A review of plantar heel pain of neural origin: Differential diagnosis and management

Manual Therapy

Volumn 13, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 103-111

  Alshami, Ali M ^a   Souvlis, Tina ^a   Coppieters, Michel W ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

Author keywords

Nerve entrapment; Neurodynamics; Plantar fasciitis; Subcalcaneal pain

Indexed keywords

CORTICOSTEROID; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT;

DYSKINESIA; ECHOGRAPHY; ELECTROMYOGRAPHY; EXTRACORPOREAL LITHOTRIPSY; FASCIA DISEASE; HEEL PAIN; HUMAN; NERVE COMPRESSION; NERVE CONDUCTION; PALPATION; PLANTAR FASCIITIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES, NEUROLOGICAL; FOOT DISEASES; HEEL; HUMANS; NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; PAIN; TARSAL TUNNEL SYNDROME;

EID: 40749146808     PISSN: 1356689X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.math.2007.01.014     Document Type: Review

References (82)

1. Acevedo J.I., and Beskin J.L. Complications of plantar fascia rupture associated with corticosteroid injection. Foot and Ankle International 19 2 (1998) 91-97
2. Aldridge T. Diagnosing heel pain in adults. American Family Physician 70 2 (2004) 332-338
3. Alshami A, Babri A, Souvlis T, Coppieters MW. Biomechanical evaluation of two clinical tests for plantar heel pain: the dorsiflexion-eversion test for tarsal tunnel syndrome and the Windlass test for plantar fasciitis. Foot and Ankle International 2007;28(4), doi:10.3113/FAI.2007.0000.
4. Arenson D.J., Cosentino G.L., and Suran S.M. The inferior calcaneal nerve: an anatomical study. Journal of the American Podiatry Association 70 11 (1980) 552-560
5. Barrett S.J., and O'Malley R. Plantar fasciitis and other causes of heel pain. American Family Physician 59 8 (1999) 2200-2206
6. Baxter D.E. Compressive neuropathies of the foot and ankle. Operative Techniques in Sports Medicine 2 1 (1994) 18-23
7. Baxter D.E., and Pfeffer G.B. Treatment of chronic heel pain by surgical release of the first branch of the lateral plantar nerve. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research 279 (1992) 229-236
8. Baxter D.E., Pfeffer G.B., and Thigpen M. Chronic heel pain: treatment rationale. Orthopedic Clinics of North America 20 4 (1989) 563-569
9. Baxter D.E., and Thigpen C.M. Heel pain-operative results. Foot and Ankle 5 1 (1984) 16-25
10. Beito S.B., Krych S.M., and Harkless L.B. Recalcitrant heel pain: traumatic fibrosis vs. heel neuroma. Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 79 7 (1989) 336-339
11. Bordelon R.L. Subcalcaneal pain: a method of evaluation and plan for treatment. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research 177 (1983) 49-53
12. Brown C. A review of subcalcaneal heel pain and plantar fasciitis. Australian Family Physician 1996;25(6):875-81, 884-5.
13. Butler D.S. The sensitive nervous system (2000), Noigroup Publications, Unley pp. 398-423 [Chapter 15]
14. Conflitti J.M., and Tarquinio T.A. Operative outcome of partial plantar fasciectomy and neurolysis to the nerve of the abductor digiti minimi muscle for recalcitrant plantar fasciitis. Foot and Ankle International 25 7 (2004) 482-487
15. Coppieters M.W., Alshami A.M., Babri A.S., Souvlis T., Kippers V., and Hodges P.W. Strain and excursion of the sciatic, tibial, and plantar nerves during a modified straight leg raising test. Journal of Orthopaedic Research 24 9 (2006) 1883-1889
16. Crawford F., and Thomson C. Interventions for treating plantar heel pain. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Online) 3 (2003) CD000416
