Faith in community: Representing "colored town"

California Law Review

Volumn 95, Issue 5, 2007, Pages 1829-1878

  Alfieri, Anthony V ^a,b  

^a Department of Law ^*

^b UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 39549117986     PISSN: 00081221     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (347)

1. See Michael Vasquez & Evan S. Benn, City Backs Off Closing Camp, MIAMI HERALD, Jan. 12, 2007, at 5B (quoting Ronnie Holmes, a resident of Umoja Village).
2. On the lawyer as technocratic social engineer and the ideal of scientific law reform, see ANTHONY T. KRONMAN, THE LOST LAWYER: FAILING IDEALS OF THE LEGAL PROFESSION 17-23 (1993) (defining the ideal of scientific law reform as a commitment to the public good through structural, not case-by-case, reforms applying scientific discipline to legal doctrine);
3. WILLIAM H. SIMON, THE PRACTICE OF JUSTICE: A THEORY OF LAWYERS' ETHICS 75-76 (1998) (suggesting that some contemporary lawyers have less faith in their judgment about justice than in the social behavioral effects of legal rules);
4. David B. Wilkins, Social Engineers or Corporate Tools? Brown v. Board of Education and the Conscience of the Black Corporate Bar, in RACE, LAW & CULTURE: REFLECTIONS ON Brown v. Board of Education 137-69 (Austin Sarat ed., 1997).
5. Compare Brown v. Bd. of Educ., 347 U.S. 483 (1954)(Brown I) and Brown v. Bd. of Educ., 349 U.S. 294 (1955)(Brown II) with Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle Sch. Dist. No. 1, 127 S.Ct. 2738 (2007).
6. By politics, I mean the local culture, sociology, and political economy of a place. See generally JANE JACOBS, THE DEATH AND LIFE OF GREAT AMERICAN CITIES (1961).
7. On the normative foundations of place, see Susan Bennett, "The Possibility of a Beloved Place": Residents and Placemaking in Public Housing Communities, 19 ST. LOUIS U. PUB. L. REV. 259, 259-63 (2000).
8. For accounts of racial identity in civil rights and criminal defense lawyering, see Anthony V. Alfieri, Gideon in White/Gideon in Black: Race and Identity in Lawyering, 114 YALE L.J. 1459 (2005);
9. Anthony V. Alfieri, (Un)Covering Identity in Civil Rights and Poverty Law, 121 HARV. L. REV. (forthcoming 2008).
10. On the uses of race in prosecuting and defending cases of racially-motivated violence, see Anthony V. Alfieri, Race Prosecutors, Race Defenders, 89 GEO. L.J. 2227 (2001);
11. Anthony V. Alfieri, Race Trials, 76 TEX. L. REV. 1293 (1998).
12. For treatments of race under conventional ethics rules, see Anthony V. Alfieri, (Er)Raceing an Ethic of Justice, 51 STAN. L. REV. 935 (1999);
13. Anthony V. Alfieri, Ethics, Race, and Reform, 54 STAN. L. REV. 1389 (2002)
14. (reviewing DEBORAH RHODE, IN THE INTEREST OF JUSTICE: REFORMING THE LEGAL PROFESSION (2000)).
15. On the debilitating practices of poverty law advocacy, see Anthony V. Alfieri, Disabled Clients, Disabling Lawyers, 43 HASTINGS L.J. 769 (1992);
16. Anthony V. Alfieri, Impoverished Practices, 81 GEO. L.J. 2567 (1993).
17. On the dichotomies of race and class in racial critiques of liberal jurisprudence, see Anthony V. Alfieri, Black and White, 85 CALIF. L. REV. 1647 (1997)
18. (reviewing CRITICAL RACE THEORY: THE CUTTING EDGE (Richard Delgado ed., 1995)
19. and CRITICAL RACE THEORY: THE KEY WRITINGS THAT FORMED THE MOVEMENT (Kimberlé Crenshaw et al. eds., 1995));
20. Anthony V. Alfieri, Teaching the Law of Race, 89 CALIF. L. REV. 1605 (2001)
21. (reviewing RACE AND RACES: CASES AND RESOURCES FOR A DIVERSE AMERICA (Juan F. Perea et al. eds., 2000)).
22. Critical Race Theory signals a turn away from colorblind, one-dimensional accounts of race toward more complex race-conscious, multidisciplinary accounts of law, culture, and society. See generally CRITICAL RACE THEORY: THE CUTTING EDGE (Richard Delgado & Jean Stenfancic eds., 2d ed. 2000);
23. CROSSROADS, DIRECTIONS, AND A NEW CRITICAL RACE THEORY (Francisco Valdes et al. eds., 2002);
24. see also CRITICAL RACE FEMINISM: A READER (Adrien Katherine Wing ed., 2d ed., 2003).
25. LatCrit Theory extends critical accounts of race into multicultural realms of ethnicity and nationality. See generally Anthony V. Alfieri, Color/Identity/Justice: Chicano Trials, 53 DUKE L.J. 1569 (2004)
26. (reviewing IAN F. HANEY LÓPEZ, RACISM ON TRIAL: THE CHICANO FIGHT FOR JUSTICE (2003));
27. Symposium, LatCrit Theory: Naming and Launching a New Discourse of Critical Legal Scholarship, 2 HARV. LATINO L. REV. 1 (1997).
28. For a comparison of Critical Race Theory and LatCrit Theory, see Alfieri, Black and White, supra note 9, at 1650-58.
29. For accounts of race prosecutions, see Anthony V. Alfieri, Prosecuting Race, 48 DUKE L.J. 1157 (1999);
30. Anthony V. Alfieri, Retrying Race, 101 MICH. L. REV. 1141 (2003).
31. For studies of racialized defenses, see Anthony V. Alfieri, Defending Racial Violence, 95 COLUM. L. REV. 1301 (1995);
32. Anthony V. Alfieri, Lynching Ethics: Toward a Theory of Racialized Defenses, 95 MICH. L. REV. 1063 (1997).
33. On the interconnections of violence and reconstruction in race cases, see Anthony V. Alfieri, Prosecuting Violence/Reconstructing Community, 52 STAN. L. REV. 809 (2000).
34. See Anthony V. Alfieri, Teaching Ethics/Doing Justice, 73 FORDHAM L. REV. 851, 861-62 (2004).
35. See Elizabeth Aranda, Poor and Homeless in Miami, MIAMI HERALD, Feb. 7, 2007, at 17A.
36. See BRUCE A. WEBSTER JR. & ALEMAYEHU BISHAW, U.S. CENSUS BUREAU, INCOME, EARNINGS, AND POVERTY DATA FROM THE 2005 AMERICAN COMMUNITY SURVEY 18 (2006).
