Between trauma and triumphalism: The Easter rising, the Somme, and the crux of deep memory in modern Ireland

Journal of British Studies

Volumn 46, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 366-389

  Beiner, Guy ^a  

^a BEN GURION UNIVERSITY OF THE NEGEV   (Israel)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 40549103020     PISSN: 00219371     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/510892     Document Type: Review

References (229)

1. See Gearóid Ó Crualaoich, "Responding to the Rising," in Revising the Rising, ed. Máirin Ní Dhonnchadha and Theo Dorgan (Derry, 1991), 50-70
2. Irish Times, 22 October 2005
3. Irish Times, 11 April 1966
4. see also Cuimhneachán, 1916-1966: Commemoration; a Record of Ireland's Commemoration of the 1916 Rising (Dublin, 1966), 24-27
5. Roisin Higgins, Carole Holohan, and Catherine O'Donnell, "1966 and All That: The 50th Anniversary Commemorations," History Ireland 14, no. 2 (2006): 31-36
6. see Irish Times, 28 January 2006
7. Seanad Éireann: 17 October 2005, vol. 181, no. 12, p. 2
8. Dermot Ahem, "Shared History Can Help Build a Shared Future," Irish Times, 11 November 2005
9. See also Patsy McGarry, "Poppy a 'Valid Recognition' of Irish Soldiers in World Wars," Irish Times, 14 November 2005
10. Edna Longley, "The Rising, the Somme and Irish Memory," in Revising the Rising, ed. Máirin Ní Dhonnchadha and Theo Dorgan (Derry, 1991), 29-49
11. Bernhard Giesen, "The Trauma of Perpetrators: The Holocaust as the Traumatic Reference of German National Identity," in Cultural Trauma and Collective Identity, ed. Jeffrey C. Alexander (Berkeley, 2004), 112-14
12. and see also Triumph and Trauma (Boulder, CO, 2004)
13. For a demonstration of how such an approach can be fruitfully developed, see Cathy Caruth, Unclaimed Experience: Trauma, Narrative, and History (Baltimore, 1996)
14. and Trauma: Explorations in Memory, ed. Cathy Caruth (Baltimore, 1995)
15. Arthur G. Neal, National Trauma, and Collective Memory: Major Events in the American Century (Armonk, NY, 1998), 9, 22
16. Jeffrey C. Alexander, "Toward a Theory of Cultural Trauma," in Cultural Trauma and Collective Identity, ed. Jeffrey C. Alexander, Ron Eyerman, Bernard Giesen, Neil J. Smelser, and Piotr Sztompka (Berkeley, 2004), 1-30 (esp. 22-24)
17. Limitations of space have restricted the focus of the argument to military victory and defeat. For a critical discussion of traumatic remembrance of the Great Famine, see Cormac Ó Gráda, "Famine, Trauma and Memory," Béaloideas 69 (2001): 121-43
18. Longley, "The Rising, the Somme and Irish Memory," 30
19. Ian McBride, "Memory and National Identity in Modern Ireland," in his History and Memory in Modern Ireland (Cambridge, 2001), 27
20. Roy Foster, The Irish Story; Telling Tales and Making It Up in Ireland (London, 2001 ), 1-22
21. Francis Steward Leland Lyons, Culture and Anarchy in Ireland, 1890-1939 (Oxford, 1979), 26
22. Roy Foster, Paddy and Mr. Punch: Connections in Irish and English History (London, 1993), 21-39
23. Brendan Bradshaw, "Nationalism and Historical Scholarship in Modern Ireland," Irish Historical Studies 26, no. 104 (1989): 340-42
24. See Georges Denis Zimmerman, Songs of Irish Rebellion: Irish Political Street Ballads and Rebel Songs, 1780-1900 (1966; repr., Dublin, 2002), 167-70. Though the original wording mentions "old Ireland," it is commonly sung as "poor old Ireland."
