Platelet activating factor as a mediator and therapeutic approach in bronchial asthma

Inflammation

Volumn 31, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 112-120

  Kasperska Zajac, A ^a,b   Brzoza, Z ^a   Rogala, B ^a  

^a MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF SILESIA   (Poland)

^b Clinical Department of Internal Diseases Allergology and Clinical Immunology   (Poland)

Author keywords

Asthma; Platelet activating factor (PAF)

Indexed keywords

1 ALKYL 2 ACETYLGLYCEROPHOSPHOCHOLINE ESTERASE; APAFANT; FOROPAFANT; GINKGOLIDE B; ISRAPAFANT; LEUKOTRIENE; MODIPAFANT; PLACEBO; SALBUTAMOL; THROMBOCYTE ACTIVATING FACTOR; THROMBOCYTE ACTIVATING FACTOR ANTAGONIST; ZILEUTON;

ASTHMA; BRONCHOSPASM; BRONCHUS HYPERREACTIVITY; CLINICAL TRIAL; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG MECHANISM; GAS EXCHANGE; HUMAN; LUNG LAVAGE; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; REVIEW;

1-ALKYL-2-ACETYLGLYCEROPHOSPHOCHOLINE ESTERASE; ANIMALS; ANTI-ASTHMATIC AGENTS; ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS; ASTHMA; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION MEDIATORS; PLATELET ACTIVATING FACTOR; PLATELET MEMBRANE GLYCOPROTEINS; RECEPTORS, G-PROTEIN-COUPLED; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 40849086262     PISSN: 03603997     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10753-007-9056-9     Document Type: Review

References (88)

