The case for a heroin substitution treatment trial in Canada

Canadian Journal of Public Health

Volumn 88, Issue 6, 1997, Pages 367-370

  Fischer, Benedikt ^a,b,c   Rehm, Jürgen ^a,b  

^a Addiction Research Foundation

^b UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^c CENTRE FOR ADDICTION AND MENTAL HEALTH   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DIAMORPHINE; METHADONE;

CANADA; CLINICAL TRIAL; HEROIN DEPENDENCE; HUMAN; METHADONE TREATMENT; PUBLIC HEALTH; SHORT SURVEY; SOCIAL PROBLEM;

EID: 0031454258     PISSN: 00084263     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/bf03403907     Document Type: Short Survey

References (47)

1. Information Canada. Commission of Inquiry into the Non-Medical Use of Drugs. Final Report. Ottawa, 1973.
2. Information Canada. Commission of Inquiry into the Non-Medical Use of Drugs. Ottawa, 1972.
3. Hser YI. Prevalence estimation: Summary of common problems and practical solutions. J Drug Issues 1993a;23:335-43.
4. Hser YI. Prevalence estimation techniques for drug-using populations. Data sources: Problems and issues. J Drug Issues 1993b;23:217-28.
5. Simeone RS, Nottingham WT, Holland L. Estimating the size of heroin-using population: An examination of the use of treatment admissions data. Int J Addictions 1993;28:107-28.
6. Statistics Canada. Canada's Alcohol and Other Drugs Survey. Ottawa: Health Canada, 1994.
7. Turner CF, Lessler JT, Gfroerer JC. Survey Measurement of Drug Use: Methodological Studies. National Institute on Drug Abuse, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1992.
8. Rehm J. Modes de consommation et répartition des drogues en Suisse. In: Fahrenkrug H, Rehm J, Müller R, et al (Eds.), Drogues illégales en Suisse 1990-1993. La situation dans les cantons et en Suisse. Zürich: Seismo, 1995;13-34.
9. Baden M. Narcotic abuse: A medical examiner's view. In: Wecht CH (Ed.), Legal Medicine Annual. New York: Appleton Century-Crofts, 1971.
10. Single E, Robson L, Xie X, Rehm J in collaboration with Moore R, Choi B, Desjardins S, Anderson J. The Costs of Substance Abuse in Canada. Ottawa: Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse, 1996; ISBN:1-896323-18-9.
11. Rehm J, Ialomiteanu A, Walsh G, et al. The Quantification of Mortality Caused by Illicit Drugs in Canada, 1992. Toronto: Addiction Research Foundation, 1996a.
12. Remis RS, Leclerc P, Routledge R, et al. Consortium to characterize injection drug users in Canada. Proposal to NHRDP, 1996.
13. Southtown Consulting. Heroin activity in metropolitan Toronto (study conducted for MTATSC), 1995.
14. Nadelmann E, McNeely J, Drucker E. Harm reduction drug control strategies: A global perspective. In: Lowinson J, Ruiz P, Millman R (Eds.), Substance Abuse: A Comprehensive Textbook. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1997.
15. Hankins C, Barlow K, Black S, et al. HIV, AIDS and Injection Drug Use. Ottawa: Health Canada, 1997.
16. Strathdee S, Patrick D, Currie S, et al. Needle exchange is not enough: Lessons from the Vancouver injecting drug use study. AIDS 1997;11:F59-F65.
17. Department of Health and Human Services. Methadone maintenance treatment: Translating research into policy. Paper presented at American Methadone Treatment Association Conference National Institute on Drug Abuse International Forum, November 1995.
18. Xie X, Rehm J, Single E, Robson L. The Economic Costs of Alcohol, Tobacco und Illicit Drug Abuse in Ontario: 1992. Toronto: Addiction Research Foundation, 1996; ISBN:0-88868-274-3; ARF Research Document Series No. 127.
19. Bureau of Drug Surveillance. Data on methadone maintenance programs in Canada, unpublished. Ottawa: Health Canada, 1997.
20. Dole V, Nyswander M. The use of methadone for narcotic blockade. Br J Addiction 1968;63:55-57.
21. Hubbard RI, Marsden ME. Relapse to use of heroin, cocaine and other drugs in the first year after treatment. In: NIDA Research Monograph 72, U Ed. Relapse and Recovery in Drug Abuse. Rockville, MD, 1986.