25. As the debate over false vs. recovered memory is arguably the greatest psychological controversy in the latter half of the twentieth century, the literature is voluminous. For a locus classicus, see Elizabeth F. Loftus, "The Reality of Repressed Memories," American Psychologist 48, no. 5 (1993): 518-37
26. For a definitive statement, see Charles J. Brainerd and Valerie F. Reyna, The Science of False Memory (Oxford, 2005)
27. for MOPE, see Liam Kennedy, Colonialism, Religion and Nationalism in Ireland (Belfast, 1996), 182-223
28. See Theo W. Moody's seminal presidential address to the Dublin University History Society (1977), republished as Theo W. Moody, "Irish History and Irish Mythology," in Interpreting Irish History: The Debate on Historical Revisionism, 1938-1994, ed. Ciaran Brady (Dublin, 1994), 71-86
29. Bronislaw Malinowski, "Myth in Primitive Psychology," in Magic, Science and Religion, and Other Essays (1926; repr., Boston, 1948), 100
30. see Raphael Samuel and Paul Thompson, eds., The Myths We Live By (London, 1990)
31. Roy Porter, ed., Myths of the English (Cambridge, 1992)
32. William H. McNeill, "Mythistory, or Truth, Myth, History and Historians," American Historical Review 91, no. 1 (1986): 1-10
33. For further discussion, see Peter Heehs, "Myth, History, and Theory," History and Theory 33, no. 1 (1994): 1-19
34. See Jan Assman, Moses the Egyptian: The Memory of Egypt in Western Monotheism (Cambridge, MA, 1997)
35. For critical surveys of the field, see Alon Confino, "Collective Memory and Cultural History: Problems of Method," American Historical Review 102, no. 5 (1997): 1386-403
36. Jeffrey K. Olick and Joyce Robbins, "Social Memory Studies: From 'Collective Memory' to the Historical Sociology of Mnemonic Practices," Annual Review of Sociology 24 (1998): 105-40
37. Kerwin L. Klein, "On the Emergence of Memory in Historical Discourse," Representations 69 (2000): 127-50
38. Wulf Kansteiner, "Finding Meaning in Memory: A Methodological Critique of Collective Memory Studies," History and Theory 41 (2002): 179-97
39. See also Guy Beiner, Remembering the Year of the French: Irish Folk History and Social Memory (Madison, WI, 2006), chap. 1
40. The founding text for this dogma is the collection by Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger, eds., The Invention of Tradition (Cambridge, 1983)
41. and, in particular, Hobsbawm's contribution, "Mass-Producing Traditions: Europe, 1870-1914," 263-307
42. For a critique set in an Irish context, see Guy Beiner, "The Invention of Tradition?" History Review 12 (2001): 1-10
43. See Peter Fritzsche, "The Case of Modern Memory," Journal of Modern History 73, no. 1 (2001 ): 87-117
44. Paul Fussell, The Great War and Modern Memory (New York, 1975)
45. J. M. Winter, Sites of Memory, Sites of Mourning: The Great War in European Cultural History (Cambridge, 1995)
46. Frederick C. Bartlett, Remembering: A Study in Experimental Social Psychology (Cambridge, 1932)
47. This study fell short of pursuing Bartlett's initial interest in "group memory." A model of "collective memory" was first conceptualized in the interwar period by the sociologist Maurice Halbwachs, who argued that present conditions shape remembrance of the past; for English translations, see Maurice Halbwachs, The Collective Memory (New York, 1980)
48. and On Collective Memory (Chicago, 1992)
49. David Gross, The Past in Ruins: Tradition and the Critique of Modernity (Amherst, MA, 1992), 116-19
50. T. C. Barnard, "The Uses of 23 October 1641 and Irish Protestant Celebrations," English Historical Review 106, no. 421 (1991): 889-920
51. most notably, Sir John Temple's frequently reprinted The Irish Rebellion (orig. ed., 1646)
52. greatly informed Archbishop William King's The State of the Protestants of Ireland (orig. ed., 1691)
53. James Kelly, "'The Glorious and Immortal Memory': Commemoration and Protestant Identity in Ireland, 1660-1800," Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 94C (1994): 25-52 (for the Williamite anniversaries, see 42-43)
