Management of diabetes in cardiovascular patients

Heart

Volumn 94, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 369-375

  Peter, R ^a   Cox, A ^a   Evans, Marc ^a  

^a LLANDOUGH HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

2,4 THIAZOLIDINEDIONE DERIVATIVE; ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; ATENOLOL; ATORVASTATIN; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; CAPTOPRIL; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; DIURETIC AGENT; DOXAZOSIN; GLIBENCLAMIDE; GLICLAZIDE; GLIMEPIRIDE; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; METFORMIN; OMEGA 3 FATTY ACID; PIOGLITAZONE; PLACEBO; ROSIGLITAZONE; SULFONYLUREA; THIAZIDE DIURETIC AGENT;

BLOOD PRESSURE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CLINICAL TRIAL; DISEASE DURATION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; DYSLIPIDEMIA; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; HUMAN; INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; MONOTHERAPY; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; DIABETIC ANGIOPATHIES; DYSLIPIDEMIAS; HUMANS; HYPERGLYCEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS;

EID: 39749089315     PISSN: 13556037     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/hrt.2006.098210     Document Type: Review

References (27)

1. Most R, Sinnock P. The epidemiology of lower extremity amputations in diabetic individuals. Diabetes Care 1983;6:87-91.
2. Norhammar A, Tenerc A, Nilsson G, et al. Glucose metabolism in patients with acute myocardial infarction and no previous diagnosis of diabetes mellitus: a prospective study. Lancet 2002;359:2140-44. ▶ This study first highlighted the extent of the problem of glucose intolerance in this high risk cohort of patients. These findings are even more significant as the authors excluded patients with a prior history of diabetes.
3. Matz K, Keresztes K, Tatschl C, et al. Disorders of glucose metabolism in acute stroke patients: an unrecognised problem. Diabetes Care 2006;29:792-7. ▶ The findings from the previous study were replicated in subjects presenting with a cerebrovascular event. This study included patients with a prior history of diabetes and the prevalence of glucose intolerance was not dissimilar in this high risk group.
4. Haffner SM, Lehto S, Ronnemaa T, et al. Mortality from coronary heart disease in subjects with type 2 diabetes and in non-diabetic subjects with and without prior myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1998;339:229-34. ▶ It was following this paper that the notion that diabetes is a coronary artery disease equivalent came to the forefront.
5. Schiele F, Descotes-Genon V, Seronde F, et al. Predictive value of admission hyperglycaemia on mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Diabet Med 2006;23:1370-6.
6. Lee CD, Folsom AR, Pankow JS, et al. Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study Investigators. Cardiovascular events in diabetic and nondiabetic adults with or without history of myocardial infarction. Circulation 2004;109:855-60.
7. Aguilar D, Solomon SD, Kober L, et al. Newly diagnosed and previously known diabetes mellitus and 1 year outcomes of acute myocardial infarction: the VALsartan In Acute myocardial Infarction (VALIANT) trial. Circulation 2004;110:1572-8. ▶ In this study, subjects with acute myocardial infarction were grouped by diabetic status; after 1 year, both previously known diabetes and the newly diagnosed diabetes groups had similarly increased risks of cardiovascular events (HR 1.37) and mortality (HR 1.43) compared with the group without diabetes. This was despite the fact that patients with newly diagnosed diabetes were younger and had fewer comorbid conditions than patients with previously known diabetes.
8. Gaede P, Vedel P, Larsen N, et al. Multifactorial intervention and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Eng J Med 2003;348:383-93. ▶ This outstanding paper demonstrates that multiple interventions are needed to decrease cardiovascular disease in diabetes.
9. UKPDS Group (UKPDS 33). Intensive blood glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet 1998;352:837-53.
10. Corpus RA, George PB, House JA, et al. Optimal glycaemic control is associated with a lower rate of target vessel revascularisation in treated type 2 diabetic patients undergoing elective percutaneous coronary intervention. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;43:8-14.
11. Coutinho M, Gerstein HC, Wang Y, et al. The relationship between glucose and incident cardiovascular events. A metaregression analysis of published data from 20 studies of 95,783 individuals followed for 12.4 years. Diabetes Care 1999;22:233-40.