17. Daniels T.R., Lau J.T., and Hearn T.C. The effects of foot position and load on tibial nerve tension. Foot and Ankle International 19 2 (1998) 73-78
18. Davidson M.R. Heel neuroma: identification and removal. Journal of the American Podiatry Association 67 6 (1977) 431-435
19. Davidson M.R., and Copoloff J.A. Neuromas of the heel. Clinics in Podiatric Medicine and Surgery 7 2 (1990) 271-288
20. Davidson M.R., Liston H., Jacoby R.P., Cohen S.J., Beldon L.M., Seidner A.N., et al. Heel neuroma. Journal of the American Podiatry Association 67 8 (1977) 589-594
21. Dellon A.L. Deciding when heel pain is of neural origin. The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery 40 5 (2001) 341-345
22. Dellon A.L. Management of peripheral nerve problems in the upper and lower extremity using quantitative sensory testing. Hand Clinics 15 4 (1999) 697-715
23. Doxey G.E. Calcaneal pain: a review of various disorders. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy 9 1 (1987) 25-32
24. Fredericson M., Standage S., Chou L., and Matheson G. Lateral plantar nerve entrapment in a competitive gymnast. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine 11 2 (2001) 111-114
25. Goecker R.M., and Banks A.S. Analysis of release of the first branch of the lateral plantar nerve. Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 90 6 (2000) 281-286
26. Goolsby M.J. Diagnosis and treatment of heel pain. Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners 15 11 (2003) 485-486
27. Gray H., Standring S.M., Ellis H., and Berkovitz B.K.B. Gray's anatomy: the anatomical basis of clinical practice. 39th ed (2005), Elsevier Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh
28. Greening J., Lynn B., Leary R., Warren L., O'Higgins P., and Hall-Craggs M. The use of ultrasound imaging to demonstrate reduced movement of the median nerve during wrist flexion in patients with non-specific arm pain. Journal of Hand Surgery-British and European Volume 26 5 (2001) 401-406
29. Hendrix C.L., Jolly G.P., Garbalosa J.C., Blume P., and DosRemedios E. Entrapment neuropathy: the etiology of intractable chronic heel pain syndrome. The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery 37 4 (1998) 273-279
30. Henricson A.S., and Westlin N.E. Chronic calcaneal pain in athletes: entrapment of the calcaneal nerve?. The American Journal of Sports Medicine 12 2 (1984) 152-154
31. Hurwitz S.H. Plantar heel pain in the adult. Hosp Pract (Off Ed) 32 9 (1997) 81-83 86-8, 91-2
32. Johnson E.R., Kirby K., and Lieberman J.S. Lateral plantar nerve entrapment: foot pain in a power lifter. The American Journal of Sports Medicine 20 5 (1992) 619-620
33. Johnston M.R. Nerve entrapment causing heel pain. Clinics in Podiatric Medicine and Surgery 11 4 (1994) 617-624
34. Jolly G.P., Zgonis T., and Hendrix C.L. Neurogenic heel pain. Clinics in Podiatric Medicine and Surgery 22 1 (2005) 101-113
35. Juliano P.J., and Harris T.G. Plantar fasciitis, entrapment neuropathies, and tarsal tunnel syndrome: current up to date treatment. Current Opinion in Orthopaedics 15 2 (2004) 49-54
36. Karr S.D. Subcalcaneal heel pain. The Orthopedic Clinics of North America 25 1 (1994) 161-175
37. Kenzora J.E. The painful heel syndrome: an entrapment neuropathy. Bulletin of the Hospital for Joint Diseases Orthopaedic Institute 47 2 (1987) 178-189
38. Kinoshita M., Okuda R., Morikawa J., Jotoku T., and Abe M. The dorsiflexion-eversion test for diagnosis of tarsal tunnel syndrome. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery-American Volume 83-A 12 (2001) 1835-1839
39. Kopell H.P., and Thompson W.A. Peripheral entrapment neuropathies of the lower extremity. The New England Journal of Medicine 14 262 (1960) 56-60