54. Wilfred A. Seaby, Irish Williamite Glass (Belfast, 1965), 1
55. John G. Simms, "Remembering 1690," Studies 63, no. 251 (1974): 237
56. From 1733, the Irish House of Lords was decorated with Robert Baillie's magnificent commemorative tapestries of the "Glorious Battle of the Boyne" and the "Glorious Defence of Londonderry"; see John T. Gilbert, An Account of the Parliament House, Dublin, with Notices of Parliaments Held There, 1661-1800 (Dublin, 1896), 32
57. Grand Orange Lodge of Ireland [attributed to R. M. Sibbett], Orangeism in Ireland and Throughout the Empire, by a Member of the Order, 2 vols. (London, 1939), 1:184, 182-83, and 578-81
58. John T. Gilbert, Calendar of Ancient Records of Dublin, vol. 6 (Dublin, 1889), viii-xiv and 417
59. See also Yvonne Whelan, Reinventing Modern Dublin: Streetscape, Iconography and the Politics of Identity (Dublin, 2003), 35-39
60. James Kelly, "Lhe Emergence of Political Parading, 1660-1800," in The Irish Parading Tradition: Following the Drum, ed. Thomas G. Fraser (Houndmills, 2000), 13-26
61. Sibbett, Orangeism in Ireland, 1:331-32
62. Kevin Haddick-Flynn, Orangeism: The Making of a Tradition (Dublin, 1999), 156-57
63. Jacqueline R. Hill, "National Festivals, the State and 'protestant ascendancy' in Ireland, 1790-1829," Irish Historical Studies 24, no. 93 (1984): 30-51
64. Dominic Bryan, Orange Parades: The Politics of Ritual, Tradition, and Control (London, 2000), 29-43
65. Christine Kinealy, "A Right to March? The Conflict at Dolly's Brae," in Problems and Perspectives in Irish History since 1800: Essays in Honour of Patrick Buckland, ed. D. George Boyce and Roger Swift (Dublin, 2004), 54-79
66. Brian Mercer Walker, Dancing to History's Tune: History, Myth and Politics in Ireland (Belfast, 1996), 91-99
67. See Walker, Dancing to History's Tune, 1-22
68. Herbert Butterfield, preface to The Whig Interpretation of History (London, 1931), v
69. See Eviatar Zerubavel, Time Maps: Collective Memory and the Social Simpe of the Past (Chicago, 2004), 30-31
70. McBride, "Memory and National Identity in Modern Ireland," 19
71. John Foxe, Acts and Monuments [. . .] The Variorum Edition Online (1563, 1570, 1576, 1583 eds.) (hriOnline, Sheffield, 2004), http://www.hrionline.shef. ac.uk/foxe/
72. Kevin Whelan, The Tree of Liberty: Radicalism, Catholicism and the Construction of Irish Identity, 1760-1830 ( Cork, 1996), 135-38 and 141-42
73. S. R. Gibbons, Captain Rock, Night Errant: The Threatening Letters of Pre-famine Ireland, 1801-1845 (Dublin, 2004), 35-36
74. Ian McBride, The Siege of Derry in Ulster Protestant Mythology (Dublin, 1997)
75. Thomas G. Fraser, "The Siege: Its History and Legacy, 1688-1889," in Derry and Londonderry: History and Society, ed. Gerard O'Brien (Dublin, 1999), 379-403
76. Brian Walker, "Remembering the Siege of Derry: The Rise of a Popular Religious Tradition, 1689-1989," in The Sieges of Derry, ed. William Kelly (Dublin, 2001), 123-44
77. See Anthony D. Buckley and Mary Catherine Kenney, Negotiating Identity: Rhetoric, Metaphor, and Social Drama in Northern Ireland (Washington, DC, 1995), 46-47
78. Robert Lundy was the military governor of Londonderry who considered surrendering to the besieging Jacobite forces in 1689. The burning of Lundy's effigy has been labeled a "ritual act of purgation" (Anthony T. Q. Stewart, The Narrow Ground: Aspects of Ulster, 1609-1969 [1977; repr., Belfast, 1997], 67)
79. Maureen Wall, The Penal Laws, 1691-1760 (Dundalk, 1976)
80. Louis Cullen, "Catholics under the Penal Laws," Eighteenth-Century Ireland 1 (1986): 23-36
81. Though the unrelenting persecution prescribed in penal legislation gave way to pragmatic toleration, the stigma of humiliation was not fully redressed till the achievement of Catholic emancipation in the nineteenth century. For the text of An Longbhriseadh, see John C. Mac Erlean, ed., Duanaire Dháibhidh Uí Bhruadair: The Poems of David Ó Bruadair (London, 1917), pt. 3, 164-81