1. Barnes, P. J., K. F. Chung, and C. P. Page. 1998. Inflammatory mediators of asthma: an update. Pharmacol. Rev. 50:515-596.
2. Kay, A. B. 1983. Mediators of hypersensitivity and inflammatory cells in the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma. Eur. J. Respir. Dis. Suppl. 129:1-44.
3. Morley, J., and D. Wiesinger. 1986. Bronchial hyper-reactivity: recent preclinical developments. Allerg. Immunol. (Paris) 18:33-34 36.
4. Denjean, A., B. Arnoux, J. Benveniste, A. Lockhart, and R. Masse. 1981. Bronchoconstriction induced by intratracheal administration of platelet-activating factor (PAF-acether) in baboons. Agents Actions 11:567-568.
5. Zhu, T., F. Gobeil, A. Vazquez-Tello, M. Leduc, L. Rihakova, M. Bossolasco, G. Bkaily, K. Peri, D. R. Varma, R. Orvoine, and S. Chemtob. 2006. Intracrine signaling through lipid mediators and their cognate nuclear G-protein-coupled receptors: a paradigm based on PGE2, PAF, and LPA1 receptors. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 84:377-391.
6. Hwang, S. B. 1990. Specific receptors of platelet-activating factor, receptor heterogeneity, and signal transduction mechanisms. J. Lipid Mediat. 2:123-158.
7. Ishii, S., and T. Shimizu. 2000. Platelet-activating factor (PAF) receptor and genetically engineered PAF receptor mutant mice. Prog. Lipid Res. 39:41-82.
8. Simon, H. U., P. W. Tsao, K. A. Siminovitch, G. B. Mills, and K. Blaser. 1994. Functional platelet-activating factor receptors are expressed by monocytes and granulocytes but not by resting or activated T and B lymphocytes from normal individuals or patients with asthma. J. Immunol. 153:364-377.
9. McFadden, R. G., M. A. Bishop, A. N. Caveney, and L. J. Fraher. 1995. Effect of platelet activating factor (PAF) on the migration of human lymphocytes. Thorax 50:265-269.
10. Kishimoto, S., W. Shimadzu, T. Izumi, T. Shimizu, H. Sagara, T. Fukuda, S. Makino, T. Sugiura, and K. Waku. 1997. Comparison of platelet-activating factor receptor mRNA levels in peripheral blood eosinophils from normal subjects and atopic asthmatic patients. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 114(Suppl):60-63.
11. Shirasaki, H., M. Nishikawa, I. M. Adcock, J. C. Mak, T. Sakamoto, T. Shimizu, and P. J. Barnes. 1994. Expression of platelet-activating factor receptor mRNA in human and guinea pig lung. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 10:533-537.
12. Golino, P., G. Ambrosio, M. Ragni, I. Pascucci, M. Triggiani, A. Oriente, J. McNatt, L. M. Buja, M. Condorelli, and M. Chiariello. 1993. Short-term and long-term role of platelet activating factor as a mediator of in vivo platelet aggregation. Circulation 88:1205-1214.
13. Okuda, Y., I. Tsuyuguchi, and A. Yamatodani. 1988. Histamine release from human leukocytes by platelet-activating factor. Int. Arch. Allergy Appl. Immunol. 85:341-345.
14. Okuda, Y., H. Hattori, T. Takashima, A. Miyatake, A. Yamatodani, I. Tsuyuguchi, and S. Kishimoto. 1990. Basophil histamine release by platelet-activating factor in aspirin-sensitive subjects with asthma. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 86:548-553.
15. Nilsson, G., D. D. Metcalfe, and D. D. Taub. 2000. Demonstration that platelet-activating factor is capable of activating mast cells and inducing a chemotactic response. Immunology 99:314-319.
16. Ghosh, S. K., P. Rafferty, C. De-Vos, and K. R. Patel. 1993. Effect of cetirizine, a potent H1 antagonist, on platelet activating factor induced bronchoconstriction in asthma. Clin. Exp. Allergy 23:524-527.
17. Louis, R., T. Bury, J. L. Corhay, and M. Radermecker. 1993. No increase in plasma histamine during PAF-induced airway obstruction in allergic asthmatics. Chest 104:806-810.
18. Arnoux, B., E. Jouvin-Marche, A. Arnoux, and J. Benveniste. 1982. Release of PAF-acether from human blood monocytes. Agents Actions 12:713-716.
19. Wardlaw, A. J., R. Moqbel, O. Cromwell, and A. B. Kay. 1986. Platelet-activating factor. A potent chemotactic and chemokinetic factor for human eosinophils. J. Clin. Invest. 78:1701-1706.
20. Casale, T. B., R. A. Erger, and M. M. Little. 1993. Platelet-activating factor-induced human eosinophil transendothelial migration: evidence for a dynamic role of the endothelium. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 8:77-82.
