Upper atmospheric observations at the Arecibo Observatory: Examples obtained using new capabilities

Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics

Volumn 105, Issue A8, 2000, Pages 18609-18637

  Isham, B ^a,c   Tepley, C A ^a   Sulzer, M P ^a   Zhou, Q H ^a   Kelley, M C ^a,b   Friedman, J S ^a   Gonzalez S A ^a  

^a ARECIBO OBSERVATORY   (Puerto Rico)

^b Cornell University   (United States)

^c Interamerican University   (Puerto Rico)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 39449083730     PISSN: None     EISSN: 21699402     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/1999ja900315     Document Type: Article

References (147)

1. Altadill, D., and E. M. Apostolov, Vertical development of the 2-day wave in the mid-latitude ionospheric F region, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 29,199-29,206, 1998.
2. Arecibo Observatory, Arecibo Observatory user's manual, technical report, Natl. Astron. and Ionos. Cent., Arecibo Obs., Arecibo, Puerto Rico, 1989.
3. Baumgardner, J., B. Flynn, and M. Mendillo, Monochromatic imaging instrumentation for applications in aeronomy of the Earth and planets, Opt. Eng., 32, 3028-3032, 1993.
4. Beatty, T. J., R. L. Collins, C. S. Gardner, C. A. Hostetler, C. F. Sechrist Jr., and C. A. Tepley, Simultaneous radar and lidar observations of sporadic E and Na layers at Arecibo, Geophys. Res. Lett., 16, 1019-1022, 1989.
5. Behnke, R. A., F layer height bands in the nocturnal ionosphere over Arecibo, J. Geophys. Res., 84, 974-978, 1979.
6. Behnke, R. A. and R. M. Harper, Vector measurements of F region ion transport at Arecibo, J. Geophys. Res., 78, 8222-8234, 1973.
7. Bernhardt, P. A., L. M. Duncan, and C. A. Tepley, Heater-induced cavities as optical tracers of plasma drifts, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 7003-7010, 1989a.
8. Bernhardt, P. A., C. A. Tepley, and L. M. Duncan, Airglow enhancements associated with plasma cavities formed during ionospheric heating experiments, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 9071-9092, 1989b.
9. Burnside, R. G., J. C. G. Walker, and M. P. Sulzer, Kinematic properties of the F region ion velocity field inferred from incoherent scatter radar measuremnts at Arecibo, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 3345-3355, 1987.
10. Burnside, R. G., C. A. Tepley, and M. P. Sulzer, World day observations at Arecibo: 1985 to 1989, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 3691-3710, 1991a.
11. Burnside, R. G., C. A. Tepley, M. P. Sulzer, T. J. Fuller-Rowell, D. G. Torr, and R. G. Roble, The neutral thermosphere at Arecibo during geomagnetic storms, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 1289-1301, 1991b.
12. Carlson, H. C., W. E. Gordon, and R. L. Showen, High frequency induced enhancements of the incoherent scatter spectrum at Arecibo, J. Geophys. Res., 77, 1242-1250, 1972.
13. Carlson, H. C., V. B. Wickwar, and G. P. Mantas, Observations of fluxes of suprathermal electrons accelerated by HF excited instabilities, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 44, 1089-1100, 1982.
14. Castleberg, P. A., Lidar development with applications to the stratosphere-troposphere exchange and tropical aerosol detection, Ph.D. thesis, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y., 1997.
15. CEDAR Science Steering Committee, Coupling, energetics, and dynamics of atmospheric regions: CEDAR phase III, technical report, Atmos. Sci. Div., Nat. Sci. Found., Arlington, Va., 1997.
16. Chapin, E., and E. Kudeki, Radar interferometric imaging studies of long duration meteor trails observed at Jicamarca, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 8937-8949, 1994.