82. for a modern translation, see Michael Hartnett, O Bruadair: Selected Poems of Dáibhí Ó Bruadair (Dublin, 1985), 35-41
83. Breandán Ó Buachalla, "Briseadh Na Bóinne," Éigse 23 (1989): 84
84. Breandán Ó Buachalla, Aisling Ghíar: Na Stíobhartaigh agus an tAos Léinn, 1603-1788 (Dublin, 1996)
85. and see also "Irish Jacobite Poetry," Irish Review 12 (1992): 40-49
86. and "Irish Jacobitism and Irish Nationalism: The Literary Evidence," in Nations and Nationalisms: France, Britain, Ireland and the Eighteenth-Century Context, ed. Michael O'Dea and Kevin Whelan, Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century, 335 (Oxford, 1995), 103-16
87. For the persistence of widespread support for the Jacobite cause among Irish Catholics in the eighteenth century, see Éamonn Ó Ciardha, Ireland and the Jacobite Cause, 1685-1766: A Fatal Attachment (Dublin, 2002)
88. For a judicious reassessment of the impact of Jacobite ideology in a local context, see David Dickson, "Jacobitism in Eighteenth-Century Ireland: A Munster Perspective," Éire Ireland 93, nos. 3-4 (2004): 38-99
89. For the political afterlife of Jacobitism, see Jim Smyth, The Men of No Property: Irish Radicals and Popular Politics in the Late Eighteenth Century (Houndmills, 1992), esp. 41
90. Vincent Morley, Irish Opinion and the American Revolution, 1760-1783 (Cambridge, 2002)
91. Breandán Ó Buachalla, "From Jacobite to Jacobin," in 1798: A Bicentenary Perspective, ed. Thomas Bartlett, David Dickson, Dáire Keogh, and Kevin Whelan (Dublin, 2003), 75-96
92. Kevin Whelan, "The United Irishmen, the Enlightenment and Popular Culture," in The United Irishmen: Republicanism, Radicalism and Rebellion, ed. David Dickson, Dáire Keogh, and Kevin Whelan (Dublin, 1993), 269-96
93. This is perhaps best exemplified in Watty Cox's immensely popular antigovernmental Irish Magazine and Monthly Asylum for Neglected Biography (1807-15), which, according to Chief Secretary Robert Peel, "was distributed occasionally gratis and generally sold at a price which could not defray the expense of printing" and was "greatly admired by the common people"
94. see Sean J. Connolly, "Aftermath and Adjustment," in A New History of Ireland, ed. William E. Vaughan, 9 vols. (Oxford, 1989), 5:18-19
95. Though several versions of Emmet's speech are extant, there is no authoritative text (the official court transcription, which omits this famous line, was dismissed by Emmet's friends as government propaganda). For an attempt to reconstruct the original speech by combining the available sources, see Patrick M. Geoghegan, Robert Emmet: A Life (Dublin, 2002), 244-54
96. Kevin Whelan, "Robert Emmet: Between History and Memory," History Ireland 11, no. 3 (2003): 50-54
97. For recent biographies, see Marianne Elliott, Robert Emmet: The Making of a Legend (London, 2003)
98. Ruán O'Donnell, Robert Emmet and the Rebellion of 1798 (Dublin, 2003)
99. Geoghegan, Robert Emmet
100. For a critique of the inadequate appreciation of memory in this bicentennial literature, see Guy Beiner, "The Legendary Robert Emmet and His Bicentennial Biographers," Irish Review, no. 32 (2004): 98-104
101. Gary Owens, "Constructing the Martyrs: The Manchester Executions and the Nationalist Imagination," in Images, Icons and the Irish Nationalist Imagination, ed. Lawrence W. McBride (Dublin, 1999), 18-36
102. Owen McGee, "'God Save Ireland': Manchester-Martyr Demonstrations in Dublin, 1867-1916," Éire Ireland 36, nos. 3-4 (Fall-Winter 2001): 39-66
103. Political Writings and Speeches, vol. 5 of Collected Works of Pádraic H. Pearse (Dublin, 1916), 136-37
104. For the combination of seemingly incompatible linear and circular conceptions of time in collective memory, see Zerubavel, Time Maps, 23-25
105. Oliver MacDonagh, States of Mind: A Study of Anglo-Irish Conflict, 1780-1980 (London, 1983), 13
106. George N. Wright, An Historical Guide to the City of Dublin, 2nd ed. (Dublin, 1825), 144
107. John T. Gilbert, A History of the City of Dublin, 3 vols. (Dublin, 1861), 1:40-56