40. Lau J.T., and Daniels T.R. Effects of tarsal tunnel release and stabilization procedures on tibial nerve tension in a surgically created pes planus foot. Foot and Ankle International 19 11 (1998) 770-777
41. Lau J.T., and Stavrou P. Posterior tibial nerve-primary. Foot and Ankle Clinics 9 2 (2004) 271-285
42. Lemont H., Ammirati K.M., and Usen N. Plantar fasciitis: a degenerative process (fasciosis) without inflammation. Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 93 3 (2003) 234-237
43. Louisia S., and Masquelet A.C. The medial and inferior calcaneal nerves: an anatomic study. Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy 21 3 (1999) 169-173
44. Magda P., Latov N., Renard M.V., and Sander H.W. Quantitative sensory testing: high sensitivity in small fiber neuropathy with normal NCS/EMG. Journal of the Peripheral Nervous System 7 4 (2002) 225-228
45. Marui T., Yamamoto T., Akisue T., Hitora T., Kawamoto T., Nagira K., et al. Neurilemmoma in the foot as a cause of heel pain: a report of two cases. Foot and Ankle International 25 2 (2004) 107-111
46. Mastaglia F.L. Tibial nerve entrapment in the popliteal fossa. Muscle and Nerve 23 12 (2000) 1883-1886
47. May T.J., Judy T.A., Conti M., and Cowan J.E. Current treatment of plantar fasciitis. Current Sports Medicine Reports 1 5 (2002) 278-284
48. McCarthy D.J., and Gorecki G.E. The anatomical basis of inferior calcaneal lesions: a cryomicrotomy study. Journal of the American Podiatry Association 69 9 (1979) 527-536
49. McCluskey L.F., and Webb L.B. Compression and entrapment neuropathies of the lower extremity. Clinics in Podiatric Medicine and Surgery 16 1 (1999) 97-125 vii
50. Meyer J., Kulig K., and Landel R. Differential diagnosis and treatment of subcalcaneal heel pain: a case report. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy 32 3 (2002) 114-122 [discussion 122-4]
51. Murphy P.C., and Baxter D.E. Nerve entrapment of the foot and ankle in runners. Clinics in Sports Medicine 4 4 (1985) 753-763
52. Oztuna V., Ozge A., Eskandari M.M., Colak M., Golpinar A., and Kuyurtar F. Nerve entrapment in painful heel syndrome. Foot and Ankle International 23 3 (2002) 208-211
53. Park T.A., and Del Toro D.R. Isolated inferior calcaneal neuropathy. Muscle and Nerve 19 1 (1996) 106-108
54. Peer S., Kiechl G., and Bonder G. Nerve compression syndromes. In: Peer S., and Bodner G. (Eds). High-resolution sonography of the peripheral nervous system (2003), Springer, Berlin 37-59
55. Peri G. The "critical zones" of entrapment of the nerves of the lower limb. Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy 13 2 (1991) 139-143
56. Pfeffer G.B. Plantar heel pain. In: Baxter D E. (Ed). The Foot and Ankle in Sport (1995), Mosby, St. Louis 195-206
57. Pfeffer G.B. Plantar heel pain. Instructional Course Lectures 50 (2001) 521-531
58. Pfeffer G.B., and Baxter D.E. Surgery of the adult heel. In: Jahss M H. (Ed). Disorders of the foot and ankle: medical and surgical management. 2nd ed (1991), Saunders, Philadelphia 1396-1416
59. Przylucki H., and Jones C.L. Entrapment neuropathy of muscle branch of lateral plantar nerve: a cause of heel pain. Journal of the American Podiatry Association 71 3 (1981) 119-124
60. Raikin S.M., and Schon L.C. Nerve entrapment in the foot and ankle of an athlete. Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review 8 4 (2000) 387-394
61. Rondhuis J.J., and Huson A. The first branch of the lateral plantar nerve and heel pain. Acta Morphologica Neerlando-Scandinavica 24 4 (1986) 269-279