17. Chen, H., M. A. White, D. A. Krueger, and C. Y. She, Saturation spectrum of the parametric decay instability in the presence of an external magnetic field, Opt. Lett., 21, 1093-1095, 1996.
18. Chilson, P. B., C. W. Ulbrich, M. F. Larsen, P. Perillat, and J. E. Keener, Observations of a tropical thunderstorm using a vertically pointing, dual-frequency, collinear beam Doppler radar, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 10, 663-673, 1993.
19. Cocks, T. D., D. F. Creighton, and F. Jacka, Application of a dual Fabry-Perot spectrometer for daytime airglow studies, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 42, 499-511, 1980.
20. Davis, M. M., Planning and Design Task Group meeting minutes number 32, technical report, Natl. Astron. and Ionos. Cent., Arecibo Obs., Arecibo, Puerto Rico, 1997.
21. Djuth, F. T., M. P. Sulzer, and J. H. Elder, Application of the coded long pulse technique to plasma line studies of the ionosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 2725-2728, 1994.
22. Djuth, F. T., K. M. Groves, J. H. Elder, E. R. Shinn, J. M. Quinn, J. Villasenor, and A. Y. Wong, Measurements of artificial periodic inhomogeneities at HIPAS, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 24,023-24,035, 1997a.
23. Djuth, F. T., M. P. Sulzer, J. H. Elder, and V. B. Wickwar, High resolution studies of atmosphere-ionosphere coupling at Arecibo Observatory, Puerto Rico, Radio Sci., 32, 2321-2344, 1997b.
24. Djuth, F. T., et al., Large airglow enhancements produced via wave-plasma interactions in sporadic E, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 1557-1560, 1999.
25. Dougherty, J. P., and D. T. Farley, A theory of incoherent scattering of radio waves by a plasma, 3, Scattering in a partly ionized gas, J. Geophys. Res., 68, 5473-5486, 1963.
26. DuBois, D. F., H. A. Rose, and D. Russell, Coexistence of parametric decay cascades and caviton collapse at subcritical densities, Phys. Rev. Lett., 66, 1970-1973, 1991.
27. Eather, R. H., and D. L. Reasoner, Spectrophotometry of faint light sources with a tilting-filter photometer, Appl. Opt., 8, 227-242, 1969.
28. 4 increase to the exospheric density, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 2843, 1986.
29. Erickson, P. J., and W. E. Swartz, Mid-latitude incoherent scatter observations of helium and hydrogen ions, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 2745-2748, 1994.
30. Evans, J. V., Radio echo studies of meteors at 68-centimeter wavelength, J. Geophys. Res., 70, 5395-5416, 1965.
31. Evans, J. V., Radar observations of meteor deceleration, J. Geophys. Res., 71, 171-188, 1966.
32. Evans, J. V., Theory and practice of ionosphere study by Thomson scatter radar, Proc. IEEE, 57, 498-530, 1969.
33. Farley, D. T., Artificial heating of the electrons in the F region of the ionosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 68, 401-413, 1963.
34. Farley, D. T., Multiple pulse incoherent scatter correlation function measurements, Radio Sci., 7, 661-666, 1972.
35. Fejer, J. A., Ionospheric modification and parametric instabilities, Rev. Geophys., 17, 135-153, 1979.
36. Fejer, J. A., H. M. Ierkic, R. F. Woodman, J. Röttger, M. Sulzer, R. A. Behnke, and A. Veldhuis, Observations of the HF-enhanced plasma line with a 46.8-MHz radar and reinterpretation of previous observations with the 430-MHz radar, J. Geophys. Res., 88, 2083-2092, 1983.
37. Fejer, J. A., F. T. Djuth, and C. A. Gonzales, Bragg backscatter from plasma inhomogeneities due to a powerful ionospherically reflected radio wave, J. Geophys. Res., 89, 9145-9147, 1984.
38. Fejer, J. A., C. A. Gonzales, H. M. Ierkic, M. P. Sulzer, C. A. Tepley, L. M. Duncan, F. T. Djuth, S. Ganguly, and W. E. Gordon, Ionospheric modification experiments with the Arecibo heating facility, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 47, 1165-1179, 1985.
