Determinants of overdose incidents among illicit opioid users in 5 Canadian cities

CMAJ. Canadian Medical Association Journal

Volumn 171, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 235-239

  Fischer, Benedikt ^a,h   Brissette, Suzanne ^b   Brochu, Serge ^c   Bruneau, Julie ^b   El Guebaly, Nady ^d   Noël, Lina ^e   Rehm, Jürgen ^a   Tyndall, Mark ^f   Wild, Cameron ^g   Mun, Phil ^a   Haydon, Emma ^a   Baliunas, Dolly ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^b CENTRE HOSPITALIER DE L UNIVERSITÉ DE MONTRÉAL   (Canada)

^c UNIVERSITÉ DE MONTRÉAL   (Canada)

^d FOOTHILLS HOSPITAL   (Canada)

^e INSTITUT NATIONAL DE SANTÉ PUBLIQUE DU QUÉBEC   (Canada)

^f BRITISH COLUMBIA CENTRE FOR EXCELLENCE IN HIV AIDS   (Canada)

^g UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA   (Canada)

^h CENTRE FOR ADDICTION AND MENTAL HEALTH   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALCOHOL; BENZODIAZEPINE; COCAINE; DIAMORPHINE; HYDROMORPHONE; ILLICIT DRUG; METHADONE; NALOXONE; OPIATE;

ADULT; AGE DISTRIBUTION; ARTICLE; CANADA; COHORT ANALYSIS; DEMOGRAPHY; DEPRESSION; DETENTION; DRUG DETOXIFICATION; DRUG OVERDOSE; DRUG TOLERANCE; DRUG USE; FEMALE; HOMELESSNESS; HUMAN; LOGISTIC REGRESSION ANALYSIS; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MENTAL HEALTH; METHADONE TREATMENT; OPIATE ADDICTION; RESUSCITATION; SELF REPORT; SOCIOECONOMICS;