37. Id. at 6.
38. See Alfieri, Teaching Ethics/Doing Justice, supra note 16, at 861-62.
39. On the history of CEDAD, see CENTER FOR ETHICS & PUBLIC SERVICE, U. MIAMI SCH. L., CEDAD: COMMUNITY ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND DESIGN PROJECT REPORT 2004-05 (2005);
40. CENTER FOR ETHICS & PUBLIC SERVICE, U. MIAMI SCH. L., CEDAD: COMMUNITY ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND DESIGN PROJECT REPORT 2003-2004 (2004);
41. CENTER FOR ETHICS & PUBLIC SERVICE, U. MIAMI SCH. L., CEDAD: COMMUNITY ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND DESIGN PROJECT REPORT 2002-2003 (2003);
42. CEDAD: COMMUNITY ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND DESIGN PROJECT REPORT 2000-2002 (2002).
43. On the history of the Initiative for Urban and Social Ecology at the Center for Urban and Community Design, see REIMAGINING WEST COCONUT GROVE 12-18 (Samina Quraeshi ed., 2005);
44. THE LIVING TRADITIONS OF COCONUT GROVE 14-24 (Samina Quraeshi ed., 2002);
45. Robert C. Jones, Jr., West Side Story, 9 MIAMI MAG. 16 (2002).
46. For guidance in community-based legal needs assessments, see Francisca D. Fajana, Race-Based Lawyering: Engaging Minority Communities in Legal Need Assessments, 36 CLEARINGHOUSE REV. 213, 215-24 (2002).
47. On urban strategies of resident control, see Benjamin B. Quinones, Redevelopment Redefined: Revitalizing the Central City with Resident Control, 27 U. MICH. J.L. REF. 689, 752-71 (1994).
48. For a discussion of community land trust and smart growth strategies of revitalization, see David M. Abromowitz, Community Land Trusts and Ground Leases, 1 J. AFFORDABLE HOUSING & COMMUNITY DEV. L. 5, 6 (1992);
49. John T. Marshall, Florida's Downtowns: The Key to Smart Growth, Urban Revitalization, and Green Space Preservation, 29 FORDHAM URB. L.J. 1509, 1519-27 (2002);
50. Stacey Janeda Pastel, Community Land Trusts: A Promising Alternative for Affordable Housing, 6 J. LAND USE & ENVTL. L. 293, 295-301 (1991).
51. For chronicles of black degradation and displacement in Miami, see MARVIN DUNN, BLACK MIAMI IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY 151-64 (1997);
52. BRUCE PORTER & MARVIN DUNN, THE MIAMI RIOT OF 1980: CROSSING THE BOUNDS 1-25 (1984);
53. Raymond A. Mohl, Trouble in Paradise: Race and Housing in Miami during the New Deal Era, 19 PROLOGUE 6, 7-21 (Spring 1987);
54. In the Shadow of New Towers, MIAMI NEW TIMES, Mar. 10, 2005, available at 2005 WLRN 4822593.
55. See Andrea Eaton, Impact of Urban Renewal or Land Development Initiatives on African-American Neighborhoods in Dade County Florida, 3 HOWARD SCROLL: SOC. JUST. L. REV. 49, 50-60 (1995).
56. See Raymond A. Mohl, Race and Space in the Modern City: Interstate-95 and the Black Community in Miami, in URBAN POLICY IN TWENTIETH-CENTURY AMERICA 100 (Arnold R. Hirsch & Raymond A. Mohl eds., 1993);
57. Milan Dluhy et al., Creating a Positive Future for a Minority Community: Transportation and Urban Renewal Politics in Miami, 24 J. URB. AFF. 75, 77-84 (2002);
58. Raymond A. Mohl, Planned Destruction: The Interstates and Central City Housing, in FROM TENEMENTS TO THE TAYLOR HOMES: IN SEARCH OF AN URBAN HOUSING POLICY IN TWENTIETH-CENTURY AMERICA 226-45 (John F. Bauman et al. eds., 2000).
59. See Michael Turnbell, Plan To Rebuild 1-395 Worries Poor Miami Neighborhood, ORLANDO SENTINEL, Aug. 3, 2003, at B5.
60. See Kirk Nielsen, Fables of the Reconstruction; Residents of the Black Grove are Being Displaced by the Value of the Land They've Lived on for a Century, MIAMI NEW TIMES, July 14, 2005 (discussing the "Black Grove" in Miami);
61. Robin Pogrebin, Downtown Miami in Midst of a Building Explosion, N.Y. TIMES, May 19, 2006, at A16 (describing the development of downtown Miami and the "historic black area" of Overtown).
62. See generally Ngai Pindell, Fear and Loathing: Combating Speculation in Local Communities, 39 U. MICH. J.L. REFORM 543, 548-57 (2006).
63. See John Little, Legal Advocacy for Community Building in South Florida, 37 CLEARINGHOUSE REV. 132, 133-35 (2003);
64. Michelle S. Viegas, Community Development and the South Beach Success Story, 12 GEO. J. POVERTY L. & POL'Y 389, 392-408 (2005).
65. On segregation in residential housing markets, see Alex M. Johnson, Jr., How Race and Poverty Intersect to Prevent Integration: Destabilizing Race as a Vehicle to Integrate Neighborhoods, 143 U. PA. L. REV. 1595, 1605-16 (1995);
66. see also Judith E. Koons, Fair Housing and Community Empowerment: Where the Roof Meets Redemption, 4 GEO. J. FIGHTING POVERTY 75 (1996) (connecting fair housing campaigns to community empowerment).
67. For a discussion of exclusionary zoning techniques, see Henry A. Span, How the Courts Should Fight Exclusionary Zoning, 32 SETON HALL L. REV. 1, 8-37 (2001).
68. See Jesse M. Keenan, Affordable Housing Policy in Miami: Inclusionary Zoning and the Median-Income Demographic, 14 J. AFFORDABLE HOUSING & COMMUNITY DEV. L. 110, 114-17(2005).
69. See NEAL R. PEIRCE & CAROL F. STEINBACH, CORRECTIVE CAPITALISM: THE RISE OF AMERICA'S COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT CORPORATIONS 11-35 (1987);
70. Michael H. Schill, Assessing the Role of Community Development Corporations in Inner City Economic Development, 22 N.Y.U. REV. L. & SOC. CHANGE 753, 766-80 (1997).
71. On the impact of federal housing and community development assistance, see Jenifer J. Curhan, The HUD Reinvention: A Critical Analysis, 5 B.U. PUB. INT. L.J. 239, 243-64 (1996);
72. Peter W. Salsich, Jr., Saving Our Cities: What Role Should the Federal Government Play?, 36 URB. LAW. 475, 483-92 (2004).
73. See Patrick E. Clancy & Leo Quigley, HOPE VI: A Vital Tool for Comprehensive Neighborhood Revitalization, 8 GEO. J. ON POVERTY L. & POL'Y 527, 528-39 (2001);
74. Michael S. FitzPatrick, A Disaster in Every Generation: An Analysis of Hope VI: HUD's Newest Big Budget Development Plan, 7 GEO. J. ON POVERTY L. & POL'Y 421, 435-39 (2000);
75. Ngai Pindell, Is There Hope for HOPE VI? Community Economic Development and Localism, 35 CONN. L. REV. 385, 389-95 (2003).
76. See Megan J. Ballard, Profiting From Poverty: The Competition Between For-Profit and Nonprofit Developers for Low-Income Housing Tax Credits, 55 HASTINGS LJ. 211, 216-28 (2003);
77. Wilton Hyman, Empowerment Zones, Enterprise Communities, Black Business, and Unemployment, 53 WASH. U. J. URB. & CONTEMP. L. 143, 146-53 (1998).
78. See Audrey G. McFarlane, When Inclusion Leads to Exclusion: The Unchartered Terrain of Community Participation in Economic Development, 66 BROOK. L. REV. 861, 866-92 (2001).
79. See Cara Hendrickson, Racial Desegregation and Income Deconcentration in Public Housing, 9 GEO. J. ON POVERTY L. & POL'Y 35, 36-56 (2002);
80. Deborah Kenn, Institutionalized, Legal Racism: Housing Segregation and Beyond, 11 B.U. PUB. INT. L.J. 35, 39-43 (2001).
