The impact of enlargement: Europeanization of polish foreign policy? Tracking adaptation and change in the polish ministry of foreign affairs

The Hague Journal of Diplomacy

Volumn 2, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 25-51

  Pomorska, Karolina ^a  

^a MAASTRICHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Adaptation; CFSP; Diplomats; European Union; Europeanization; Foreign ministry; Institutional change; Poland

Indexed keywords

EID: 34547584839     PISSN: 18711901     EISSN: 1871191X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1163/187119007X180467     Document Type: Review

References (98)

1. K. Featherstone, 'Introduction: In the Name of "Europe"', in K. Featherstone and C.M. Radaelli (eds), The Politics of Europeanization (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), p. 20.
2. C. Major and K Pomorska, 'Europeanization: Framework or Fashion?', CFSP Forum, vol. 3 no. 5, 2005, pp. 1-4.
3. In the last two decades, there were only a few attempts in the academic literature to analyse stale foreign policies as embedded in the CFSP. The major contributions are: C Hill, The Actors in Europe's Foreign Policy (London: Routledge, 1996);
4. C. Hill (ed.), National Foreign Policies and European Political Cooperation (London: Allen & Unwin, 1983);
5. and Ian Manners and Richard G. Whitman, The Foreign Policies of European Union Member States (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000).
6. Ben Tonra, The Europeanization of National Foreign Policy: Dutch, Danish and Irish Foreign Policy in the European Union (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2001), conducted a comparative study of foreign policy Europeanization in Ireland, Denmark and the Netherlands;
7. Jose I. Torreblanca, 'Ideas, Preferences and Institutions: Explaining the Europeanizations of Spanish. Foreign Policy', ARENA Working Papers, no. 26, at http://www.arena.uio.no/publications/wp01_26.htm, applied Europeanization to Spanish;
8. and Reuben Wong, The Europeanization of French Foreign Policy: France and the EU in East Asia (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006), to French foreign policy.
9. When it comes specifically to analysing institutional change in foreign ministries, a comparative study was edited by Brian Hocking, Foreign Ministries: Change and Adaptation (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1999);
10. and. later by B. Hocking and D. Spence, Foreign Ministries in the European Union: Integrating Diplomats (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2002).
11. Dave Allen and Tim Oliver have published on the Europeanization of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office: D. Allen and T Oliver, The Europeanization of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, paper presented at the ESRC/UACES Seminar Series on EBPP, 16 July 2004, Sheffield, UK;
12. and D. Allen and T Oliver, 'The Europeanization of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office', in I. Bache and. A. Jordan (eds), The Europeanization of British Politics (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006).
13. Recently, a debate on the subject has been unfolding within FORNET (www.fornet.info), with several shorter contributions published in the CFSP Forum(www.fornet.info/CFSPforum.html).
14. Featherstone, 'Introduction'.
15. B. White, Understanding European Foreign Policy (London: Palgrave, 2001), p. 6.
16. S.J. Bulmer and C.M. Radaelli, 'The Europeanization of National Policy?', Queens Papers on Europeanization, no 1, 2004, at http://www.qub.ac.uk/ schools/Schoolof.PoliticsInternational Studies/FileStore/EuropeanizationFiles/ Filetoupload,5182,en.pdf.
17. An exception here would be the period prior to accession, when the EU uses the policy of conditionality towards die candidate states, also in the foreign policy area. Adaptation pressures are hence stronger and the motivation for change comes from the perspective of membership.
18. Major and Pomorska, 'Europeanization', p. 2.
19. S. Stavridis, The Europeanization of Greek Foreign Policy: A Literature Review, Discussion Paper no. 10 (London: Hellenic Observatory, 2003), p. 14, at http://www.lse.ac.uk/collections/ hellenicObservatory/pdf/ Stavridis-10.pdf.
20. C. Hill, The Changing Politics of Foreign Policy (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003).
21. Hill, The Changing Politics of Foreign Policy, p. 82.
22. B. Hocking and D. Spence, Foreign Ministries in the European Union: Integrating Diplomats (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2002).
23. Allen and. Oliver, 'The Europeanization of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office'.
24. J. Mieroszewski, 'The Political Thought of Kultura', in L. Tyrmand (ed.), Kultura Essays (New York: Free Press, 1970).
