effect of differential rearing on the behavioural and adrenocortical response of lambs to a novel environment. Appl. Anim. Ethol. 8 (1982) 269-279
84. Molony V., Kent J.E., and Robertson I.S. Behavioural responses of lambs of 3 ages in the first 3 hours after 3 methods of castration and tail docking. Res. Vet. Sci. 55 (1993) 236-245
85. Moore R.W., Millar C.M., and Lynch P.R. The effects of prenatal nutrition and type of birth and rearing of lambs on vigour, temperature and weight at birth, and weight and survival at weaning. Proc. N.Z. Soc. Anim. Prod. 46 (1986) 259-262
86. Morgan P.D., and Arnold G.W. Behavioural relationships between Merino ewes and lambs during the four weeks after birth. Anim. Prod. 19 (1974) 169-176
87. Morris C.A., Hickey S.M., and Clarke J.N. Genetic and environmental factors affecting lamb survival at birth and through to weaning. N.Z. J. Agric. Res. 43 (2000) 515-524
88. Moussouttas M., Abubakr A., Grewal R.P., and Papamitsakis N. Eclamptic subarachnoid haemorrhage without hypertension. J. Clin. Neurosci. 13 (2006) 474-476
89. Mukasa-Mugerwa E., Lahlou-Kassi A., Anindo D., Rege J.E.O., Tembely S., Tibbo M., and Baker R.L. Between and within breed variation in lamb survival and the risk factors associated with major causes of mortality in indigenous Horro and Menz sheep in Ethiopia. Small Rumin. Res. 37 (2000) 1-12
90. Munoz C., Carson A.F., McCoy M., Dawson L.E.R., and Gordon A. Nutritional status of ewes in early and mid pregnancy. 2. Effect of selenium supplementation on ewe reproduction and offspring performance. Proc. Brit. Soc. Anim. Sci. (2006) 7
91. Mysterud I., and Warren J.T. Mortality transmitters-new instrument for animal loss research on Norwegian ranges. Acta Vet. Scand. 32 (1991) 415-424
92. Napolitano F., Marino V., de Rosa G., Capparelli R., and Bordi A. Influence of artificial rearing on behavioural and immune response of lambs. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 45 (1995) 245-253
93. Neale J.C.C., Sacks B.N., Jaeger M.M., and McCullough D.R. A comparison of bobcat and coyote predation on lambs in north-coastal California. J. Wildl. Manage. 62 (1998) 700-706
94. Nowak R.F., and Lindsay D.R. Discrimination of merino ewes by their newborn lambs: important for survival?. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 34 (1992) 61-74
95. Nowak R., Murphy T.M., Lindsay D.R., Alster P., Andersson R., and Uvnäs-Moberg K. Development of a preferential relationship with the mother by the newborn lamb: importance of the sucking activity. Physiol. Behav. 62 (1997) 681-688
96. Nowak R., Porter R.H., Lévy F., Orgeur P., and Schaal B. Role of mother-young interactions in the survival of offspring in domestic mammals. Rev. Reprod. 5 (2000) 153-163
97. O'Doherty J.V., and Crosby T.F. The effect of diet in late pregnancy on progesterone concentration and colostrum yield in ewes. Theriogenology 46 (1996) 233-241
98. Obst J.M., and Day H.R. The effect of inclement weather on mortality of Merino and Corriedale lambs on Kangaroo Island. Proc. Aust. Soc. Anim. Prod. 7 (1968) 239-242
99. Orgeur P., Bernard S., Naciri M., Nowak R., Schaal B., and Lévy F. Psychobiological consequences of two different weaning methods in sheep. Reprod. Nutr. Dev. 39 (1999) 231-244
100. Orgeur P., Mavric N., Yvore P., Bernard S., Nowak R., Schaal B., and Levy F. Artificial weaning in sheep: consequences on behavioural, hormonal and immuno-pathological indicators of welfare. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 58 (1998) 87-103
101. Owens J.L., Bindon B.M., Edey T.N., and Piper L.R. Behaviour at parturition and lamb survival of Booroola Merino sheep. Livest. Prod. Sci. 13 (1985) 359-372
102. Pickup H.E., and Dwyer C.M. Breed differences in the expression of maternal care at parturition persist throughout the lactation period in sheep. Proc. Brit. Soc. Anim. Sci. (2002) 70
103. Poindron P., Le Neindre P., Lévy F., and Keverne E.B. The physiological mechanisms of the acceptance of the newborn among sheep. Biol. Behav. 9 (1984) 65-88
104. Pollard J.C., Shaw K.J., and Littlejohn R.P. A note of the sheltering behaviour of ewes before and after lambing. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 61 (1999) 313-318
105. Porter R.H., Nowak R., and Orgeur P. Influence of a conspecific agemate on distress bleating by lambs. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 45 (1995) 239-244
106. Porter F.L., Wolf C.M., and Miller J.P. Procedural pain in newborn infants: the influence of intensity and development. Pediatrics 104 (1999) e13
107. Putu I.G., Poindron P., and Lindsay D.R. Early separation of ewes from the birth site increases lamb separations and mortality. Proc. Aust. Soc. Anim. Prod. 17 (1988) 298-301
108. Rachlow J.L., and Bowyer R.T. Habitat selection by Dall's Sheep (Ovis dalli): maternal trade-offs. J. Zool. Lond. 245 (1998) 457-465
109. Reale D., Bousses P., and Chapuis J.L. Nursing behaviour and mother-lamb relationships in mouflon under fluctuating population densities. Behav. Proc. 47 (1999) 81-94
110. Rhind S.M., Reid H.W., McMillen S.R., and Palmarini G. The role of cortisol and β-endorphin in the response of the immune system to weaning in lambs. Anim. Sci. 66 (1998) 397-402
111. Richard-Hansen C. Social interactions in Isard kids Rupicapra pyrenaica pyrenaica (Artiodactyla: Bovidae): possible influence on development of social bonding. Ethology 94 (1993) 291-305
112. Riesenfeld T., Hammarlund K., Norsted T., and Sedin G. Irregular breathing in young lambs and newborn infants during heat stress. Acta Paediatr. 85 (1996) 467-470
113. Robinson, J.J., Aitken, R.P. 1985. Effects of nutrition on prenatal growth and implications for perinatal survival in lambs. In: Alexander, G., Barker, J.D., Slee, J. (Eds.). Factors affecting the Survival of Newborn Lambs. Seminar in CEC Programme of Co-ordination of Agricultural Research, Brussels, pp. 177-189.