81. See Meredith Lee Bryant, Combating School Resegregation Through Housing: A Need for a Reconceptualization of American Democracy and the Rights It Protects, 13 HARV. BLACKLETTER L.J. 127, 130-41 (1997);
82. Danielle R. Holley, Is Brown Dying? Exploring the Resegregation Trend in Our Public Schools, 49 N.Y.L. SCH. L. REV. 1085, 1090-1104 (2005).
83. See Colin Gordon, Blighting the Way: Urban Renewal, Economic Development, and the Elusive Definition of Blight, 31 FORDHAM URB. L.J. 305, 308-27 (2004).
84. See John A. Powell & Marguerite L. Spencer, Giving Them the Old "One-Two": Gentrification and the K.O. of Impoverished Urban Dwellers of Color, 46 HOW. L.J. 433, 435-54 (2003).
85. See Wendell E. Pritchett, The "Public Menace" of Blight: Urban Renewal and the Private Uses of Eminent Domain, 21 YALE L. & POL'Y REV. 1, 7-26 (2003).
86. In September 2006, the Miami-Dade Countywide Coalition for Housing Emergency Relief, including Power U, Haitian Women of Miami, and People Acting for Community Together, demanded that County Commissioners earmark $200 million for low-income housing rental assistance and new construction. See Dani McClain, Protesters Stage Vigil for Housing, MIAMI HERALD, Sept. 20, 2006. Coalition protesters constructed a "tent city" on the lawn at County Hall and erected two-dimensional cardboard houses resembling tombstones with painted colorful messages declaring, "We won't be pushed out!'" and "Four people in a room. Thanks!" Protesters also "held candles and sang We Shall Overcome." Reportedly, "75 people stayed overnight."
87. Id.
88. See Trenton Daniel & Larry Lebowitz, Plan for Overtown 1-95 Ramps Is Killed, MIAMI HERALD, May 26, 2006, at B5.
89. See Laura Rivera, In Shantytown for Homeless, an Experiment and a Protest, N.Y. TIMES, Jan. 16, 2007, at A14.
90. Id.
91. The term "umoja" means unity in Swahili. Id.
92. See Kathie Klarreich, Homeless Shantytown Vivid Reminder of Leaders ' Failures, MIAMI HERALD, Jan. 3, 2007, at 15A.
93. See Rivera, supra note 47, at A14.
94. Id.
95. See Daniel A. Ricker, Miami Presses for End to Housing Protest, MIAMI HERALD, Jan. 1, 2007.
96. See Rivera, supra note 47, at A14.
97. See Robert Samuels, Shantytown Tour Makes a Point -and Misses It, MIAMI HERALD, Feb. 1, 2007, at 1B.
98. See Rivera, supra note 47, at A14.
99. Id.
100. See Aranda, supra note 17, at 17A;
101. Samuels, Shantytown, supra note 55, at IB.
102. See Klarreich, supra note 50, at 15A.
103. See Robert Samuels, A Lesson on the Housing Crisis, MIAMI HERALD, Feb. 15, 2007, at 2NC.
104. See Francisco Alvarado, et al., Shanty Talk, MIAMI NEW TIMES, Dec. 7, 2006;
105. Klarreich, supra note 50, at 15A;
106. Tamara Lush, Protest Mixes Shacks, Shame, ST. PETERSBURG TIMES, Dec. 5, 2006, at 1A.
107. See Samuels, Lesson, supra note 60, at 2NC.
108. See Samuels, supra note 55, at 1B.
109. See Peter Bailey, Impromptu Community Gives Thanks in Liberty City Shantytown, MIAMI HERALD, NOV. 24, 2006, at IB.
110. See Rivera, supra note 47, at A14.
111. Id.
112. See Pottinger v. City of Miami, 810 F. Supp. 1551 (S.D. Fla. 1992);
113. Shantytown a Stark Lesson for Officials, MIAMI HERALD, Jan. 17, 2007, at 14A.
114. See Pottinger, 810 F. Supp. at 1554, 1584-85;
115. Michael Vasquez & Nicholas Spangler, Proposed Law May Doom Tent City, MIAMI HERALD, Dec. 15, 2006, at IB.
116. See Lisa Arthur, Students to Back Homeless with a 'Sister Shantytown,' MIAMI HERALD, Feb. 19, 2007, at IB.
117. See Nicholas Spangler & Gladys Amador, Demonstrators Take Advantage of Super Bowl, MIAMI HERALD, Feb. 4, 2007, at 3B.
118. See Matthew I. Pinzur, 'Missing' Families to be Listed on Wall, MIAMI HERALD, Jan. 10, 2007, at 3B.
119. See Samuels, Lesson, supra note 60, at 2NC (quoting Max Rameau).
120. See Robert Samuels, Homeless Gain Library at Umoja Village Shantytown, MIAMI HERALD, Mar. 4, 2007, at 3NC.
121. Fire destroyed the Village in April, 2007. See Robert Samuels, Umoja Village Burns to the Ground, MIAMI HERALD, Apr. 26, 2007, at 1A.
122. See Samuels, Lesson, supra note 60, at 2NC (quoting Max Rameau).
123. For comprehensive treatments of the civil rights movement, see TAYLOR BRANCH, AT CANAAN'S EDGE: AMERICA IN THE KING YEARS, 1965-1968 (2006);
124. TAYLOR BRANCH, PARTING THE WATERS: AMERICA IN THE KING YEARS, 1954-63 (1988);
125. TAYLOR BRANCH, PILLAR OF FIRE: AMERICA IN THE KING YEARS, 1963-65 (1998);
126. DAVID J. GARROW, BEARING THE CROSS: MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR., AND THE SOUTHERN CHRISTIAN LEADERSHIP CONFERENCE (1986).
127. For a survey of civil rights movement lawyers, see JACK GREENBERG, CRUSADERS IN THE COURTS: HOW A DEDICATED BAND OF LAWYERS FOUGHT FOR THE CIVIL RIGHTS REVOLUTION (1994);
128. RICHARD KLUGER, SIMPLE JUSTICE: THE HISTORY OF Brown v. Board of Education AND BLACK AMERICA'S STRUGGLE FOR EQUALITY (1976);
129. MARK V. TUSHNET, THE NAACP'S LEGAL STRATEGY AGAINST SEGREGATED EDUCATION, 1925-1950 (1987).
130. For helpful accounts of twentieth century poor people's movements, see MARTHA F DAVIS, BRUTAL NEED: LAWYERS AND THE WELFARE RIGHTS MOVEMENT, 1960-1973 (1993);
131. FRANCES FOX PTVEN & RICHARD A. CLOWARD, POOR PEOPLE'S MOVEMENTS: WHY THEY SUCCEED, HOW THEY FAIL 181-361 (1977).
132. On traditions of community organization in civil rights and anti-poverty campaigns, see JOHN DITTMER, LOCAL PEOPLE: THE STRUGGLE FOR CIVIL RIGHTS IN MISSISSIPPI (1994);
133. JOHN EGERTON, SPEAK NOW AGAINST THE DAY: THE GENERATION BEFORE THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT IN THE SOUTH (1994);
134. ADAM FAIRCLOUGH, BETTER DAY COMING: BLACKS AND EQUALITY, 1890-2000 (2001);
135. RICHARD CLOWARD & FRANCES FOX PIVEN, THE POLITICS OF TURMOIL: ESSAYS ON POVERTY, RACE, AND THE URBAN CRISIS (1975);
136. ROBERT BAILEY, JR., RADICALS IN URBAN POLITICS: THE ALINSKY APPROACH (1974).
137. On rights discourse in mass protest movements, see GERALD N. ROSENBERG, THE HOLLOW HOPE: CAN COURTS BRING ABOUT SOCIAL CHANGE? (1991);
138. STUART A. SCHEINGOLD, THE POLITICS OF RIGHTS: LAWYERS, PUBLIC POLICY, AND POLITICAL CHANGE (2d ed. 2004);
139. Ann Southworth, Lawyers and the "Myth of Rights" in Civil Rights and Poverty Practice, 8 B.U. PUB. INT. L.J. 469, 477-509 (1999).