21. Shindo, K., K. Koide, and M. Fukumura. 1997. PAF-induced eosinophil chemotaxis increases during an asthmatic attack and is inhibited by prednisolone in vivo and in vitro. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 237:146-151.
22. Zoratti, E. M., J. B. Sedgwick, R. R. Vrtis, and W. W. Busse. 1991. The effect of platelet-activating factor on the generation of superoxide anion in human eosinophils and neutrophils. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 88:749-758.
23. Kroegel, C., T. Yukawa, G. Dent, P. Venge, K. F. Chung, and P. J. Barnes. 1989. Stimulation of degranulation from human eosinophils by platelet-activating factor. J. Immunol. 142:3518-3526.
24. Bruynzeel, P. L., L. Koenderman, P. T. Kok, M. L. Hameling, and J. Verhagen. 1986. Platelet-activating factor (PAF-acether) induced leukotriene C4 formation and luminol dependent chemiluminescence by human eosinophils. Pharmacol. Res. Commun. 18(Suppl):61-69.
25. Shindo, K., K. Koide, Y. Hirai, M. Sumitomo, and M. Fukumura. 1996. Priming effect of platelet activating factor on leukotriene C4 from stimulated eosinophils of asthmatic patients. Thorax 51:155-158.
26. Miyagawa, H., M. Nabe, R. J. Hopp, C. Okada, A. K. Bewtra, and G. Townley. 1992. The effect of WEB 2086 on PAF-induced eosinophil chemotaxis and LTC4 production from eosinophils. Agents Actions 37:39-43.
27. Mizuki, M., H. Komatsu, Y. Akiyama, S. Iwane, and T. Tsuda. 1999. Inhibition of eosinophil activation in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from atopic asthmatics by Y-24180, an antagonist to platelet-activating factor. Life Sci. 65:2031-2039.
28. Shindo, K., K. Koide, and M. Fukumura. 1997. Enhancement of leukotriene B4 release in stimulated asthmatic neutrophils by platelet activating factor. Thorax 52:1024-1029.
29. Basran, G. S., C. P. Page, W. Paul, and J. Morley. 1984. Platelet-activating factor: a possible mediator of the dual response to allergen? Clin. Allergy 14:75-79.
30. Henocq, E., and B. B. Vargaftig. 1988. Skin eosinophilia in atopic patients. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 81:691-695.
31. Thivierge, M., and M. Rola-Pleszczynski. 1992. Platelet-activating factor enhances interleukin-6 production by alveolar macrophages. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 90:796-802.
32. Huang, Y. H., L. Schafer-Elinder, H. Owman, J. C. Lorentzen, J. Ronnelid, and J. Frostegard. 1996. Induction of IL-4 by platelet-activating factor. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 106:143-148.
33. Shan, L., Y. Nishimura, Y. Kotani, and M. Yokoyama. 1999. Platelet-activating factor increases the expression of metalloproteinase-9 in human bronchial epithelial cells. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 374:147-156.
34. Beer, J. H., B. Wuthrich, and A. von-Felten. 1995. Allergen exposure in acute asthma causes the release of platelet-activating factor (PAF) as demonstrated by the desensitization of platelets to PAF. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 106:291-296.
35. Chan-Yeung, M., S. Lam, H. Chan, K. S. Tse, and H. Salari. 1991. The release of platelet-activating factor into plasma during allergen-induced bronchoconstriction. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 87:667-673.
36. Burgers, J. A., P. L. Bruynzeel, H. J. Mengelers, J. Kreukniet, and J. W. Akkerman. 1993. Occupancy of platelet receptors for platelet-activating factor in asthmatic patients during an allergen-induced bronchoconstrictive reaction. J. Lipid Mediat. 7:135-149.
37. Hsieh, K. H., and C. K. Ng. 1993. Increased plasma platelet-activating factor in children with acute asthmatic attacks and decreased in vivo and in vitro production of platelet-activating factor after immunotherapy. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 91:650-657.
38. Kurosawa, M., T. Yamashita, and F. Kurimoto. 1994. Increased levels of blood platelet-activating factor in bronchial asthmatic patients with active symptoms. Allergy 49:60-63.
39. Stenton, S. C., E. N. Court, W. P. Kingston, P. Goadby, C. A. Kelly, M. Duddridge, C. Ward, D. J. Hendrick, and E. H. Walters. 1990. Platelet-activating factor in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from asthmatic subjects. Eur. Respir. J. 3:408-413.