108. Gilbert, Calendar of Ancient Records of Dublin, 417, 504-5, 540-41
109. Sibbett, Orangeism in Ireland, 2:225
110. For a survey of early nationalist monuments, see Judith Hill, Irish Public Sculpture (Dublin, 1998), 84-118
111. also Gary Owens, "Nationalist Monuments in Ireland, c. 1870-1914: Symbolism and Ritual," in Ireland: Art into History, ed. Raymond Gillespie and Brian P. Kennedy (Dublin, 1994), 103-17
112. Timothy O'Keefe, "The 1898 Efforts to Celebrate the United Irishmen: The '98 Centennial," Éire-Ireland 23 (1988): 51-73,
113. '"Who Fears to Speak of '98?': The Rhetoric and Rituals of the United Irishmen Centennial, 1898," Éire-Ireland 27 (1992): 67-91
114. Nuala C. Johnson, "Sculpting Heroic Histories: Celebrating the Centenary of the 1798 Rebellion in Ireland," Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 19 (1994): 78-93
115. Senia Paseta, "1798 in 1898: The Politics of Commemoration," Irish Review 22 (1998): 46-53
116. Roy Foster, "Remembering 1798," in History and Memory in Modern Ireland, ed. Ian McBride (Cambridge, 2001), 75-83
117. Brian Walker, Past and Present: History, Identity and Politics in Ireland (Belfast, 2000), 48-51
118. Peter Collins, Who Pears to Speak of '98? Commemoration and the Continuing Impact of the United Irishmen (Belfast, 2004), 38-44
119. Alvin Jackson, Ireland 1798-1998: Politics and War (Oxford, 1999), 238-41
120. Kerby A. Miller, "Ulster Presbyterians and the Two Traditions in Ireland," in These Fissured Isles: Ireland, Scotland and the Making of Modern Britain, 1798-1848, ed. Terry Brotherstone, Anna Clark, and Kevin Whelan (Edinburgh, 2005), 260-77
121. Alvin Jackson, "Irish Unionism," in The Making of Modern Irish History: Revisionism and the Revisionist Controversy, ed. D. George Boyce and Alan O'Day (London, 1996), 121
122. See Seán Farrell Moran, Patrick Pearse and the Politics of Redemption: The Mind of the Taster Rising, 1916 (Washington, DC, 1994), 127-29, 132, and 142
123. Whelan, "Robert Emmet," 54
124. Collected Works of Pádraic H. Pearse, 64-75
125. For the full text, see The Paster Proclamation of the Irish Republic, 1916 (Dublin, 1975)
126. For textual analysis of the relevant passages, see Liam De Paor, On the Easter Proclamation and Other Declarations (Dublin, 1997), 46 and 69-70
127. See Daniel J. O'Neil, "The Cult of Self-Sacrifice: The Irish Experience," Éire Ireland 24, no. 4 (1990): 89-105
128. John S. Ellis, "The Degenerate and the Martyr: Nationalist Propaganda and the Contestation of Irishness, 1914-1918," Éire Ireland 35, nos. 3-4 (2000): 28-33
129. Michael Laffan, The Resurrection of Ireland: The Sinn Féin Party, 1916-1923 (Cambridge, 1999), 48
130. Laffan, The Resurrection of Ireland
131. Charles Townshend, Easter 1916: The Irish Rebellion (London, 2005), 326-43
132. Bill Rolston, Drawing Support: Murals in the North of Ireland (Belfast, 1992), 43
133. and Drawing Support 3: Murals and Transition in the North of Ireland (Belfast, 2003), 28-29
134. David Fitzpatrick, "Commemoration in the Irish Free State: A Chronicle of Embarrassment," in History and Memory in Modern Ireland, ed. Ian McBride (Cambridge, 2001 ), 184-203
135. Anne Dolan, Commemorating the Irish Civil War: History and Memory, 1923-2000 (Cambridge, 2003)
136. Anne Dolan, "An Army of Our Fenian Dead: Republicanism, Monuments and Commemoration," in Republicanism in Modern Ireland, ed. Fearghal McGarry (Dublin, 2003), 132-44
137. Whelan, Reinventing Modern Dublin, 192-213
138. Irish Times, 12 November 1928
139. Unionist memory had just previously been revitalized through the formulation of new Orange mythologies around resistance to Home Rule in 1912-14. See Alvin Jackson, "Unionist Myths 1912-1985," Past and Present, no. 136 (1992): 164-85
140. Precise numeration reveals that the total deaths in the three infantry brigades of the division over the whole of 1916 amounted to 1,994; see Yvonne McEwan, "What Have You Done for Ireland? The 36th (Ulster) Division in the Great War: Politics, Propaganda and the Demography of Death," Irish Sword 34, no. 96 (2004): 201 and 212-17