140. See JOEL F. HANDLER ET AL., LAWYERS AND THE PURSUIT OF LEGAL RIGHTS 3-47 (1978).
141. See Gary L. Blasi, What's a Theory For?: Notes on Reconstructing Poverty Law Scholarship, 48 U. MIAMI L. REV. 1063, 1085-94 (1994);
142. William H. Simon, The Dark Secret of Progressive Lawyering: A Comment on Poverty Law Scholarship in the Post-Modern, Post-Reagan Era, 48 U. MIAMI L. REV. 1099, 1102-08 (1994).
143. For wide-ranging studies of cause lawyering, see CAUSE LAWYERING AND THE STATE IN A GLOBAL ERA (Austin Sarat & Stuart Scheingold eds., 2001);
144. STUART A. SCHEINGOLD & AUSTIN SARAT, SOMETHING TO BELIEVE IN: POLITICS, PROFESSIONALISM AND CAUSE LAWYERING (2004);
145. THE WORLDS CAUSE LAWYERS MAKE: STRUCTURE AND AGENCY IN LEGAL PRACTICE (Austin Sarat & Stuart Scheingold eds., 2005);
146. John O. Calmore, A Call to Context: The Professional Challenges of Cause Lawyering at the Intersection of Race, Space, and Poverty, 67 FORDHAM L. REV. 1927, 1932-40 (1999).
147. See Melanie B. Abbott, Seeking Shelter Under a Deconstructed Roof: Homelessness and Critical Lawyering, 64 TENN. L. REV. 269, 298-313 (1997);
148. Eric K. Yamamoto, Critical Race Praxis: Race Theory and Political Lawyering Practice in Post-Civil Rights America, 95 MICH. L. REV. 821, 873-95 (1997).
149. For a systematic account of environmental racism and the environmental justice movement, see LUKE W. COLE & SHEILA R. FOSTER, FROM THE GROUND UP: ENVIRONMENTAL RACISM AND THE RISE OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE MOVEMENT (2001).
150. On the emergence of the immigrant rights movement, see JENNIFER GORDON, SUBURBAN SWEATSHOPS: THE FIGHT FOR IMMIGRANT RIGHTS (2005).
151. See Julissa Reynoso, Putting Out Fires Before They Start: Community Organizing and Collaborative Governance in the Bronx, U.S.A., 24 LAW & INEQ. 213, 244-64 (2006);
152. William H. Simon, Solving Problems vs. Claiming Rights: The Pragmatist Challenge to Legal Liberalism, 46 WM. & MARY L. REV. 127, 173-98 (2004).
153. See Susan D. Bennett, Little Engines that Could: Community Clients, Their Lawyers, and Training in the Arts of Democracy, 2002 WIS. L. REV. 469, 490-507 (2002);
154. Lucie White, "Democracy" in Development Practice: Essays on a Fugitive Theme, 64 TENN. L. REV. 1073, 1093-98(1997).
155. For useful applied analysis of local community lawyering initiatives, see Scott Cummings, Mobilization Lawyering: Community Economic Development in the Figueroa Corridor, in CAUSE LAWYERS AND SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 302-35 (Austin Sarat & Stuart A. Scheingold eds., 2006);
156. Michael Diamond, Community Lawyering: Revisiting the Old Neighborhood, 32 COLUM. HUM. RTS. L. REV. 67, 110-30 (2000);
157. Zenobia Lai, Andrew Leong, & Chi Chi Wu, The Lessons of the Parcel C Struggle: Reflections on Community Lawyering, 6 UCLA ASIAN PAC. AM. L.J. 1, 23-34 (2000).
158. See Martha Minow, Lawyering for Human Dignity, 11 AM. U. J. GENDER SOC. POL'Y & L. 143, 157-70 (2002).
159. On the theoretical underpinnings of the community economic development movement, see WILLIAM H. SIMON, THE COMMUNITY ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT MOVEMENT: LAW, BUSINESS AND THE NEW SOCIAL POLICY (2001);
160. Scott L. Cummings & Gregory Volz, Toward a New Theory of Community Economic Development, 37 CLEARINGHOUSE REV. 158, 160-67 (2003).
161. See LARRY R. JACKSON & WILLIAM A. JOHNSON, PROTEST BY THE POOR: THE WELFARE RIGHTS MOVEMENT IN NEW YORK CITY 31-66 (1974);
162. Ngai Pindell, Community Economic Development Under Protest, 32 WM. MITCHELL L. REV. 1719, 1721-29 (2006)
163. (reviewing ANNELISE ORLECK, STORMING CAESARS PALACE: HOW BLACK MOTHERS FOUGHT THEIR OWN WAR ON POVERTY (2005)).
164. See William P. Quigley, Reflections of Community Organizers: Lawyering for Empowerment of Community Organizations, 21 OHIO N.U. L. REV. 455, 464-79 (1994);
165. Daniel S. Shah, Lawyering for Empowerment: Community Development and Social Change, 6 CLINICAL L. REV. 217, 249-57(1999).
166. On empowerment norms in community lawyering, see Anthony V. Alfieri, Practicing Community, 107 HARV. L. REV. 1747 (1994)
167. (reviewing GERALD P. LÓPEZ, REBELLIOUS LAWYERING: ONE CHICANO'S VISION OF PROGRESSIVE LAW PRACTICE (1992)).
168. See Raymond H. Brescia, Robin Golden, & Robert A. Solomon, Who's In Charge, Anyway? A Proposal for Community-Based Legal Services, 25 FORDHAM URB. L.J. 831, 848-62 (1998);
169. Christine Zuni Cruz, [On the] Road Back In: Community Lawyering in Indigenous Communities, 5 CLINICAL L. REV. 557, 571-90 (1999).
170. See Stacy Brustin, Expanding Our Vision of Legal Services Representation-The Hermanas Unidas Project, 1 AM. U. J. GENDER & L. 39, 46-58 (1993);
171. Janine Sisak, If the Shoe Doesn't Fit . . . Reformulating Rebellious Lawyering to Encompass Community Group Representation, 25 FORDHAM URB. L.J. 873, 882-93 (1998).
172. See Scott L. Cummings, Global-Local Linkages in the Community Economic Development Field, in PROGRESSIVE LAWYERING, GLOBALIZATION AND MARKETS: RETHINKING IDEOLOGY AND STRATEGY (Clare Dalton ed., forthcoming 2008);
173. Scott L. Cummings, Recentralization: Community Economic Development and the Case for Regionalism, 8 J. SMALL & EMERGING BUS. L. 131, 144-49 (2004).