40. Tsukioka, K., M. Matsuzaki, M. Nakamata, H. Kayahara, and T. Nakagawa. 1996. Increased plasma level of platelet-activating factor (PAF) and decreased serum PAF acetylhydrolase (PAFAH) activity in adults with bronchial asthma. J. Investig. Allergol. Clin. Immunol. 6:22-29.
41. Cuss, F. M., C. M. Dixon, and P. J. Barnes. 1986. Effects of inhaled platelet activating factor on pulmonary function and bronchial responsiveness in man. Lancet 26:189-192.
42. Chung, K. F., F. M. Cuss, and P. J. Barnes. 1989. Platelet activating factor: effects on bronchomotor tone and bronchial responsiveness in human beings. Allergy Proc. 10:333-337.
43. Louis, R. E., and M. F. Radermecker. 1996. Acute bronchial obstruction following inhalation of PAF in asthmatic and normal subjects: comparison with methacholine. Eur. Respir. J. 9:1414-1420.
44. Adamus, W. S., H. O. Heuer, C. J. Meade, and J. C. Schilling. 1990. Inhibitory effects of the new PAF acether antagonist WEB-2086 on pharmacologic changes induced by PAF inhalation in human beings. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 47:456-462.
45. Hsieh, K. H. 1991. Effects of PAF antagonist, BN52021, on the PAF-, methacholine-, and allergen-induced bronchoconstriction in asthmatic children. Chest 99:877-882.
46. Schauer, U., B. Koch, U. Michl, R. Jager, and C. H. Rieger. 1992. Enhanced production of platelet activating factor by peripheral granulocytes from children with asthma. Allergy 47:143-149.
47. Lin, C. C., and C. Y. Lin. 1997. Bronchoconstriction and eosinophil recruitment in guinea pig lungs after platelet activating factor administration. J. Asthma 34:153-160.
48. Lellouch-Tubiana, A., J. Lefort, M. T. Simon, A. Pfister, and B. B. Vargaftig. 1988. Eosinophil recruitment into guinea pig lungs after PAF-acether and allergen administration. Modulation by prostacyclin, platelet depletion, and selective antagonists. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 137:948-954.
49. Yamamoto, H., M. Nagata, K. Tabe, I. Kimura, H. Kiuchi, Y. Sakamoto, K. Yamamoto, and Y. Dohi. 1993. The evidence of platelet activation in bronchial asthma. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 91:79-87.
50. Steiger, J., M. A. Bray, and N. Subramanian. 1987. Platelet activating factor (PAF) is a potent stimulator of porcine tracheal fluid secretion in vitro. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 142:367-372.
51. Kirsch, C. M., J. J. Brokaw, D. M. Prow, and G. W. White. 1992. Mechanism of platelet activating factor-induced vascular leakage in the rat trachea. Exp. Lung Res. 18:447-459.
52. Evans, T. W., K. F. Chung, D. F. Rogers, and P. J. Barnes. 1987. Effect of platelet-activating factor on airway vascular permeability: possible mechanisms. J. Appl. Physiol. 63:479-484.
53. Rodriguez-Roisin, R., M. A. Felez, K. F. Chung, J. A. Barbera, P. D. Wagner, A. Cobos, P. J. Barnes, and J. Roca. 1994. Platelet-activating factor causes ventilation-perfusion mismatch in humans. J. Clin. Invest. 93:188-194.
54. Diaz, O., J. A. Barbera, R. Marrades, K. F. Chung, J. Roca, and R. Rodriguez-Roisin. 1997. Inhibition of PAF-induced gas exchange defects by beta-adrenergic agonists in mild asthma is not due to bronchodilation. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 156:17-22.
55. Gomez, F. P., J. Roca, J. A. Barbera, K. F. Chung, V. I. Peinado, and R. Rodriguez-Roisin. 1998. Effect of a platelet-activating factor (PAF) antagonist, SR 27417A, on PAF-induced gas exchange abnormalities in mild asthma. Eur. Respir. J. 11:835-839.
56. Spencer, D. A., S. E. Green, J. M. Evans, P. J. Piper, and J. F. Costello. 1990. Platelet activating factor does not cause a reproducible increase in bronchial responsiveness in normal man. Clin. Exp. Allergy 20:525-532.
57. Gebremichael, I., and P. Leuenberger. 1992. Platelet-activating factor does not induce bronchial hyperreactivity in nonasthmatic subjects. Respiration 59:193-196.
58. Roca, J., M. A. Felez, K. F. Chung, J. A. Barbera, M. Rotger, C. Santos, and R. Rodriguez-Roisin. 1995. Salbutamol inhibits pulmonary effects of platelet activating factor in man. Am J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 151:1740-1744.