62. Rose J.D., Malay D.S., and Sorrento D.L. Neurosensory testing of the medial calcaneal and medial plantar nerves in patients with plantar heel pain. The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery 42 4 (2003) 173-177
63. Sammarco G.J., and Helfrey R.B. Surgical treatment of recalcitrant plantar fasciitis. Foot and Ankle International 17 9 (1996) 520-526
64. Savastano A.A. Surgical neurectomy for the treatment of resistant painful heel. Rhode Island Medical Journal 68 8 (1985) 371-372
65. Schepsis A.A., Leach R.E., and Gorzyca J. Plantar fasciitis: etiology, treatment, surgical results, and review of the literature. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research 266 (1991) 185-196
66. Schon L.C. Nerve entrapment, neuropathy, and nerve dysfunction in athletes. The Orthopedic Clinics of North America 25 1 (1994) 47-59
67. Schon L.C., and Baxter D.E. Neuropathies of the foot and ankle in athletes. Clinics in Sports Medicine 9 2 (1990) 489-509
68. Schon L.C., Glennon T.P., and Baxter D.E. Heel pain syndrome: electrodiagnostic support for nerve entrapment. Foot and Ankle 14 3 (1993) 129-135
69. Sellman J.R. Plantar fascia rupture associated with corticosteroid injection. Foot and Ankle International 15 7 (1994) 376-381
70. Shacklock M.O. Clinical application of neurodynamics. In: Shacklock M.O. (Ed). Moving in on pain (1995), Butterworth-Heinemann, Chatswood 123-131
71. Shacklock M.O. Clinical neurodynamics: a new system of musculoskeletal treatment (2005), Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, Edinburgh, New York
72. Shandles I.D., Pruchniewski J., and Reynolds K.L. Heel neuroma: the enigma of recalcitrant heel pain and innovative approach highlighting sixty surgical cases and a review of two hundred and fifty-seven symptomatic but non-surgical cases. The Foot 12 (2002) 10-20
73. Shy M.E., Frohman E.M., So Y.T., Arezzo J.C., Cornblath D.R., Giuliani M.J., et al. Quantitative sensory testing: report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 60 6 (2003) 898-904
74. Siao P., and Cros D.P. Quantitative sensory testing. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America 14 2 (2003) 261-286
75. Spiegl P.V., and Johnson K.A. Heel pain syndrome: which treatments to choose?. Journal of Musculoskeletal Medicine 1 11 (1984) 66-71
76. Tassler P.L., and Dellon A.L. Pressure perception in the normal lower extremity and in the tarsal tunnel syndrome. Muscle and Nerve 19 3 (1996) 285-289
77. Trepman E., Kadel N.J., Chisholm K., and Razzano L. Effect of foot and ankle position on tarsal tunnel compartment pressure. Foot and Ankle International 20 11 (1999) 721-726
78. Watson T.S., Anderson R.B., Davis W.H., and Kiebzak G.M. Distal tarsal tunnel release with partial plantar fasciotomy for chronic heel pain: an outcome analysis. Foot and Ankle International 23 6 (2002) 530-537
79. Wearing S.C., Smeathers J.E., Urry S.R., Hennig E.M., and Hills A.P. The pathomechanics of plantar fasciitis. Sports Medicine 36 7 (2006) 585-611
80. Willis J.D., and Carter P.M. Tibial nerve entrapment and heel pain caused by a baker's cyst. Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 88 6 (1998) 310-311
81. Wong S.M., Griffith J.F., Hui A.C., Tang A., and Wong K.S. Discriminatory sonographic criteria for the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome. Arthritis and Rheumatism 46 7 (2002) 1914-1921
82. Yesildag A., Kutluhan S., Sengul N., Koyuncuoglu H.R., Oyar O., Guler K., et al. The role of ultrasonographic measurements of the median nerve in the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome. Clinical Radiology 59 10 (2004) 910-915