EID: 4043123360     PISSN: 08203946     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.1031416     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. Cherubin CE, Sapira JD. The medical complications of drug addiction and the medical assessment of the intravenous drug user: 25 years later. Ann Intern Med 1993;119:1017-28.
2. Hser Y, Hoffman V, Grella C, Anglin M. A 33-year follow-up of narcotics addicts. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001;58:503-8.
3. Rehm J. Modes de consommation et repartition des drogues en Suisse. In: Fahrenkrug H, Rehm J, Müller R, editors. Drogues illégales en Suisse 1990-93. La situation dans les cantons et en Suisse. Zürich: Seismo; 1995. p. 13-34.
4. Waal H. Overstating the case: methodological comments on "The effects of harm reduction in Amsterdam" by Buning and van Brussel. Eur Addict Res 1997;3:199-204.
5. Darke S, Hall W. Heroin overdose: research and evidence-based intervention. J Urban Health 2003;80:189-200.
6. Warner-Smith M, Darke S, Day C. Morbidity associated with non-fatal heroin overdose. Addiction 2002;97:963-7.
7. Darke S, Ross J. Overdose risk perceptions and behaviours among heroin users in Sydney, Australia. Eur Addict Res 1997;3:87-92.
8. Vingoe L, Welch S, Farrell M, Strang J. Heroin overdose among a treatment sample of injecting drug misusers: accident or suicidal behaviour. J Sahst Use 1999;4:88-91.
9. Seal K, Downing M, Kral AH, Singleton-Banks S, Hammond JP, Lorvick J, et al. Attitudes about prescribing take-home naloxone to injection drug users for the management of heroin overdose: a survey of street-recruited injectors in the San Francisco Bay Area. J Urban Health 2003;80:291-301.
10. Davidson P, Ochoa K, Hahn J, Evans J, Moss A. Witnessing heroin-related overdoses: the experiences of young injectors in San Francisco. Addiction 2002;97:1511-6.
11. Powis B, Strang J, Griffiths P, Taylor C, Williamson S, Fountain J, et al. Self-reported overdose among injecting drug users in London: extent and nature of the problem. Addiction 1999;94:471-8.
12. Remis R, Leclerc P, Routledge R, Taylor C, Bruneau J, Beauchemin J, et al. Consortium to characterize injection drug users in Canada (Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver). Final report. Toronto: Self-published; 1998.
13. Fischer B, Rehm J. The case for a heroin substitution treatment trial in Canada. Can J Public Health 1997;88:367-70.
14. Fischer B, Rehm J, Blitz-Miller T. Injection drug use and preventive measures: a comparison of Canadian and Western European jurisdictions over time. CMAJ 2000;162(12):1709-33.
15. Millar J. HIV, hepatitis, and injection drug use in British Columbia-Pay now or pay later? Victoria: Office of Provincial Health Officer; 1998.
16. Wood E, Tyndall MW, Spittal PM, Li K, Kerr T, Hogg RS, et al. Unsafe injection practices in a cohort of injection drug users in Vancouver: Could safer injecting rooms help? CMAJ 2001;165(4):405-10.
17. Fischer B, Medved W, Gliksman L, Rehm J. Illicit opiates in Toronto: a profile of current users. Addict Res 1999;7:377-415.
18. Preti A, Miotto P, de Coppi M. Death by unintentional illicit drug overdose in Italy, 1984-2000. Drug Alcohol Depend 2002;66:275-82.
19. Torralba L, Brugal M, Villalbi J, Tortosa M, Toribio A, Valverde J. Mortality due to acute adverse drug reactions: opiates and cocaine in Barcelona, 1989-93. Addiction 1996;91:419-26.
20. Hickman M, Madden P, Henry P, Baker A, Wallace C, Wakefield J, et al. Trends in drug overdose deaths in England and Wales 1993-1998: methadone does not kill more people than heroin. Addiction 2003;98:419-25.
21. Sergeev B, Karpets A, Sarang A, Tikhonov M. Prevalence and circumstances of opiate overdose among injection drug users in the Russian Federation. J Urban Health 2003;80:212-9.
22. Darke S, Ross J, Hall W. Overdose among heroin users in Sydney, Australia: I. Prevalence and correlates of non-fatal overdoes. Addiction 1996;91:405-11.
23. Gossop M, Griffiths P, Powis B, Williamson S, Strang J. Frequency of non-fatal heroin overdose: survey of heroin users recruited in non-clinical settings. BMJ 1996;313:402.
24. Davidson P, McLean R, Kral A, Gleghorn A, Edlin B, Moss A. Fatal heroin-related overdose in San Francisco, 1997-2000: a case for targeted intervention. J Urban Health 2003;80:261-73.
25. Marzuk P, Tardiff K, Leon A, Hirsch C, Stajic M, Portera L, et al. Poverty and fatal accidental drug overdoses of cocaine and opiates in New York City: an ecological study. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 1997;23:221-8.
26. Jones R, Gruer L, Gilchrist G, Seymour A, Black M, Oliver J. Recent contact with health and social services by drug misusers in Glasgow who died of a fatal overdose in 1999. Addiction 2002;97:1517-22.
27. Klee H, Morris J. Factors that characterize street injectors. Addiction 1995;92:1349-52.
28. Brugal M, Barrio G, de la Fuente L, Regidor E, Royuela L, Suelves J. Factors associated with non-fatal heroin overdose: assessing the effect of frequency and route of heroin administration. Addiction 2002;97:319-27.
29. McGregor C, Darke S, Ali R, Christie P. Experience of non-fatal overdose among heroin users in Adelaide, Australia: circumstances and risk perceptions. Addiction 1998;93:701-11.
30. Seal KH, Kral AH, Gee L, Moore LD, Blumenthal RN, Lorvick J, et al. Predictors and prevention of nonfatal overdose among street-recruited injection heroin users in the San Francisco Bay Area, 1998-1999. Am J Public Health 2001;91:1842-6.
31. Buster M, van Brussel G, van den Brink W. An increase in overdose mortality during the first 2 weeks after entering or re-entering methadone treatment in Amsterdam. Addiction 2002;97:993-1001.
32. Strang J, McCambridge J, Best D, Beswick T, Beam J, Rees S, et al. Loss of tolerance and overdose mortality after inpatient opiate detoxification: follow up study. BMJ 2003;326:959-60.
33. Wagner-Servais D, Erkens M. Methadone-related deaths associated with faulty induction procedures. J Maint Addict 2003;2:57-67.
34. Drummer OH, Syrjanen M, Opeskin K, Cordner S. Deaths of heroin addicts starting on a methadone maintenance programme [letter]. Lancet 1990;335:108.
35. Caplehorn J. Deaths in the first two weeks of maintenance treatment in NSW in 1994: identifying cases of iatrogenic methadone toxicity. Drug Alcohol Rev 1998;17:9-17.
36. Seaman S, Brettle R, Gore S. Mortality from overdose among injecting drug users recently released from prison: database linkage study. BMJ 1998;316:426-8.
37. Tobin K, Latkin C. The relationship between depressive symptoms and non-fatal overdose among a sample of drug users in Baltimore, Maryland. J Urban Health 2003;80:220-9.
38. Darke S, Ross J, Hall W. Overdose among heroin users in Sydney, Australia: II. Responses to overdose. Addiction 1996;91:413-7.
39. Dietze P, Cantwell K, Burgess S. Bystander resuscitation attempts at heroin overdose: Does it improve outcomes? Drug Alcohol Depend 2002;67:213-8.
40. Watters J, Biernacki P. Targeted sampling: options for the study of hidden populations. Soc Probl 1989;36:416-30.
41. Patten SB. Performance of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview Short Form for Major Depression in community and clinical samples. Chronic Dis Can 1997;18:109-12.
42. Darke S. Polydrug use and overdose: overthrowing old myths [editorial]. Addiction 2003;98:711.
43. Martens W. A review of physical and mental health in homeless persons. Public Health Rev 2001;29:13-33.
44. Hwang S. Homelessness and health. CMAJ 2001;164(2):229-33.
45. Darke S, Hall W. Levels and correlates of polydrug use among heroin users and regular amphetamine users. Drug Alcohol Depend 1995;39:231-5.
46. Coffin P, Galea S, Ahern J, Leon A, Vlahov D, Tardiff K. Opiates, cocaine and alcohol combinations in accidental drug overdose deaths in New York City, 1990-98. Addiction 2003;98:739-47.
47. Fiske S, Taylor S. Social cognition. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1991.
48. Darke S. Self-report among injecting drug users: a review. Drug Alcohol Defend 1998;51:253-63.