59. Masclans, J. R., J. A. Barbera, W. MacNee, J. Pavia, C. Piera, F. Lomena, K. F. Chung, J. Roca, and R. Rodriguez-Roisin. 1996. Salbutamol reduces pulmonary neutrophil sequestration of platelet-activating factor in humans. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 154(2 Pt 1):529-532.
60. Herbert, J. M., M. C. Laplace, A. Bernat, V. Salel, and J. P. Maffrand. 1992. Effect of SR 27417 on oedema formation induced in rabbit skin by platelet-activating factor or antigen. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 216:175-181.
61. Pirotzky, E., C. P. Page, R. Roubin, A. Pfister, W. Paul, J. Bonnet, and J. Benveniste. 1984. PAF-acether-induced plasma exudation in rat skin is independent of platelets and neutrophils. Microcirc. Endothelium Lymphatics 1:107-122.
62. Echazarreta, A. L., I. Rahman, V. Peinado, J. A. Barbera, J. Roca, W. MacNee, and R. Rodriguez-Roisin. 2005. Lack of systemic oxidative stress during PAF challenge in mild asthma. Respir. Med. 99:519-523.
63. Gomez, F. P., R. Iglesia, J. Roca, J. A. Barbera, K. F. Chung, and R. Rodriguez-Roisin. 1998. The effects of 5-lipoxygenase inhibition by zileuton on platelet-activating-factor-induced pulmonary abnormalities in mild asthma. Am J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 157(5 Pt 1):1559-1564.
64. Spencer, D. A., J. M. Evans, S. E. Green, P. J. Piper, and J. F. Costello. 1991. Participation of the cysteinyl leukotrienes in the acute bronchoconstriction response to inhaled platelet activating factor in man. Thorax 46:441-445.
65. Kidney, J. C., S. M. Ridge, K. F. Chung, and P. J. Barnes. 1993. Inhibition of platelet-activating factor-induced bronchoconstriction by the leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist ICI 204,219. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 147:215-217.
66. Chung, K. F., H. Aizawa, G. D. Leikauf, I. F. Ueki, T. W. Evans, and J. A. Nadel. 1986. Airway hyperresponsiveness induced by platelet-activating factor: role of thromboxane generation. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 236:580-584.
67. Karasawa, K., A. Harada, N. Satoh, K. Inoue, and M. Setaka. 2003. Plasma platelet activating factor-acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH). Prog. Lipid Res. 42:93-114.
68. Stafforini, D. M., K. Satoh, D. L. Atkinson, L. W. Tjoelker, C. Eberhardt, H. Yoshida, T. Imaizumi, S. Takamatsu, G. A. Zimmerman, T. M. McIntyre, P. W. Gray, and S. M. Prescott. 1996. Platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase deficiency. A missense mutation near the active site of an anti-inflammatory phospholipase. J. Clin. Invest. 97:2784-2791.
69. Ito, S., E. Noguchi, M. Shibasaki, K. Yamakawa-Kobayashi, H. Watanabe, and T. Arinami. 2002. Evidence for an association between plasma platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase deficiency and increased risk of childhood atopic asthma. J. Hum. Genet. 47:99-101.
70. Miwa, M., T. Miyake, T. Yamanaka, J. Sugatani, Y. Suzuki, S. Sakata, Y. Araki, and M. Matsumoto. 1988. Characterization of serum platelet-activating factor (PAF) acetylhydrolase. Correlation between deficiency of serum PAF acetylhydrolase and respiratory symptoms in asthmatic children. J. Clin. Invest. 82:1983-1991.
71. Stafforini, D. M., T. Numao, A. Tsodikov, D. Vaitkus, T. Fukuda, N. Watanabe, N. Fueki, T. M. McIntyre, G. A. Zimmerman, S. Makino, and S. M. Prescott. 1999. Deficiency of platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase is a severity factor for asthma. J. Clin. Invest. 103:989-997.
72. Satoh, N., K. Asano, K. Naoki, K. Fukunaga, M. Iwata, M. Kanazawa, and K. Yamaguchi. 1999. Plasma platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase deficiency in Japanese patients with asthma. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 159:974-979.
73. Triggiani, M., V. De Marino, M. Sofia, S. Faraone, G. Ambrosio, L. Carratu, and G. Marone. 1997. Characterization of platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase in human bronchoalveolar lavage. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 156:94-100.