12. Hanefeld M, Fischer S, Julius U, et al. Risk factors for myocardial infarction and death in newly detected NIDDM: the Diabetes Intervention Study, 11-year follow up. Diabetologia 1996;39:1577- 83. ▶ This study demonstrates that controlling postprandial hyperglycaemia has a greater impact on cardiovascular mortality compared to fasting plasma glucose.
13. Malmberg K, Ryden L, Wedel H, et al. Intense metabolic control by means of insulin in patients with diabetes mellitus and acute myocardial infarction (DIGAMI-2): effects on mortality and morbidity. Eur Heart J 2005;26:650-61. ▶ This study did not support the fact that acutely introduced long term insulin treatment improved survival in type 2 diabetic subjects following myocardial infarction when compared with conventional treatment at similar levels of glycaemia - a question that was posed by the DIGAMI-1 trial.
14. Stades AM, Heikens JT, Erkelens DW, et al. Metformin and lactic acidosis: cause of coincidence? A review of case reports. J Intern Med 2004;255:179-87.
15. UKPDS Group (UKPDS 34). Effect of intensive blood glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes. Lancet 1998;352:854-65.
16. Dormandy JA, Charbonnel B, Eckland DJ, et al. Secondary prevention of macrovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes in the PROactive Study (PROspective pioglitAzone Clinical Trial In macroVascular Events): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2005;366:1279-89.
17. Nissen SE, Wolksi K. Effect of rosiglitazone on the risk of myocardial infarction and death from cardiovascular causes. N Engl J Med 2007;356:2457-71.
18. Dahlof B, Sever PS, Poulter NR, et al. Prevention of cardiovascular events with an antihypertensive regimen of amlodipine adding perindopril as required versus atenolol adding bendroflumethiazide as required, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial-Blood Pressure Lowering Arm (ASCOT-BPLA): a multicentre randomised controlled trial, lancet 2005;366:895-906. ▶ This large study has influenced our antihypertensive prescribing in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Subjects treated with β blockers especially when combined with thiazides in this trial had an increased risk of developing diabetes.
19. Koh KK, Quon MJ, Han SH, et al. Additive beneficial effects of losartan combined with simvastatin in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia hypertensive patients. Circulation 2004;110:3687-92. ▶ A number of trials have suggested that the use of antihypertensive agents that affect angiotensin II activity reduce conversion rates to diabetes in patients with hypertension. In this study, the addition of the angiotensin II receptor blocker losartan to simvastatin significantly increased plasma adiponectin values and improved insulin sensitivity in 47 hypercholesterolaemic patients with hypertension.
20. Joint British Societies. JBS 2: Joint British Society guidelines on prevention of cardiovascular disease in clinical practice. Heart 2005;91(Suppl V):v1-52.
21. HPS Study Group. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 5963 people with diabetes: a randomised placebo controlled trial. Lancet 2003;361:2005-15.
22. Colhoun HM, Betteridge D, Durrington PN, et al. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with atorvastatin in type 2 diabetes in the collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study (CARDS): multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2004;364:685-96. ▶ Along with the Heart Protection Study, this trial unequivocally established a substantial benefit for statin treatment in reducing cardiovascular events and mortality in patients with diabetes. In this trial for primary prevention, use of atorvastatin produced a substantial reduction in cardiovascular end points, including stroke (48%) and mortality (27%), in 2838 patients over a 3.9 year follow-up period.
23. Keech A, Simes RJ, Barter P, et al. Effects of long term fenofibrate therapy on cardiovascular events in 9795 people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (the FIELD study): randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2005;366:1849-61.
24. Eurich DT, Majumdar SR, McAlister FA, et al. Improved clinical outcomes associated with metformin in patients with diabetes and heart failure. Diabetes Care 2005;28:2345-51.
25. Iribarren C, Karter AJ, Go AS, et al. Glycaemic control and heart failure among adult patients with diabetes. Circulation 2001;103:2668-73.
26. Orchard TJ, Forrest KY, Kuller LH, et al. Lipid and blood pressure treatment goals for type 1 diabetes: 10-year incidence data from the Pittsburgh epidemiology of diabetes complications study. Diabetes Care 2001;24:1053-9.
27. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and complications (DCCT/EDIC) Study Research Group. Intensive diabetes treatment and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2005;353:2643-53.