A multivariate correlation analysis of high-frequency bottom backscattering strength measurements with geotechnical parameters

IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering

Volumn 32, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 640-650

  Simons, Dick G ^a,b   Snellen, Mirjam ^b   Ainslie, Michael A ^a  

^a TNO   (Netherlands)

^b DELFT UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Modeling; Scattering; Seafloor; Underwater acoustic measurements

Indexed keywords

ACOUSTIC WAVE BACKSCATTERING; CURVE FITTING; LEAST SQUARES APPROXIMATIONS; MULTIVARIANT ANALYSIS; OCEANOGRAPHY; SONAR;

FORWARD-LOOKING SONAR; SEABED;

UNDERWATER ACOUSTICS;

EID: 40449090545     PISSN: 03649059     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/JOE.2007.891890     Document Type: Article

References (27)

1. R. L. Folk, "The distinction between grain size and mineral composition in sedimentary-rock nomenclature," J. Geol., vol. 62, no. 4, pp. 344-359, 1954.
2. D. R. Jackson, D. P. Winebrenner, and A. Ishimaru, "Application of the composite roughness model to high-frequency bottom backscattering," J. Acoust. Soc. Amer., vol. 79, no. 5, pp. 1410-1422, May 1986.
3. D. R. Jackson and K. B. Briggs, "High-frequency bottom backscattering: Roughness versus sediment volume scattering," J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. vol. 92, no. 2, pp. 962-977, Aug. 1992.
4. J. C. Novarini and J. W. Caruthers, "The partition wavenumber in acoustic backscattering from a two-scale rough surface described by a power-law spectrum," IEEE J. Ocean. Eng., vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 200-207, Apr. 1994.
5. J. C. Novarim and J. W. Caruthers, "A simplified approach to backscattering from a rough seafloor with sediment inhomogeneities," IEEE J. Ocean. Eng., vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 157-166, Jul. 1998.
6. S. Stanic, K. B. Briggs, P. Fleischer, R. I. ray, and W. B. Sayer, "Shallow-water high-frequency bottom scattering off Panama City, Florida," J. Acoust. Soc. Amer., vol. 83, no. 6, pp. 2134-2144, Jun. 1988.
7. S. Stanic, K. B. Briggs, P. Fleischer, W. B. Sayer, and R. I. Ray, "High-frequency acoustic backscattering from coarse shell ocean bottom," J. Acoust. Soc. Amer., vol. 85, no. 1, pp. 125-136, Jan. 1989.
8. S. Stanic, R. R. Goodman, K. B. Briggs, and N. P. Chotiros, "Shallow-water bottom reverberation measurements," IEEE J. Ocean. Eng., vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 203-210, Jul. 1998.
9. J. A. Goff, B. J. Kraft, L. A. Mayer, S. G. Schock, C. K. Sommerfield, H. C. Olsen, S. P. S. Gulick, and S. Nordfjord, "Seabed characterization on the New Jersey middle and outer shelf: Correlatability and spatial variability of seafloor sediment properties," Mar. Geol., vol. 209, pp. 147-172, Aug. 2004.
10. J. E. Hughes Clarke, B. W. Danforth, and P. Valentine, "Areal seabed classification using backscatter angular response at 95 kHz," in Proc. High Frequency Acoust. Shallow Water, 1997, pp. 243-250.
11. Rijks Geologische Dienst and British Geological Survey, Holocene en oppervlaktesedimentkaart "Indefatigable," 1987, Sheet 53° N-02° E. 1:250 000 Ser..
12. D. G. Simons and M. Snellen, "High frequency measurements of bottom backscattering strength in the north sea: Correlation with grain size, shell content and gravel content," in Proc. Boundary Influences High Frequency, 2005, pp. 177-184.
13. E. L. Hamilton and R. T. Bachman, "Sound velocity and related properties of marine sediments," J. Acoust. Soc. Amer., vol. 72, no. 6, pp. 1891-1903, Dec. 1982.
14. R. E. Francois and G. R. Garrison, "Sound absorption based on ocean measurement. Part II: Boric acid contribution and equation for total absorption," J. Acoust. Soc. Amer., vol. 72, no. 6, pp. 1879-1890, Dec. 1982.
15. National Oceanographic Data Center, World Ocean Atlas 1994 [Online]. Available: http://www.nodc.noaa.gov/OC5/pr_woa4.html
16. C. C. Leroy, "Development of simple equations for accurate and more realistic calculation of the speed of sound in seawater," J. Acoust. Soc. Amer., vol. 46, no. 1B, pp. 216-226, Jul. 1969.
17. R. J. Urick, Principles of Underwater Sound. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1983, ch. 8.
18. W. H. Press, B. P. Flannery, S. A. Teukolsky, and W. A. Vetterling, Numerical Recipes in C, The Art of Scientific Computing. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1988, ch. 10.
19. G. E. Forsythe, M. A. Malcolm, and C. B. Moler, Computer Methods for Mathematical Computations. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1977, pp. 182-187.
20. "APL-UW High-Frequency Ocean Environmental Acoustic Models Handbook," Tech. Rep. APL-UW TR 9407 AEAS 9501, Oct. 1994.
21. C. M. McKinney and C. D. Anderson, "Measurements of backscattering of sound from the ocean bottom," J. Acoust. Soc. Amer., vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 158-163, Jan. 1964.
22. K. L. Williams, D. R. Jackson, E. I. Thorsos, D. Tang, and S. G. Schock, "Comparison of sound speed and attenuation measured in a sandy sediment to predictions based on the Biot theory of porous media," IEEE J. Ocean. Eng., vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 413-428, Jul. 2002.
23. F. A. Boyle and N. P. Chotiros, "A model for high-frequency acoustic backscatter from gas bubbles in sandy sediments at shallow grazing angles," J. Acoust. Soc. Amer., vol. 98, no. 1, pp. 531-541, July 1995.
24. M. Gensane, "A statistical study of acoustic signals backscattered from the sea bottom," IEEE J. Ocean. Eng., vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 84-93, Jan. 1989.
25. K. L. Williams, D. R. Jackson, E. I. Thorsos, D. Tang, and K. B. Briggs, "Acoustic backscattering experiments in a well characterized sand sediment: Data/model comparisons using sediment fluid and Biot models," IEEE J. Ocean. Eng., vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 376-387, Jul. 2002.
26. J. S. Bendat and G. A. Pierson, Random Data: Analysis and Measurement Procedures. New York: Wiley, 197 1, pp. 125-129.
27. P. Legendre and L. Legendre, Numerical Ecology, 2nd English ed. New York: Elsevier, 1998, pp. 519-520.