25. J. Kukulka, 'Organizacja polskiej sluzby zagranicznej w latach 1944-1989' [The Organization of the Polish. Diplomatic Service from 1944-1989], Stosunki Miedzynarodowe, no. 21, 2000, pp. 119-123.
26. R. Kuzniar and K. Szczepanik, 'Wprowadzenie: Podstawy polskiej polityki zagranicznej' [Introduction: The Basics of Polish Foreign Policy], in R. Kuzniar and K. Szczepanik (eds), Polityka zagraniczna RP1989-2002 [Polish Foreign Policy 1989-2002] (Warsaw: ASKON Fundacja Studiow Miedzynarodowych, 2002).
27. L. Vinton, 'Domestic Politics and. Foreign Policy, 1989-1993', in I. Prizel and A. Michta (eds), Polish Foreign Policy Reconsidered' Challenges of Independence (London: Macmillan, 1995), p. 47.
28. Vinton, 'Domestic Politics and Foreign Policy", p. 48.
29. K. Szczepanik, 'Organizacja i funkcjonowanie sluzby dyplomatyczno- konsularnej' [The Organization and Functioning of the Polish Consular and Diplomatic Service], in R. Kuzniar and K. Szczepanik (eds), Polityka Zagraniczna RP 1989-2002 [Polish Foreign Policy 1989-2002] (Warsaw: ASKON Fundacje Studiow Miedzynarodowych, 2002).
30. In the researched period we have to take into account the so-called 'Small Constitution' from 1992 and the current Constitution from 1997. The outline below is based on the latter, but the differences between the two are part of the systematic change because of EU membership. In 1997,two articles (art. 90 and. 91) in Chapter III (Sources of Law) were inserted in the text of the Constitution because of the forthcoming EU accession. They relate to the delegation of the competences of state organs to an international organization, and the issue of international agreements as part of the domestic legal order.
31. R. Stemplowski, Ksztakowanie polskiej polityki zagranicznej: Wstep do analizy [The Making of Polish Foreign Policy: Introduction to Analysis] (Warsaw: Polish Institute of International Affairs, 2004).
32. 'Zarzsa̧dzenie nr 1 Ministra Spraw Zagranicznych z dnia 23 stycznia 2004 r. w sprawie zmiany regulaminu organizacyjnego Ministerstwa Spraw Zagranicznych oraz uchylenia niektórych zarza̧dzeń Ministra Spraw Zagranicznych' [Legal Act Number 1 of the Minister of Foreign Affairs from 23 January 2004 concerning the Change of Organizational Statutes of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Annulling Some of the Minister's Legal Acts], Dziennik Urzȩdowy MSZ [Official Journal of the MFA], no. 1, 2004.
33. D. Spence, 'The Evolving Role of Foreign Ministries in the Conduct of European Union Affairs', in B. Hocking and D. Spence (eds), Foreign Ministries in the European Union: Integrating Diplomats (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2002), p. 22.
34. 'Ustawa z dnia 4 września 1997 r. o działach administracji rza̧dowej' [Law from 4 September 1997 concerning the Different Divisions of Government Administration] (Dz. U [Journal of Legal Acts], no. 141, pos. 943, art. 32.2).
35. Interviews in UKIE, Warsaw 2005.
36. Interviews in UKIE, Warsaw 2005.
37. Interview, 2005.
38. This may be related to the process of recruitment for the EU Department, which is described later.
39. Interviews In Warsaw and Brussels, 2005.
40. M. Grela, 'Polska w unijnej Europie: implikacje dla polskiej dyplomacji' [Poland in the European Union: Implications for Polish Diplomacy], Rocznik Strategiczny 2002/2003 (Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Scholar, 2003) pp. 37-44, at p. 43.
41. P. Nowina-Konopka, 'Polska w unijnej Europie: implikacje dla polityki polskiej' [Poland in the European Union: Implications for Polish Politics], Rocznik Strategiczny 2002/2003 (Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Scholar, 2003), pp. 31-36, at p. 31.
42. R. Stemplowski, 'Polska w śystemie swiatowym: zmiana ustrojil i polityki zagranicznej' [Poland in the World System: The Change of Political System and Foreign Policy], Polski Przeglad Dyphmatyczny, vol. 1, no 2, 2001, pp. 5-19, at p. 18.
43. F. Sclimmelfennig and U. Sedelmeier, 'Governance by Conditionality: EU Rule Transfer to the Candidate Countries of Central and Eastern Europe', Journal of European Public Policy, vol. 11, no. 4, 2004, pp. 661-679, at p. 662.
44. A Polish former AEC who attended, these meetings recalls a specific atmosphere. The difference between the EU insiders and the candidates was very apparent, even though the Presidency made an effort to bridge this gap. The fifteen ECs also knew each other privately in most cases. According to the diplomat, they did not seem too interested in engaging in any real discussion and the formula simply 'did not work' (interview in London, 2005).
45. P. Dunay, T Kende and T Szücs, "The Integration of Central and Eastern Europe into the Common Foreign and Security Policy of the European Fifteen', in M. Maresceau (ed.), Enlarging the European Union: Relations between the EU and Central and Eastern Europe (London: Longman, 1997), p. 333.
46. Interviews in Warsaw, 2005.
47. Interviews in Warsaw, 2005.