114. Robinson J.J., McEvoy T.G., and Sinclair K.D. Nutritional effects on foetal growth. Anim. Sci. 68 (1999) 315-331
115. Sachs B.D., and Harris V.S. Sex differences and developmental changes in selected juvenile activities (play) of domestic lambs. Anim. Behav. 26 (1978) 678-684
116. Sangild P.T., Fowden A.L., and Trahair J.F. How does the foetal gastrointestinal tract develop in preparation for enteral nutrition after birth?. Livest. Prod. Sci. 66 (2000) 141-150
117. Sawalha R.M., Conington J., Brotherstone S., and Villanueva B. Analyses of lamb survival of Scottish Blackface sheep. Animal 1 (2007) 151-157
118. Scales G.H., Burton R.N., and Moss R.A. Lamb mortality, birth-weight, and nutrition in late pregnancy. N.Z. J. Agric. Res. 29 (1986) 75-82
119. Schwedt T.J., Matharu M.S., and Dodick D.W. Thunderclap headache. Lancet Neurol. 5 (2006) 621-631
120. Slee J., Alexander G., Bradley L.R., Jackson N., and Stevens D. Genetic aspects of cold resistance and related characters in newborn Merino lambs. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 31 (1991) 175-182
121. Slee J., and Springbett A. Early post-natal behaviour in lambs of ten breeds. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 15 (1986) 229-240
122. Smith G.M. Factors affecting birth weight, dystocia and preweaning survival in sheep. J. Anim. Sci. 44 (1977) 745-753
123. Snowder G.D., and Knight A.D. Breed effects of foster lamb and foster dam on lamb viability and growth. J. Anim. Sci. 73 (1995) 1559-1566
124. Stephens D.B., and Baldwin B.A. Observations of the behaviour of groups of artificially reared lambs. Res. Vet. Sci. 12 (1971) 219-224
125. Stephenson R.G.A., Suter G.R., and Le Feuvre A.S. Reduction in the effects of heat stress on lamb birth weight and survival by provision of shade. In: Lindsay D.R., and Pearce D.T. (Eds). Reproduction in Sheep (1984), Australian Academy of Science, Canberra 223-225
126. Stott A.W., and Slee J. The effects of litter size, sex, age, body weight, dam age and genetic selection for cold resistance on the physiological responses to cold exposure of Scottish Blackface Lambs in a progressively cooled water bath. Anim. Prod. 45 (1987) 477-491
127. Sykes A.R., Griffiths R.G., and Slee J. Influence of breed, birth weight and weather on body temperature of newborn lambs. Anim. Prod. 22 (1976) 395-402
128. Symonds M.E., Andrews D.C., and Johnson P. The controls of thermoregulation in the developing lamb during slow wave sleep. J. Dev. Physiol. 11 (1989) 289-298
129. Symonds M.E., Bird J.A., Clarke L., Gate J.J., and Lomax M.A. Nutrition, temperature and homeostasis during perinatal development. Exp. Physiol. 80 (1995) 907-940
130. Turkson P.K. Lamb and kid mortality in village flocks in the coastal savanna zone of Ghana. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 35 (2003) 477-490
131. Turkson P.K., and Sualisu M. Risk factors for lamb mortality in Sahelian sheep on a breeding station in Ghana. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 37 (2005) 49-64
132. Veissier I., Boissy A., Nowak R., Orgeur P., and Poindron P. Ontogeny of social awareness in domestic herbivores. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 57 (1998) 233-245
133. Veissier I., le Neindre P., and Trillat G. The use of circadian behaviour to measure adaptation of calves to changes in their environment. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 22 (1989) 1-12
134. Warren J.T., and Mysterud I. Mortality of domestic sheep in free-ranging flocks in southeastern Norway. J. Anim. Sci. 73 (1995) 1012-1018
135. Watson D.L. Effect of weaning on antibody responses and nematode parasitism in Merino lambs. Res. Vet. Sci. 51 (1991) 128-132
136. Watson D.L., Colditz I.G., Andrew M., Gill H.S., and Altmann K.G. Age-dependent immune response in Merino sheep. Res. Vet. Sci. 57 (1994) 152-158
137. Wiener G., Woolliams C., and MacLeod N.S.M. The effects of breed, breeding system and other factors on lamb mortality. J. Agric. Sci. 100 (1983) 539-551
138. Yapi C.V., Boylan W.J., and Robinson R.A. Factors associated with causes of preweaning lamb mortality. Prev. Vet. Med. 10 (1990) 145-152