74. Naoki, K., K. Asano, N. Satoh, K. Fukunaga, T. Oguma, T. Shiomi, Y. Suzuki, T. Nakajima, K. Niimi, Y. Shiraishi, A. Ishizaka, and K. Yamaguchi. 2004. PAF responsiveness in Japanese subjects with plasma PAF acetylhydrolase deficiency. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 317:205-210.
75. Henig, N. R., M. L. Aitken, M. C. Liu, A. S. Yu, W. R. Henderson, Jr. 2000. Effect of recombinant human platelet-activating factor-acetylhydrolase on allergen-induced asthmatic responses. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 162:523-527.
76. Hozawa, S., Y. Haruta, S. Ishioka, and M. Yamakido. 1995. Effects of a PAF antagonist, Y-24180, on bronchial hyperresponsiveness in patients with asthma. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 152:1198-1202.
77. Kagoshima, M., N. Tomomatsu, Y. Iwahisa, S. Yamaguchi, M. Matsuura, Y. Kawakami, and M. Terasawa. 1997. Suppressive effects of Y-24180, a receptor antagonist to platelet activating factor (PAF), on antigen-induced asthmatic responses in guinea pigs. Inflamm. Res. 46:147-153.
78. Spence, D. P., S. L. Johnston, P. M. Calverley, P. Dhillon, C. Higgins, E. Ramhamadany, S. Turner, A. Winning, J. Winter, and S. T. Holgate. 1994. The effect of the orally active platelet-activating factor antagonist WEB 2086 in the treatment of asthma. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 149:1142-1148.
79. Kuitert, L. M., R. M. Angus, N. C. Barnes, P. J. Barnes, M. F. Bone, K. F. Chung, A. J. Fairfax, T. W. Higenbotham, B. J. O'Connor, B. Piotrowska, J. Rozniecki, S. Uden, E. Hayden, and C. J. Willard. 1995. Effect of a novel potent platelet-activating factor antagonist, modipafant, in clinical asthma. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 151:1331-1335.
80. Evans, D. J., P. J. Barnes, M. Cluzel, and B. J. O'Connor. 1997. Effects of a potent platelet-activating factor antagonist, SR27417A, on allergen-induced asthmatic responses. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 156:11-16.
81. Kuitert, L. M., K. P. Hui, S. Uthayarkumar, W. Burke, A. C. Newland, S. Uden, and N. C. Barnes. 1993. Effect of the platelet-activating factor antagonist UK-74,505 on the early and late response to allergen. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 147:82-86.
82. Gomez, F. P., R. M. Marrades, R. Iglesia, J. Roca, J. A. Barbera, K. F. Chung, and R. M. Rodriguez-Roisin. 1999. Gas exchange response to a PAF receptor antagonist, SR 27417A, in acute asthma: a pilot study. Eur. Respir. J. 14:622-626.
83. Tjoelker, L. W., C. Wilder, C. Eberhardt, D. M. Stafforini, G. Dietsch, B. Schimpf, S. Hooper, H. Le-Trong, L. S. Cousens, G. A. Zimmerman, Y. Yamada, T. M. McIntyre, S. M. Prescott, and P. W. Gray. 1995. Anti-inflammatory properties of a platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase. Nature 374:549-553.
84. Henderson, W. R., J. Lu, K. M. Poole, G. N. Dietsch, and E. Y. Chi. 2000. Recombinant human platelet-activating factor-acetylhydrolase inhibits airway inflammation and hyperreactivity in mouse asthma model. J. Immunol. 164:3360-3367.
85. Billah, M. M., R. W. Egan, A. K. Ganguly, M. J. Green, W. Kreutner, J. J. Piwinski, M. I. Siegel, F. J. Villani, and J. K. Wong. 1991. Discovery and preliminary pharmacology of Sch 37370, a dual antagonist of PAF and histamine. Lipids 26:1172-1174.
86. Billah, M. M., H. G. Gilchrest, S. P. Eckel, C. A. Granzow, P. J. Lawton, E. Radwanski, M. D. Brannan, M. B. Affrime, J. D. Christopher, and W. Richards. 1992. Differential plasma duration of antiplatelet-activating factor and antihistamine activities of oral Sch 37370 in humans. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 52:151-159.
87. Soyombo, O., B. W. Spur, and T. H. Lee. 1994. Effects of lipoxin A4 on chemotaxis and degranulation of human eosinophils stimulated by platelet-activating factor and N-formyl-l-methionyl-l-leucyl-l-phenylalanine. Allergy 49:230-234.
88. Filep, J. G., C. Zouki, N. A. Petasis, M. Hachicha, and C. N. Serhan. 1999. Anti-inflammatory actions of lipoxin A(4) stable analogs are demonstrable in human whole blood: modulation of leukocyte adhesion molecules and inhibition of neutrophil-endothelial interactions. Blood 94:4132-4142.