48. The Negotiation Team was officially established in March, 1998. 'Rozporza̧zenie Rady Ministrów z dnia 24 marca 1998 r. w sprawie ustanowienia Pełnomocnika Rza̧du do Spraw Negocjacji o Czlonkostwo Rzeczpospolitej Polskiej w Unii Europejskiej' [The Legal Act of the Council of Ministers from 24 March 1998 concerning establishing the Office of Government Plenipotentiary for Polish Accession Negotiations with the EU], Dziennik Ustaw RP, Warsaw, 26 March 1998;
49. 'Zarza̧dzenie Prezesa Rady Ministrów z dnia 27 marca 1998 r. w sprawie Zespohi Negocjacyjnego w Sprawie negocjacji o Członkostwo Rzeczpospolitej Polskiej w Unii Europejskiej' [The Legal Act of the Prime Minister from 27 Mardi 1998 concerning the Negotiation Team for Polish Accession Negotiations with die EU], Chancellery of the Prime Minister, P-121-19-98.
50. M. Zaborowski, Germany Poland and Europe. Conflict, Cooperation and Europeanization (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2004), p. 151.
51. Interviews in Warsaw and Brussels, 2005.
52. Interview in Warsaw, 2005.
53. Interviews in Warsaw and Brussels, 2005.
54. Interview in Warsaw, 2005.
55. Interview in Warsaw, 2005.
56. Interview in Warsaw, 2005.
57. Interview in Warsaw, 2005.
58. Such as the drawing up of the Transatlantic Declaration in December 2003.
59. Interview, 2005.
60. Interview in Brussels, 2005.
61. Interviews in Brussels, 2005.
62. Interviews In Warsaw and Brussels, 2005.
63. Interview In Brussels, 2005.
64. Interviews in Warsaw and Brussels, 2005.
65. Interviews in Warsaw, 2005.
66. Interview in Brussels, 2005.
67. Spence, 'The Evolving Role of Foreign Ministers in the Conduct of European Union Affairs', p. 24.
68. Interview in Brussels, 2005.
69. Interview in Brussels, 2005.
70. In this study socialization is understood as the adoption of certain rules of behaviour, 'ways of doing things', stemming from interaction with members of the same group. It does not imply the internalization of rules and rather sees compliance as a strategic action on the part of diplomats. Legitimacy and credibility play an important role on the strategies that actors choose to follow in a group. For more on socialization In CFSP Council Working Groups, see Ana juncos and Karolina Pomorska, 'Playing the Brussels Game: Strategic Socialization in CFSP Council Working Groups', European Integration Online Papers, vol. 10, no. 11, 2006.
71. Interview in Brussels, 2005.
72. Interview in Warsaw, 2005.
73. As a matter of fact, in many old member states, national representatives have a great impact on the final shape of the instructions that they receive. They even admitted diat sometimes the tougher negotiations are those taking place between Brussels and their capitals.
74. Interview in Brussels, 2005.
75. Interview in Brussels, 2005.
76. Interviews in Warsaw and Brussels, 2005.
77. Interviews in Warsaw and Brussels, 2005.
78. Interviews in Warsaw and Brussels, 2005.
79. Interviews in Warsaw and Brussels, 2005.
80. Interviews in Warsaw and Brussels, 2005.
81. Spence, "The Evolving Role of Foreign Ministries in the Conduct of European Union Affairs', p. 33.
82. Confidential interviews in Brussels, 2005.
83. Interviews in Brussels, 2005.
84. Interviews in Brussels, 2005.
85. Interviews in Brussels, 2005.
86. Interviews in Brussels and Warsaw, 2005.
87. Interviews in Warsaw, 2005.
88. Interviews in Warsaw, 2005.
89. Interviews in Brussels, 2005. Such 'contradiction' of positions by Polish officials took place in the case of Croatia and Council Conclusions on Ukraine.
90. D. Allen, "The United Kingdom: A Europeanized Government in a Non-Europeanized Polity', in S. Bulmer and C. Lequesne (eds), The Member States of the European Union (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), p. 131.
91. J.P. Olsen, 'Tne Many Faces of Europeanization', ARENA Working Papers, no. 1, 2002, p. 16, at http://www.arena.uio.no/publications/wp02_2. htm.
92. For example, D. Rometsch and W. Wessels, 'Conclusion: European Union and National Institutions', in D. Rometsch and W. Wessels (eds), The European Union and Member States (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1996);
93. W. Wessels, A. Maurer and J. Mittag, "The European Union and Member States: Analysing Two Arenas Over Time', in W. Wessels, A. Maurer and J. Mittag (eds), Fifteen into One? The European Union and its Member States (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2003);
94. and H. Kassim, 'The Europeanization of Member State Institutions', in S. Buhner and C. Lequesne (eds), The Member States of the European Union (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005).
95. Hocking, 'Conclusion', p. 274.
96. Hocking and Spence, Foreign Ministries in the European Union, p. 5.
97. The studies were undertaken respectively by H. Neuhold, K.E. Jorgensen and D. Allen in their contributions to the volume edited by Hocking and Spence, Foreign Ministries in the European Union.
98. Interview in Brussels, 2005.