141. John W. Foster, "Imagining the Titanic" in Returning to Ourselves: Second Volume of Papers from the John Hewitt International Summer School, ed. Eve Patten (Belfast, 1995), 334
142. Belfast Newsletter, 3 July 1916
143. cited in David Officer, "'For God and For Ulster': The Ulsterman on the Somme," in History and Memory in Modern Ireland, ed. Ian McBride (Cambridge, 2001 ), 164
144. Officer, "For God and For Ulster," 160-83
145. Thomas Hennessey, Dividing Ireland: World War I and Partition (London, 1998), 198
146. James Loughlin, "Mobilising the Sacred Dead: Ulster Unionism, the Great War and the Politics of Remembrance," in Ireland and the Great War: "A War to Unite Us All"? ed. Adrian Gregory and Senia Paseta (Manchester, 2002), 136-45
147. Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, Northern Ireland, 1st ser., vol. 1, col. 20 (23 June 1921)
148. Effectively written by the Westminster government, the king's speech was composed by a personal secretary of prime minister Lloyd George, who drew on drafts by General Smuts and Arthur Balfour; see Gillian Mcintosh, "The Royal Visit to Belfast, June 1921," in The Ulster Crisis, 1885-1921, ed. D. George Boyce and Alan O'Day (Basingstoke, 2006), 262
149. David Officer and Graham Walker, "Protestant Ulster: Ethno-History, Memory and Contemporary Prospects," National Identities 2, no. 3 (2000): 297-301
150. Cyril Falls, The History of the 36th (Ulster) Division (1922; repr., London, 1996), 51
151. A recent study categorically concludes that the offensive was an overall failure for the British army, which could not show any substantial gains for its 432,000 casualties, as opposed to 230,000 on the German side; Robin Prior and Trevor Wilson, The Somme (New Haven, CT, 2005), 301-2
152. In practice, the initial success may be due less to reckless courage than to HQ's (Headquarters) decision to begin the attack before the preliminary bombardment was completed and relentless enemy machine gunfire commenced; see Philip Orr, The Road to the Somme: Men of the Ulster Division Tell Their Story (Belfast, 1987), 180 and 200-201
153. Henry Harris, The Irish Regiments in the First World War (Cork, 1968), 83
154. James Loughlin, Ulster Unionism and British National Identity since 1885 (London, 1995), 83
155. W. A. Shooter, Ulster's Part in the Battle of the Somme, 1st July to 15th November, 1916 (Belfast, 1966)
156. See Jane Leonard, "The Twinge of Memory: Armistice Day and Remembrance Sunday in Dublin since 1919," in Unionism in Modern Ireland, ed. Robert English and Graham Walker (Dublin, 1996), 99-114
157. Nuala Christina Johnson, Ireland, the Great War and the Geography of Remembrance (Cambridge, 2003)
158. Tom Johnstone, Orange, Green and Khaki: The Story of the Irish Regiments in the Great War, 1914-1918 (Dublin, 1992), 279-81
159. Officer, "For God and For Ulster," 181
160. George L. Mossé, Tailing Soldiers: Reshaping the Memories of the World Wars (New York, 1990), 70-106
161. Orr, The Road to the Somme, 216-27
162. see also Richard Doherty, The Sons of Ulster: Ulstermen at War from the Somme to Korea (Belfast, 1992), 16-23
163. Myles Dungan, They Shall Grow Not Old: Irish Soldiers and the Great War (Dublin, 1997), 85-86
164. C. E. W. Bean, Anzac to Amiens (Canberra, 1946), 539
165. Bean was a military journalist at Gallipoli; he edited soldiers' memoirs in the popular Anzac Book (Sydney, 1916), compiled the Official History of Australia in the War of 1914-1918 (Sydney, 1920-42), wrote school textbooks on the subject, and founded the Australian War Museum
166. For the formation of the Anzac legend, see Alistair Thomson, Anzac Memories: Living with the Legend (Oxford, 1994), 23-72
167. Gillian Mcintosh, The Force of Culture: Unionist Identities in Twentieth-Century Ireland (Cork, 1999), 15-18
168. see also D. George Boyce, "'That Party Politics Should Divide Our Tents': Nationalism, Unionism and the First World War," in Ireland and the Great War, ed. Gregory and Paseta, 212-13