22. Senay E, Uchtenhagen A. Methadone in the treatment of opioid dependence: A review of the world literature. In: Arif A. Westermeyer J (Eds.), Methadone Maintenance in the Management of Opioid Dependence. New York: Praeger, 1990.
23. Ball J, Ross A. The Effectiveness of Methadone Maintenance Treatment: Patients, Programs, Services and Outcomes. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1991.
24. Institute of Medicine. Federal Regulation of Methadone Treatment. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1995.
25. Nadelmann E, McNeely J. Doing methadone right. The Public Interest 1996; 123, Spring.
26. Giffen JP, Endicott S, Lambert S. Panic and indifference - The politics of Canada's drug laws. Ottawa: Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse, 1991.
27. Halliday R. Management of the narcotic addict. BC Medical Journal 1963;5:412-14.
28. Non-Medical Use of Drugs Directorate. Trends in methadone use in the treatment of opiate dependence in Canada. Ottawa: Health and Welfare Canada, 1976.
29. Peachey JE, Franklin T. Methadone treatment of opiate dependence in Canada. Br J Addiction 1985;80:291-99.
30. The College of Physicians and Surgeons in Ontario. Methadone maintenance guidelines, 1996.
31. International survey on the use of methadone in the treatment of narcotic addiction: Summary of results. Ottawa: Health Canada, 1996.
32. Swiss methadone report. Berne/Toronto: Swiss Federal Office of Public Health/Addiction Research Foundation, 1996.
33. Fischer B. Drug, communities and 'harm reduction' in Germany: The new relevance of 'public health' principles in local responses. J Public Health Pol 1995;16:389-411.
34. Bossong H. Methadon-Substitutionsbehandlung. Das Grüene Gehirn-Der Arzt im Öffentlichen Gesundheitswesen. 36: Erg, 1995.
35. Bossong H, Stöver H. Methadonbehandlung. Campus: Frankfurt, 1992.
36. Sells SB, Demaree RG, Hornick CW. Comparative effectiveness of drug abuse treatment modalities. NIDA Services Research Administrative Report. Washington, DC, 1979.
37. Fischer B, Medved W, Rehm J, Gliksman L. Profile of illicit and un-treated opiate users in Toronto, Canada. Addiction Research under review.
38. Hubbard RL, Marsden ME, Rachal JV, et al. Drug Abuse Treatment: A National Study of Effectiveness. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1989.
39. Simpson DD, Sells SB. Effectiveness of treatment for drug abuse: An overview of the DARP research program. Advances in Alcohol and Substance Abuse 1982;2:7-29.
40. Maddux JF, Vogtsberger KN, Desmond DP, Esquivel M. Program changes and retention on methadone. J Substance Abuse Treatment 1993;10:585-88.
41. Kreek MJ. Methadone in Treatment: Physiological and pharmacological issues. In: DuPont RL, Goldstein A, O'Donnell J, Brown B (Eds.) Handbook on Drug Abuse. Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1979.
42. Kreek MJ. Medical safety and side effects of methadone in tolerant individuals. J Psychoactive Drugs 1991;23:6.
43. Jaffe JH, Martin WR. Opioid analgesics and antagonists. In: Goodman Gilman A, Goodman L, Rall T, et al.Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. New York: Pergamon Press, 1985;491-532.
44. Grund J-PC. Drug use as a social ritual: Functionality, symbolism and determinants of self-regulation. Rotterdam: IVO (Addiction Research Institute), 1993.
45. Uchtenhagen A, Gutzwiller F, Dobler-Mikola A. Versuche für eine ärztliche Verschreibung von Betäubungsmitteln. Institut für Suchtforschung in Verbindung mit der Universität Zürich, 1996.
46. Bammer G, Dance P, Stevens A, et al. Attitudes to a proposal for controlled availability of heroin in Australia: Is it time for a trial? Addiction Research 1996;4:45-55.
47. Böllinger L. German drug laws in the context of international pressure and internal conflicts - A theoretical approach to the evolution of drug policy. Unpublished paper: University of Bremen, 1996.