Consular affairs in the EU: Visa policy as a catalyst for integration?

The Hague Journal of Diplomacy

Volumn 3, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 21-35

  Fernández, Ana Mar ^a  

^a SCIENCES PO   (France)

Author keywords

Common visa policy; Consular affairs; Consular protection; European consular diplomacy; Europeanization; Local consular cooperation; Visa diplomacy

Indexed keywords

EID: 40649092134     PISSN: 18711901     EISSN: 1871191X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1163/187119008X266164     Document Type: Article

References (64)

1. See J. Bátora, 'Does the European Union Transform the Institution of Diplomacy?', Journal of European Public Policy, vol. 12, no. 1, 2005, pp. 44-66;
2. S. Duke, 'Preparing for European Diplomacy?', Journal of Common Market Studies, vol. 40, no. 5, 2002, pp. 849-870;
3. S. Duke and S. Vanhoonacker, 'Administrative Governance in the CFSP Development and Practice', European Foreign Affairs Review, vol. 11, no. 2, 2006, pp. 163-182;
4. B. Hocking and D. Spence, Foreign Ministries in the European Union: Integrating Diplomats (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005);
5. K. Pomorska, 'The Impact of Enlargement: Europeanization of Polish Foreign Policy? Tracking Adaptation and Change in the Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs', The Hague Journal of Diplomacy, vol. 2, no. 1, 2007, pp. 25-51;
6. and S. Riordan, The New Diplomacy (Oxford: Polity Press, 2003).
7. See G.R. Berridge, Diplomacy: Theory and Practice (New York: Palgrave, 2002);
8. and, M. Heijmans and J. Melissen, "The Rising Challenge of Consular Affairs: Cinderella in the Limelight', Clingendael CDSP Paper, June 2006.
9. M. Egeberg, 'The Institutional Architecture of the EU and, the Transformation of European Polities', in Multilevel Union Administration: The Transformation of Executive Politics in Europe (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006), p. 18.
10. R. Barston, Modern Diplomacy (New York: Longman, 1992).
11. See A. Milward, The European Rescue of the Nation-State (London: Routledge, 2002).
12. See S. Bulmer and C. Lequesne, 'Introduction', in The Member States of the European Union (Oxford,: Oxford University Press, 2005), pp. 1-20;
13. and M.P. Vink and P. Graziano, 'Challenges of a New Research Agenda', in Europeanization: New Research Agendas (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007), pp.3-20.
14. Duke, 'Preparing for European Diplomacy?', p. 853.
15. See also A. Schout, "The Presidency as Juggler: Managing Conflicting Expectations', 1.998, online at http://www.eipa-nl.com/public/public_eipascope/ 98/scop_2/storyl.htm;
16. A.C. Svensson, In the Service of the European Union: The Role of the Presidency in Negotiating the Amsterdam Treaty (1995-1997) (Uppsala: Universitatis Uppsaliensis, 2000);
17. and R. Bengtsson, O. Elgström and J. Tallberg, 'Silencer or Amplifier? The European Union Presidency and the Nordic Countries', Scandinavian Political Studies, vol. 27, no. 3, 2004, pp. 311-334.
18. Decision 95/553/EC.
19. European Commission, 'Green Paper on Diplomatic and Consular Protection', 28 November 2006, COM (2006) 712 final.
20. See 'Guidelines on Cooperation between Member States' Missions and Commission Delegations in Third Countries and within International Organizations in CFSP Matters', doc. 12094/00;
21. 'Guidelines on Consular Protection of EU Citizens in the Event of a Crisis in Third Countries', doc. 7562/01;
22. 'Guidelines on Consular Protection of EU Citizens in the Event of a Crisis in Third Countries', doc. 15754/03;
23. 'Guidelines on Consular Protection of EU Citizens in Third Countries', doc. 10109/2/06 REV 2.
24. See 'Guidelines on Consular Protection of EU Citizens In Third Countries', doc. 10109/2/06 REV 2;
25. the Barnier Report, 'For a European Civil Protection Force: Europe Aid', 9 May 2006;
26. European Commission, 'Communication to the European Council: A Citizen' Agenda', COM (2006) 211 final, 10 May 2006;
27. Council of the EU, COCON, 10109/06, 2 June 2006; European Commission, 'Communication on the Implementation of The Hague Programme', COM (2006)331, 28 June 2006;
28. and Council of the EU, 'Closer Consular Cooperation', doc. 16231/06, December 2006.
29. See Council of the EU, 'Lead State Concept', Doc. 10715/07, 12 June 2007.
30. Summary Report of Public Hearing on the Green Paper on Diplomatic and Consular Protection', 2007, p. 5.
31. Interview, Council Secretariat of the European Union, Brussels, 13 November 2007.
32. Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores y de Cooperación, Recopilación de Órdenes Circulares Vigentes, (Madrid: Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores, 2005), p. 266.
33. See L.T. Lee, Consular Law and Practice (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991);
34. and J. Núńez, La función consular en el derecho español (Madrid: Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores, 2004).
35. See D. Kral, Visa Policies of the European Union and the United States: Challenges for Transatlantic Partners (Prague: EUROPEUM European Institute for European Policy, September 2006);
36. and K.D. Stringer, "The Visa Dimension of Diplomacy', Discussion Papers in Diplomacy, no. 91 (The Hague: Clingendael Institute, 2004).
37. See J. Monar, "The EU as an International Actor in the Domain of Justice and. Home Affairs', European Foreign Affairs Review, no. 9, 2004, pp. 395-415.
38. See Council Regulation (EC) 1683/95 of 29 May 1995;
39. Official Journal L 164, 1.4 July 1995;
40. Council Regulation (EC) 2317/95 of 25 September 1995;
41. and Official Journal L 234, 3 October 1995.
42. Council Regulation (EC) 334/2002 of 18 February 2002, applicable to Ireland and the UK;
43. and Official Journal L 053, 23 February 2002. See also the 'Common Manual', Official Journal C 313, 16 December 2002;
44. and most recent modification to the Official Journal L 369, 16 December 2004.
45. 'Council Recommendation of the 4 March 1996 relating to "Local Consular Cooperation regarding Visas'", Official Journal C 080, 18 March 1996.
46. Common Consular Instruction', Official Journal C 313, 16 December 2002.
47. See the Council Decision of the 12 July 2002 on the adaptation of parts III and VIII of the CCI, 2002/585/EC.
48. Council of the EU, Adoption of Conclusions on Intensified Consular Cooperation, doc. No. 14525/02, Visa 170 Comix 663, Brussels, 20 November 2002
49. Council of the EU, Catalogue of Recommendations for the Correct Application of the Schengen Acquis and Best Practices: Issuing of Visa, doc. No. 6183/03, SCH-EVAL 7, VISA 27, COMIX 83, Brussels, 7 February 2003.
50. Council of the EU, Improving the Efficiency of an Intensifying Consular Cooperation between the Member States in Third Countries, doc. No. 10529/03, VISA 106, COMIX 390, Brussels, 16 June 2003.
51. Council of the EU, Initiative of the French Republic with a View to the Adoption of a Council Decision Amending Point 1.2 of Part II of the Common Consular Instructions and Drawing Up a new Annexe Thereto, doc. No. 14701/03, VISA 184, COMIX 682 OC 710, Brussels, 11 December 2003.
52. See Council of the EU, Common Consular Instruction, Annexe 18, doc. 11272/2/04 REV 2, 11 October 2004.
53. Doc.10529/03, VISA 106, COMIX 390, 4-5 December 2006.
54. European Commission, 'Draft Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a Community Code on Visas', COM 2006 (0403) final, COM 2006 (0142), 19 July 2006.
55. A. Kirkpatrick, La politica común de visados de la Unión Europea (Madrid: Dirección General de Asuntos y Asistencia Consulares-Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores y de Cooperación, 2006), p. 7 (internal document, cited with the author's permission).
56. See, for instance, Council of the EU, Report on Schengen Local Cooperation during the Irish Presidency, doc. 12373/04, 1.7 September 2004.
57. The objective of the ADS agreement, which entered into force on 1 September 2004, is to facilitate the application process for short-term visas for the Schengen space for groups of at least five Chinese citizens who wish to travel to Europe as part of an organized trip.
58. Kirkpatrick, La política común de visados de la Unión Europea, p. 15.
59. Interview with a Spanish Diplomat, Barcelona, 23 March 2006.
60. Interview widi a French Diplomat, Barcelona, 16 February 2007.
61. Interview with a German Diplomat, Barcelona, 28 March 2006.
62. See 'Communication de M. Robert del Picchia sur le livre vert de la Commission européenne relatif à la protection diplomatique et consulaire des citoyens européens dans les pays tiers', accessed on 10 October 2007 at http://www.senat.fr/ue/pac/E3376.html.
63. Interviews with two senior officials of the European Commission, DG justice and Home Affairs, Brussels, 15 March 2007 and 16 March 2007.
64. J.G. March and J.P. Olsen, "The New Institutionalism: Organizational Factors in Political life', The American Political Science Review, vol. 78, no. 3, 1984, pp. 734-749.