174. Compare Scott L. Cummings, Legal Activism in the Labor Movement's Challenge to Wal-Mart: A Case Study of the Inglewood Site Fight, 95 CALIF. L. REV. 1927 (2007)(describing localism as an alternative labor strategy in Los Angeles)
175. and Sameer M. Ashar, Public Interest Lawyers and Resistance Movements, 95 CALIF. L. REV. 1829 (2007)(discussing worker center based campaigns in New York City and global-linked networks of advocates in multiple areas and across national borders).
176. See RICHARD D. MARSICO, DEMOCRATIZING CAPITAL: THE HISTORY, LAW, AND REFORM OF THE COMMUNITY REINVESTMENT ACT 131-72 (2005);
177. Michael Klausner, Market Failure and Community Investment: A Market-Oriented Alternative to the Community Reinvestment Act, 143 U. PA. L. REV. 1561, 1573-80 (1995);
178. Nona Liegeois & Malcolm Carson, Accountable Development: Maximizing Community Benefits from Publicly Supported Development, 37 CLEARINGHOUSE REV. 174, 181-86 (2003) (enumerating community benefits).
179. See Susan R. Jones, Representing the Poor and Homeless: Innovations in Advocacy: Tackling Homelessness Through Economic Self-Sufficiency, 19 ST. LOUIS U. PUB. L. REV. 385, 400-04 (2000) (discussing job training and economic self-sufficiency for homeless persons).
180. See Jeffrey Segal, Setting Up a Community Economic Development Practice at a Legal Aid Program, 37 CLEARINGHOUSE REV. 225, 231-34 (2003).
181. See Susan R. Jones, Current Issues in the Changing Roles and Practices of Community Economic Development Lawyers, 2002 WIS. L. REV. 437, 440-65 (2002).
182. See Benjamin B. Quinones, Redevelopment Redefined: Revitalizing the Central City with Resident Control, 27 U. MICH. J.L. REFORM 689, 752-71 (1994);
183. David Dante Troutt, Ghettoes Made Easy: The Metamarket/Antimarket Dichotomy and the Legal Challenges of Inner-City Economic Development, 35 HARV. C.R.-C.L. L. REV. 427, 490-506 (2000).
184. See Robert D. Bullard, Glenn S. Johnson, & Angel O. Torres, Building Transportation Equity into Smart Growth, in HIGHWAY ROBBERY: TRANSPORTATION RACISM & NEW ROUTES TO EQUITY 179-98 (Robert D. Bullard et al. eds., 2004);
185. Rich Stolz, Steering Transportation Policy and Planning Toward Community Development, 37 CLEARINGHOUSE REV. 202, 207-12 (2003);
186. Jennifer Wohl, The Child Care Economic Impact Report: A Tool for Economic Development, 37 CLEARINGHOUSE REV. 213, 220-23 (2003).
187. See Scott L. Cummings, Developing Cooperatives as a Job Creation Strategy for Low-Income Workers, 25 N.Y.U. REV. L. & SOC. CHANGE 181, 185-94 (1999);
188. Laurie A. Morin, Legal Services Attorneys as Partners in Community Economic Development: Creating Wealth for Poor Communities Through Cooperative Economics, 5 D.C. L. REV. 125, 130-47 (2000).
189. See Susan R. Jones, Small Business and Community Economic Development: Transactional Lawyering for Social Change and Economic Justice, 4 CLINICAL L. REV. 195, 200-18 (1997);
190. Daniel S. Shah, Mainstreaming Community Development: Business Strategies as Radical Approaches to Community Representation, 29 FORDHAM URB. L.J. 1633, 1635-44 (2002);
191. Ann Southworth, Business Planning for the Destitute? Lawyers as Facilitators in Civil Rights and Poverty Practice, 1996 WIS. L. REV. 1121, 1132-47 (1996).
192. See Scott L. Cummings, Community Economic Development as Progressive Politics: Toward a Grassroots Movement for Economic Justice, 54 STAN. L. REV. 399, 458-86 (2001);
193. Penda D. Hair, Community Justice Lawyering and Community Economic Development Practice, 37 CLEARINGHOUSE REV. 145, 145-46 (2003).
194. For case studies from the theoretics of practice movement, see Christopher P. Gilkerson, Poverty Law Narratives: The Critical Practice and Theory of Receiving and Translating Client Stories, 43 HASTINGS L.J. 861, 911-26 (1992);
195. see generally Symposium, Theoretics of Practice: The Integration of Progressive Thought and Action, 43 HASTINGS L.J. 717 (1992).
196. On alternative means of representing identity in community lawyering, see Shin Imai, A Counter-Pedagogy for Social Justice: Core Skills for Community-Based Lawyering, 9 CLINICAL L. REV. 195, 201-25 (2002).
197. Compare Angela Harris, Margaretta Lin, & Jeff Seibin, From "The Art of War" to "Being Peace:" Mindfulness and Community Lawyering in a Neo-Liberal Age, 95 CALIF. L. REV. 2073 (2007) (describing the Wood Street train station community economic justice campaign in West Oakland, California)
198. and Sheila R. Foster & Brian Glick, Integrative Lawyering: Navigating the Political Economy of Urban Redevelopment, 95 CALIF. L. REV. 1999 (2007) (discussing the West Harlem Environmental Action campaign in West Harlem, New York).
199. See Scott L. Cummings & Ingrid V. Eagly, A Critical Reflection on Law and Organizing, 48 UCLA L. REV. 443, 460-70, 479-516 (2001).
200. See Cait Clarke, Problem-Solving Defenders in the Community: Expanding the Conceptual and Institutional Boundaries of Providing Counsel to the Poor, 14 GEO. J. LEGAL ETHICS 401, 427-57 (2001);
201. Kim Taylor-Thompson, Individual Actor v. Institutional Player: Alternating Visions of the Public Defender, 84 GEO. L.J. 2419, 2456-70 (1996).
202. See Wayne Moore, Operating Self-Help Branch Offices in Low-Income Minority Communities, 37 CLEARINGHOUSE REV. 369, 371-72 (2003).
203. See Ascanio Piomelli, Appreciating Collaborative Lawyering, 6 CLINICAL L. REV. 427, 486-514 (2000);
204. Ascanio Piomelli, The Democratic Roots of Collaborative Lawyering, 12 CLINICAL L. REV. 541, 598-611 (2006);
205. Lucie E. White, Collaborative Lawyering in the Field? On Mapping the Paths from Rhetoric to Practice, 1 CLINICAL L. REV. 157, 163-70 (1994).
206. See Richard D. Marsico, Working for Social Change and Preserving Client Autonomy: Is There a Role for "Facilitative" Lawyering?, 1 CLINICAL L. REV. 639, 658-63 (1995);
207. Ann Southworth, Lawyer-client Decisionmaking in Civil Rights and Poverty Practice: An Empirical Study of Lawyers' Norms, 9 GEO. J. LEGAL ETHICS 1101, 1131-46 (1996).
208. See Lisa A. Crooms, Stepping into the Projects: Lawmaking, Storytelling, and Practicing the Politics of Identification, 1 MICH. J. RACE & L. 1, 18-45 (1996).
209. See Gerald P. LÓpez, Shaping Community Problem Solving Around Community Knowledge, 79 N.Y.U. L. REV. 59, 62-67 (2004).
210. See Michael Diamond, Community Economic Development: A Reflection on Community, Power and the Law, 8 J. SMALL & EMERGING BUS. L. 151, 157-67 (2004);
211. Lucie E. White, To Learn and Teach: Lessons from Driefontein on Lawyering and Power, 1988 WIS. L. REV. 699, 745-68(1988).