169. Mcintosh, The Force of Culture, 36-68
170. Parliament of Northern Ireland Parliamentary Debates (Hansard), House of Commons, vol. 16, cols. 1091 and 1095 (24 April 1934)
171. See Dominic Bryan, "Drumcree and 'the Right to March': Orangeism, Ritual and Politics in Northern Ireland," in The Irish Parading Tradition: Following the Drum, ed. T. G. Fraser (Houndmills, 2000), 196
172. Keith Jeffery, Ireland and the Great War (Cambridge, 2000), 133
173. Johnson, Ireland, The Great War, and the Geography of Remembrance, 105-7
174. see also entry for Somme Association on the Northern Ireland Community Relations Council listings of groups at http://www.community-relations.org.uk/ services/community-relations-groups/? alpha=S
175. David Officer, "Re-presenting War: The Somme Heritage Centre," History Ireland 3, no. 1 (1995): 38-42
176. See also http://www.irishsoldier.org
177. Bill Rolston, "Politics, Painting and Popular Culture: The Political Wall Murals of Northern Ireland," Media, Culture and Society 9, no. 1 (1987): 8-9
178. and Politics and Painting: Murals and Conflict in Northern Ireland (Rutherford, NJ, 1991), 20-24
179. Belinda Loftus, Mirrors: William III and Mother Ireland (Dundrum, county Down, 1990), i-13
180. Neil Jarman, "Commemorating 1916, Celebrating 1916: Parading and Painting in Belfast," in The Art of Torgetting, ed. Susanne Küchler and Adrian Forty (Oxford, 1999), 176
181. Rolston, Politics and Painting, 30-31
182. Drawing Support, 10-13
183. Drawing Support 2: Murals of War and Peace (Belfast, 1995), 17
184. and Drawing Support 3, 50-51
185. Brian Graham and Peter Shirlow, "The Battle of the Somme in Ulster Memory and Identity," Political Geography 21 (2002): 881-904
186. Jeffery, Ireland and the Great War, 133
187. Jarman, "Commemorating 1916," 179
188. See also Tony Canavan, "The Poppy My Father Wore: The Problems Facing Irish Nationalists in Commemorating the Two World Wars," in Commemorating Ireland: History, Politics, Culture, ed. Eberhard Bort (Dublin, 2004), 64
189. Chris Ryder and Vincent Kearney, Drumcree: The Orange Order's Last Stand (Tondon, 2001), 199
190. Fran Brearton, "Dancing unto Death: Perceptions of the Somme, the Titanic and Ulster Protestantism," Irish Review 20 (1997): 89-103
191. Joe Cleary, "Towards a Materialist-Formalist History of Twentieth-Century Irish Literature," Boundary 231, no. 1 (2004): 218
192. Andrew Finlay, "Defeatism and Northern Protestant 'Identity,'" Global Review of Ethnopolitics 1, no. 2 (2001): 3-20
193. Wolfgang Schivelbusch, The Culture of Defeat: On National Trauma, Mourning, and Recovery (New York, 2003)
194. For Young Ireland's remembrance of the United Irishmen, see Sean Ryder, "Speaking of '98: Young Ireland and Republican Memory," Éire-Ireland 34, no. 2 (1999): 51-69
195. Joep Leerssen, "Monument and Trauma: Varieties of Remembrance," in History and Memory in Modern Ireland, ed. Ian McBride (Cambridge, 2001), 204-22
196. Jenny Edkins, Trauma and the Memory of Politics (Cambridge, 2003), esp. 57-110
197. Guy Beiner, "Negotiations of Memory: Remembering 1798 Commemoration," Irish Review 26 (2000): 60-70
198. See John Bodnar, Remaking America; Public Memory, Commemoration, and Patriotism in the Twentieth Century (Princeton, NJ, 1992)
199. Michael Bommes and Patrick Wright, "'Charms of Residence': The Public and the Past," in Making Histories: Studies in History-Writing and Politics, ed. Richard Johnson, Gregor McLennan, Bill Schwartz, and David Sutton (London, 1982), 253-302
200. Leerssen, "Monument and Trauma," 220
201. Clem McCartney and Lucy Bryson, Clashing Symbols? A Report on the Use of Flags, Anthems and Other National Symbols in Northern Ireland (Belfast, 1994), 43
202. Susan McKay, Northern Protestants: An Unsettled People (Belfast, 2000), 57
203. See Giesen, Triumph and Trauma, 144-54