212. See Lucie E. White, Mobilization on the Margins of the Lawsuit: Making Space for Clients to Speak, 16 N.Y.U. REV. L. & SOC. CHANGE 535, 546-63 (1987);
213. Lucie E. White, Subordination, Rhetorical Survival Skills, and Sunday Shoes: Notes on the Hearing of Mrs. G., 38 BUFF. L. REV. 1, 19-52 (1990).
214. For explication of regnant and rebellious ideas of lawyering, see GERALD P. LÓPEZ, REBELLIOUS LAWYERING: ONE CHICANO'S VISION OF PROGRESSIVE LAW PRACTICE 11-82 (1992).
215. This account builds on an earlier treatment of community lawyering garnered from Gerald Lopez's vision of "rebellious lawyering." See Alfieri, Practicing Community, supra note 93, at 1750-64.
216. On hierarchy in legal education, see DUNCAN KENNEDY, LEGAL EDUCATION AND THE REPRODUCTION OF HIERARCHY: A POLEMIC AGAINST THE SYSTEM 9-144 (1983).
217. See PAULO FREIRE, PEDAGOGY IN PROGRESS: THE LETTERS TO GUINEA-BISSAU 71-154 (Carman St. John Hunter trans., 1978);
218. PAULO FREIRE, PEDAGOGY OF THE OPPRESSED 75-186 (Myra Bergman Ramos trans., 1970).
219. See Anthony V. Alfieri, Reconstructive Poverty Law Practice: Learning Lessons of Client Narrative, 100 YALE L.J. 2107, 2123-25 (1991)
220. (hereinafter Reconstructive Poverty Law Practice).
221. Id. at 2125-30.
222. See Alfieri, Practicing Community, supra note 93, at 1758-59.
223. See Gerald P. LÓpez, The Work We Know So Little About, 42 STAN. L. REV. 1, 10-13 (1989);
224. Gerald P. LÓpez, Training Future Lawyers to Work with the Politically and Socially Subordinated: Anti-Generic Legal Education, 91 W. VA. L. REV. 305, 308-58 (1989).
225. Robert Samuels, Low-Cost Homes May Rise From Burned Umoja Village, MIAMI HERALD, May 1, 2007, at IB (quoting Liberty City community organizer Amanda Seaton).
226. See Piomelli, Appreciating Collaborative Lawyering, supra note 113, at 430.
227. Id. at 431-33.
228. See Anthony V. Alfieri, The Antinomies of Poverty Law and a Theory of Dialogic Empowerment, 16 N.Y.U. REV. L. & SOC. CHANGE 659 (1987-88).
229. Id. at 666-90.
230. Alfieri, Reconstructive Poverty Law Practice, supra note 123.
231. Id. at 2118-30.
232. Id. at 2109-18.
233. Id. at 2122.
234. Id. at 2110-30.
235. Piomelli, Appreciating Collaborative Lawyering, supra note 113, at 460.
236. See Paul R. Tremblay, Acting "A Very Moral Type of God": Triage Among Poor Clients, 67 FORDHAM L. REV. 2475, 2479-98 (1998).
237. Alfieri, Reconstructive Poverty Law Practice, supra note 123, at 2123-25.
238. Id. at 2125-30.
239. Id. at 2131-45.
240. Piomelli, Appreciating Collaborative Lawyering, supra note 113, at 462.
241. Id. at 463-70.
242. Id.
243. Id.
244. Id.
245. For an elaboration on empathy in clinical education, see Peter Margulies, Re-Framing Empathy in Clinical Legal Education, 5 CLINICAL L. REV. 605, 612-37 (1999).
246. On the integration of community development models in clinical legal education, see Scott L. Cummings, Clinical Legal Education and Community Development, 14 J. AFFORDABLE HOUSING & COMMUNITY DEV. L. 208 (2005).
247. See Katherine R. Kruse, Fortress in the Sand: The Plural Values of Client-Centered Representation, 12 CLINICAL L. REV. 369, 375-99 (2006).
248. See Brian Glick & Matthew J. Rossman, Neighborhood Legal Services as House Counsel to Community-Based Efforts to Achieve Economic Justice: The East Brooklyn Experience, 23 N.Y.U. REV. L. & SOC. CHANGE 105, 119-57 (1997);
249. National Economic Development and Law Center, Counseling Community Organizations, 37 CLEARINGHOUSE REV. 243, 250-51(2003).
250. See Susan D. Bennett, Embracing the Ill-Structured Problem in a Community Economic Development Clinic, 9 CLINICAL L. REV. 45, 49-57 (2002);
251. Katherine R. Kruse, Biting Off What They Can Chew: Strategies for Involving Students in Problem-Solving Beyond Individual Client Representation, 8 CLINICAL L. REV. 405, 422-33 (2002);
252. Andrea M. Seielstad, Community Building as a Means of Teaching Creative, Cooperative, and Complex Problem Solving in Clinical Legal Education, 8 CLINICAL L. REV. 445, 448-56 (2002).
253. See Angela P. Harris & Marjorie M. Shultz, "A(nother) Critique of Pure Reason": Toward Civic Virtue in Legal Education, 45 STAN. L. REV. 1773, 1785-1803 (1993);
254. Laurie Morin & Louise Howells, The Reflective Judgment Project, 9 CLINICAL L. REV. 623, 637-73 (2003).
255. See Jane H. Aiken, Provocateurs for Justice, 7 CLINICAL L. REV. 287, 290-98 (2001);
256. Scott L. Cummings, Legal Pedagogy and Economic Justice, 17 MGMT. INFO. EXCHANGE 48 (2003).
257. See Juliet M. Brodie, Post-Welfare Lawyering: Clinical Legal Education and a New Poverty Law Agenda, 20 WASH. U. J.L. & POL'Y 201, 255-62 (2006);
258. Stephen Loffredo, Poverty Law and Community Activism: Notes From a Law School Clinic, 150 U. PA. L. REV. 173, 189-204 (2001).
259. See James L. Baillie, Fulfilling the Promise of Business Law Pro Bono, 28 WM. MITCHELL L. REV. 1543, 1544-48 (2002);
260. Susan R. Jones, Pro Bono Pays Off: Transactional Lawyers Supporting Economic Development in the Nation's Capitol, 9 J. AFFORDABLE HOUSING & COMMUNITY DEV. L. 18, 20-21 (1999).
261. See Stacy L. Brustin, Legal Services Provision Through Multidisciplinary Practice-Encouraging Holistic Advocacy While Protecting Ethical Interests, 73 U. COLO. L. REV. 787, 791-98 (2002);
262. Martha A. Lees, Expanding Metropolitan Solutions Through Interdisciplinarity, 26 N.Y.U. REV. L. & SOC. CHANGE 347, 354-68 (2001);
263. Linda F. Smith, Client-Lawyer Talk: Lessons from Other Disciplines, 13 CLINICAL L. REV. 505, 507-16 (2006).
264. See Susan R. Jones, Promoting Social and Economic Justice Through Interdisciplinary Work in Transactional Law, 14 WASH. U. J.L. & POL'Y 249, 258-67 (2004);
265. Dina Schlossberg, An Examination of Transactional Law Clinics and Interdisciplinary Education, 11 WASH. U. J.L. & POL'Y 195, 199-211 (2003).
266. See Ingrid V. Eagly, Community Education: Creating a New Vision of Legal Services Practice, 4 CLINICAL L. REV. 433, 448-72 (1998);
267. Georgette C. Poindexter, Who Gets the Final No? Tenant Participation in Public Housing Redevelopment, 9 CORNELL J.L. & PUB. POL'Y 659, 679-83 (2000).
268. See Gary Bellow, Steady Work: A Practitioner's Reflections on Political Lawyering, 31 HARV. C.R.-C.L. L. REV. 297, 300-05 (1996);
269. Susan D. Bennett, On Long-Haul Lawyering, 25 FORDHAM URB. L.J. 771, 773-86 (1998).
270. See David Dominguez, Redemptive Lawyering: The First (and Missing) Half of Legal Education and Law Practice, 37 CAL. W. L. REV. 27, 40-47 (2000);
271. Robert W. Gordon & William H. Simon, The Redemption of Professionalism?, in LAWYERS' IDEALS/LAWYERS' PRACTICES: TRANSFORMATIONS IN THE AMERICAN LEGAL PROFESSION 230, 236-40 (Robert L. Nelson et al. eds., 1992).
272. See Bailey, supra note 64, at 1B (quoting Jonathan Baker, a resident of Umoja Village).
273. See Robin D. Barnes, Colloquy, Interracial Violence and Racialized Narratives: Discovering the Road Less Traveled, 96 COLUM. L. REV. 788, 791-93 (1996) (discussing the role of social identity in creating racialized narratives);
274. Richard Delgado, Making Pets: Social Workers, "Problem Groups," and the Role of the SPCA-Getting a Little More Precise About Racialized Narratives, 77 TEX. L. REV. 1571, 1582-83 (1999) (describing how a one-sided rhetorical racial analysis was harmful to Mexican-American communities).
275. See Shauna I. Marshall, Mission Impossible?: Ethical Community Lawyering, 7 CLINICAL L. REV. 147, 176-206 (2000) (analyzing the dilemmas faced by community lawyers under traditional rules of ethics);
276. David B. Wilkins, Identities and Roles: Race, Recognition, and Professional Responsibility, 57 MD. L. REV. 1502, 1509-50 (1998).
277. See William L.F. Felstiner & Austin Sarat, Enactments of Power: Negotiating Reality and Responsibility in Lawyer-Client Interactions, 77 CORNELL L. REV. 1447, 1459-72 (1992) (discussing the role of power in the lawyer-client relationship).
278. See Jody Armour, Stereotypes and Prejudice: Helping Legal Decisionmakers Break the Prejudice Habit, 83 CALIF. L. REV. 733, 759-72 (1995) (evaluating the effectiveness of a disassociation strategy for combating racism in the courtroom);
279. Gary Blasi, Advocacy Against the Stereotype: Lessons from Cognitive Social Psychology, 49 UCLA L. REV. 1241, 1266-81 (2002).
280. See Abbe Smith, Carrying on in Criminal Court: When Criminal Defense Is Not So Sexy and Other Grievances, 1 CLINICAL L. REV. 723, 739-45 (1995) (describing the institutional challenges faced by criminal defense attorneys).
281. See Christopher Slobogin, Race-Based Defenses-The Insights of Traditional Analysis, 54 ARK. L. REV. 739, 747-59 (2002) (analyzing three criticisms of the traditional role of a criminal defense attorney);
282. Abbe Smith, Burdening the Least of Us: "Race-Conscious" Ethics in Criminal Defense, 77 TEX. L. REV. 1585, 1591-1601 (1999).
283. See Rashmi Goel, Can I Call Kimura Crazy? Ethical Tensions in the Cultural Defense, 3 SEATTLE J. SOC. JUST. 443, 451-59 (2004) (discussing the effects of declining to assert a cultural defense in a criminal trial).
284. See Binny Miller, Give Them Back Their Lives: Recognizing Client Narrative in Case Theory, 93 MICH. L. REV. 485, 490-529 (1994) (exploring the meaning of case theory and its role in legal practice);
285. Binny Miller, Telling Stories About Cases and Clients: The Ethics of Narrative, 14 GEO. J. LEGAL ETHICS 1, 7-30 (2000).
286. See Cathy Lesser Mansfield, Deconstructing Reconstructive Poverty Law: Practice-Based Critique of the Storytelling Aspects of the Theoretics of Practice Movement, 61 BROOK. L. REV. 889, 893-925 (1995).
287. See Camille A. Gear, Note, The Ideology of Domination: Barriers to Client Autonomy in Legal Ethics Scholarship, 107 YALE LJ. 2473, 2500-07 (1998) (describing the "ethical mirror model" for lawyer-client relationships).
288. See Michelle S. Jacobs, People from the Footnotes: The Missing Element in ClientCentered Counseling, 27 GOLDEN GATE U. L. REV. 345, 374-91 (1997).
289. See MODEL RULES OF PROF'L CONDUCT R. 1.2 (2006) ("Client-Lawyer Relationship: Scope of Representation and Allocation of Authority Between Client and Lawyer");
290. ODEL RULES OF PROF'L CONDUCT R. 1.4 (2006) ("Client-Lawyer Relationship: Communications");
291. ODEL RULES OF PROF'L CONDUCT R. 1.13 (2006) ("Client-Lawyer Relationship: Organization as Client").
292. See Alfieri, Defending Racial Violence, supra note 14, at 1340.
293. See Anthony V. Alfieri, Community Prosecutors, 90 CALIF. L. REV. 1465, 1498 (2002) (citing the racially reconstructive outcomes of the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission and the Japanese American reparation movement).
294. See John O. Calmore, Racialized Space and the Culture of Segregation: "Hewing a Stone of Hope from a Mountain of Despair", 143 U. PA. L. REV. 1233, 1243-55 (1995);
295. Audrey G. McFarlane, Race, Space and Place: The Geography of Economic Development, 36 SAN DIEGO L. REV. 295, 343-49 (1999).
296. See Julissa Reynoso, The Impact of Identity Politics and Public Sector Reform on Organizing and the Practice of Democracy, 37 COLUM. HUM. RTS. L. REV. 149, 158-67 (2005) (discussing identity politics and organizing).
297. See Scott Cummings, Affirmative Action and the Rhetoric of Individual Rights: Reclaiming Liberalism as a "Color Conscious" Theory, 13 HARV. BLACKLETTER L.J. 183, 205-39 (1997).
298. See Stephen P. Garvey, Restorative Justice, Punishment, and Atonement, 2003 UTAH L. REV. 303, 304-11 (2003) (providing overview of traditional concepts of restorative justice).
299. See Alfred L. Brophy, Reconsidering Reparations, 81 IND. LJ. 811, 814-34 (2006) (defining reparations and its theoretical underpinnings).
300. See Robert Westley, Many Billions Gone: Is It Time to Reconsider the Case for Black Reparations?, 40 B.C. L. REV. 429, 438-49 (1998);
301. Eric K. Yamamoto, Racial Reparations: Japanese American Redress and African American Claims, 40 B.C. L. REV. 477, 502-17 (1998) (addressing obstacles to African American reparations).
302. See Adjoa A. Aiyetoro, Formulating Reparations Litigation Through the Eyes of the Movement, 58 N.Y.U. ANN. SURV. AM. L. 457, 464-72 (2003);
303. Charles J. Ogletree, Jr., The Current Reparations Debate, 36 U.C. DAVIS L. REV. 1051, 1070-71 (2003) (discussing the types of reparations lawsuits available).