204. Marie Smyth, "Remembering in Northern Ireland: Victims, Perpetrators and Hierarchies of Pain and Responsibility," in Past Imperfect: Dealing with the Past in Northern Ireland and Societies in Transition, ed. Brandon Hamber (Derry/Londonderry, 1998), 36
205. and see also "Putting the Past in Its Place: Issues of Victimhood and Reconciliation in Northern Ireland's Peace Process," in Burying the Past: Making Peace and Doing Justice after Civil Conflict, ed. Nigel Biggar (Washington, DC, 2001), 108
206. McCartney and Bryson, Clashing Symbols, 35 and 40
207. Belinda Loftus, Mirrors: Orange and Green (Dundrum, county Down, 1994), 92
208. Canavan, "The Poppy My Father Wore," 56-67
209. Ewan Morris, Our Own Devices: National Symbols and Political Conflict in Twentieth-Century Ireland (Dublin, 2005), 140-41
210. The acrimonious debates in the Northern Ireland Assembly on the display of lilies are illuminating on this issue. See the record for 10 April 2001, at http://www.niassembly.gov.uk/record/reports/010410.htm
211. see also the minutes of the forty-sixth meeting of the assembly commission on 5 March 2002, at http://www.niassembly.gov.uk/commission/minutes/ 020305.htm
212. Leonard, "The Twinge of Memory," esp. 103-5
213. and "Facing 'the Finger of Scorn': Veterans' Memories of Ireland and the Great War," in War and Memory in the Twentieth Century, ed. Martin Evans and Kenneth Lunn (Oxford, 1997), 59-72 and 66-67
214. Tom Burke, "'Poppy Day' in the Irish Free State," Studies 92, no. 368 (2003): 349-58
215. For the origins of this tradition, see Pauric Travers, "'Our Fenian Dead': Glasnevin Cemetary and the Genesis of the Republican Funeral," in Dublin and Dubliners: Essay in the History and Literature of Dublin City, ed. James Kelly and Uáitéar Mac Gearailt (Dublin, 1990), 52-72
216. Smyth, "Putting the Past in Its Place," 108
217. George J. Mitchell, John de Chastelain, and Harri Holkeri, Report of the International Body on Arms Decommissioning (Belfast, 1996), art. 15
218. Agreement between the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of Ireland, Belfast, 10 April 1998 (London, 2000), art. 12. http://www.nio.gov.uk/agreement.pdf
219. Frank Wright, "Reconciling the Histories of Protestant and Catholic in Northern Ireland," in Reconciling Memories, ed. Alan D. Falconer and Joseph Liechty (Dublin, 1998), 128-48
220. Irish Times, 11 November 1998, and 12 November 1998
221. See Irish Times, 2 April 1999, 12 April 1999, 12 August 1999, 12 January 2001, 20 June 2001, and 8 April 2002
222. Mark McCarthy, "Historico-Geographical Explorations of Ireland's Heritages: Towards a Critical Understanding of the Nature of Memory and Identity," in his Ireland's Heritages: Critical Perspectives on Memory and Identity (Aldershot, 2005), 27-28
223. Edna Longley, "Northern Ireland: Commemoration, Elegy, Forgetting," in History and Memory in Modern Ireland, ed. Ian McBride (Cambridge, 2001), 235
224. Richard Kearney, "Myth and the Critique of Tradition," in Reconciling Memories, ed. Alan D. Falconer and Joseph Liechty (Dublin, 1998), 37-56
225. For parity of esteem, see Irish Times, 2 July 2002, and 16 September 2002
226. Irish Independent, 2 July 2002
227. For parity of esteem, see Simon Thompson, "Parity of Esteem and the Politics of Recognition," Contemporary Political Theory 1, no. 2 (2002): 203-20
228. For a critical examination of the limitations of historians' involvement with commemoration, see Guy Beiner, "Commemorating 'Ninety-Eight' in 1998: A Reappraisal of History-Making in Contemporary Ireland," in These Fissured Isles: Ireland, Scotland and British History, 1798-1948, ed. Terry Botherstone, Anna Clark, and Kevin Whelan (Edinburgh, 2005), 221-41
229. Elected unionist leaders from the Ulster Unionist Party and Democratic Ulster Party conspicuously abstained from participating in commemoration of the Easter Rising, even though the British ambassador was present, but eventually sent representatives to the Battle of the Somme ceremony at the National War Memorial Gardens in Islandbridge, Dublin; see Irish Times 14 April 2006, 15 April 2006, and 1 July 2006