304. See Alfred L. Brophy, Some Conceptual and Legal Problems in Reparations for Slavery, 58 N.Y.U. ANN. SURV. AM. L. 497, 498-525 (2003) (addressing conceptual issues in framing reparations claims);
305. Eric A. Posner & Adrian Vermeule, Reparations for Slavery and Other Historical Injustices, 103 COLUM. L. REV. 689, 725-46 (2003) (examining policy designs for reparations).
306. On the role of apology in reparations campaigns, see WHEN SORRY ISN'T ENOUGH: THE CONTROVERSY OVER APOLOGIES AND REPARATIONS FOR HUMAN INJUSTICE (Roy L. Brooks ed., 1999);
307. Eric K. Yamamoto, Race Apologies, 1 J. GENDER RACE & JUST. 47 (1997).
308. See Jennifer J. Llewellyn & Robert Howse, Institutions for Restorative Justice: The South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission, 49 U. TORONTO L.J. 355, 372-79 (1999) (discussing theories of restorative justice);
309. Jamie L. Wacks, A Proposal for Community-Based Racial Reconciliation in the United States Through Personal Stories, 7 VA. J. SOC. POL'Y & L. 195, 210-21 (2000).
310. See Alfieri, Community Prosecutors, supra note 175, at 1499-1500.
311. See Alfieri, Race Prosecutors, Race Defenders, supra note 6, at 2263.
312. See Alfieri, Community Prosecutors, supra note 175, at 1501-02.
313. See Alfieri, Prosecuting Race, supra note 13, at 1246-58.
314. For an incisive account of the right to injustice, see WILLIAM H. SIMON, THE PRACTICE OF JUSTICE: A THEORY OF LAWYERS' ETHICS 26-52 (1998).
315. On the standard conception and the duty to obey the law, see id. at 77-88.
316. On contextual judgment in legal ethics, see id. at 138-69.
317. See Alfieri, (Er)Race-ing an Ethic of Justice, supra note 7, at 951-53.
318. See Lucie E. White, The Transformative Potential of Clinical Legal Education, 35 OSGOODE HALL L.J. 603, 605-11 (1997).
319. See Ross Dolloff & Marc Potvin, Community Lawyering-Why Now?, 37 CLEARINGHOUSE REV. 136, 137-39 (2003).
320. See Scott L. Cummings & Ingrid V. Eagly, After Public Interest Law, 100 NW. U. L. REV. 1251, 1282-93 (2006)
321. (reviewing JENNIFER GORDON, SUBURBAN SWEATSHOPS: THE FIGHT FOR IMMIGRANT RIGHTS (2005)).
322. See James A. Kushner, Smart Growth, New Urbanism and Diversity: Progressive Planning Movements in America and Their Impact on Poor and Minority Ethnic Populations, 21 UCLA J. ENVTL. L. & POL'Y 45, 65-71 (2003).
323. See Scott L. Cummings, The Internalization of Public Interest Law, 57 DUKE L.J. (forthcoming 2007).
324. See Steve Wrone, Financial Education and Asset-Building Opportunities for Low-Income Communities, 37 CLEARINGHOUSE REV. 272, 280-82 (2003).
325. See Lincoln L. Davies, Note, Working Toward a Common Goal? Three Case Studies of Brownfields Redevelopment in Environmental Justice Communities, 18 STAN. ENVTL. L.J. 285, 288-95 (1999).
326. See Jennifer Gordon, A Movement in the Wake of a New Law: The United Farm Workers and the California Agricultural Labor Relations Act, in CAUSE LAWYERS AND SOCIAL MOVEMENTS, supra note 88 at 277-301.
327. See Ellis Jacobs, Legal Aid's Role in the Fight for Telecommunications and Computer Access in Low-Income Communities, 37 CLEARINGHOUSE REV. 259, 263-70 (2003).
328. On the deployment of community resources in organizing justice campaigns, see PENDA D. HAIR, LOUDER THAN WORDS: LAWYERS, COMMUNITIES AND THE STRUGGLE FOR JUSTICE 141-55 (2001);
329. ARK R. WARREN, DRY BONES RATTLING: COMMUNITY BUILDING TO REVITALIZE AMERICAN DEMOCRACY 15-39 (2001).
330. See Paul R. Tremblay, Toward a Community-Based Ethic for Legal Services Practice, 37 UCLA L. REV. 1101, 1129-55 (1990).
331. See David Dominguez, Getting Beyond Yes to Collaborative Justice: The Role of Negotiation in Community Lawyering, 12 GEO. J. ON POVERTY L. & POL'Y 55, 66-88 (2005);
332. Carrie Menkel-Meadow, When Litigation is Not the Only Way: Consensus Building and Mediation as Public Interest Lawyering, 10 WASH. U. J.L. & POL'Y 37, 50-58 (2002).
333. See Susan D. Bennett, Creating a Client Consortium: Building Social Capital, Bridging Structural Holes, 13 CLINICAL L. REV. 67, 105-09 (2006).
334. See Raquiba LaBrie, The Role of Foundations in Integrating Antipoverty Work into a Broader Systemic Change Agenda, 37 CLEARINGHOUSE REV. 140, 141-44 (2003).
335. See Enrique Arrnijo, COPCS: Higher Education Institutions as Community Development Actors, 14 J. AFFORDABLE HOUSING & COMMUNITY DEV. L. 365, 367-69 (2005);
336. Gregory L. VoIz, Keith W. Reeves & Erica Kaufman, Higher Education and Community Lawyering: Common Ground, Consensus, and Collaboration for Economic Justice, 2002 WIS. L. REV. 505, 537-50 (2002).
337. See JAMES F. FINDLAY, JR., CHURCH PEOPLE IN THE STRUGGLE: THE NATIONAL COUNCIL OF CHURCHES AND THE BLACK FREEDOM MOVEMENT, 1950-1970 (1993);
338. Tim Suenram, Minority Poverty and the Faith Community, 37 CLEARINGHOUSE REV. 154, 155-56 (2003).
339. See Nancy Cook, Looking for Justice on a Two-Way Street, 20 WASH. U. J.L. & POL'Y 169, 187-98 (2006);
340. Marie A. Failinger, Face-ing the Other: An Ethics of Encounter and Solidarity in Legal Services Practice, 67 FORDHAM L. REV. 2071, 2097-2103 (1999).
341. See Scott L. Cummings, The Paradox of Community: A View from the Prismatic Metropolis, 13 J. AFFORDABLE HOUSING & COMMUNITY DEV. L. 8, 13-14 (2003);
342. Lucie E. White, Goldberg v. Kelly on the Paradox of Lawyering for the Poor, 56 BROOK. L. REV. 861, 877-887 (1990).
343. On the frustrations of progressive lawyering, see Lucie White, Paradox, Piece-Work, and Patience, 43 HASTINGS L.J. 853 (1992).
344. On the tensions internal to civil rights advocacy, see Derrick A. Bell, Jr., Serving Two Masters: Integration Ideals and Client Interests in School Desegregation Litigation, 85 YALE L.J. 470, 482-93 (1976);
345. William B. Rubenstein, Divided We Litigate: Addressing Disputes Among Group Members and Lawyers in Civil Rights Campaigns, 106 YALE L.J. 1623, 1627-44 (1997).
346. See Paul R. Tremblay, A Tragic View of Poverty Law Practice, 1 D.C. L. REV. 123, 132-42 (1992).
347. See Ann Southworth, Representing Agents of Community Economic Development: A Comment on Recent Trends, 8 J. SMALL & EMERGING BUS. L. 261, 265-71 (2004).