39. Friedman, J. S., C. A. Tepley, P. A. Castleberg, and H. Roe, Middle atmospheric Doppler lidar using an iodine vapor edge filter, Opt. Lett., 22, 1648-1650, 1997.
40. Friedman, J. S., S. A. González, C. A. Tepley, Q. H. Zhou, M. P. Sulzer, S. C. Collins, and B. W. Grime, Simultaneous atomic and ion layer enhancements in the mesopause region during the Coqui II sounding rocket campaign, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 449-452, 2000.
41. Fujitaka, K., and T. Tohmatsu, A tidal theory of the ionospheric intermediate layer, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 35, 425-438, 1973.
42. Fukao, S., M. C. Kelley, T. Shirakawa, T. Takami, M. Yamamoto, T. Tsuda, and S. Kato, Turbulent upwelling of the midlatitude ionosphere, 1, Observational results by the MU radar, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 3725-3746, 1991.
43. Garcia, F. J., M. J. Taylor, and M. C. Kelley, Two dimensional spectral analysis of mesospheric airglow image data, Appl. Opt., 36, 7375-7385, 1997.
44. Goldsmith, P. F., The second Arecibo upgrade, IEEE Potentials, 15(3), 38-43, 1996.
45. + layering in the topside ionosphere over Arecibo during equinox solar minimum conditions, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 2509-2512, 1996.
46. Gordon, W. E., Incoherent scattering of radio waves by free electrons with applications to space exploration by radar, Proc. IRE, 46, 1824-1829, 1958.
47. Gordon, W. E., Arecibo ionospheric observatory, Science, 146, 26-30, 1964.
48. Gordon, W. E., F. T. Djuth, and L. M. Duncan, Final technical report, full scale power density test definition for studying ionosphere/magnetosphere microwave-beam interactions at Arecibo, Puerto Rico, Task 1, Design of the heating experiment, technical report, Rice Univ., Houston, Tex., 1979.
49. Gordon, W. E., R. Showen, and H. C. Carlson, Ionospheric heating at Arecibo: First tests, J. Geophys. Res., 76, 7808-7813, 1971.
50. Hagen, J. B., and R. A. Behnke, Detection of the electron componenet of the spectrum in incoherent scatter of radio waves by the ionosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 81, 3441-3443, 1976.
51. Hagfors, T., Incoherent scatter observations of the plasma line with a chirped pulse system, Radio Sci., 17, 727-734, 1982.
52. Hagfors, T., and R. A. Brockelman, A theory of collision dominated electron density fluctuations in a plasma with applications to incoherent scattering, Phys. Fluids, 14, 1143-1151, 1971.
53. Hagfors, T., and C. J. Zamlutti, Observation of enhanced ion line frequency spectrum during Arecibo ionospheric modification experiment, AGARD Conf. Proc., 138, 5-1-5-11, 1973.
54. Harper, R. M., Preliminary measurements of the ion component of the incoherent scatter spectrum in the 60-90 km region over Arecibo, Geophys. Res. Lett., 5, 784-786, 1978.
55. α measurements with radiative transfer theory, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 21,611-21,626, 1993.
56. Herrero, F. A., and J. W. Meriwether Jr., 6300 Å airglow meridional intensity gradients, J. Geophys. Res., 85, 4191-4204, 1980.
57. Hines, C. O., G. W. Adams, J. W. Brosnahan, F. T. Djuth, M. P. Sulzer, and C. A. Tepley, Multiinstrument observations of mesospheric motions over Arecibo: Comparisons and interpretations, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 55, 241-287, 1993.
58. Holden, D. N., C. W. Ulbrich, and M. F. Larsen, UHF and VHF radar observations of thunderstorms, Handb. MAP, 20, 288-292, 1986.
59. Ierkic, H. M., R. F. Woodman, and P. Perillat, Ultrahigh vertical resolution radar measurements in the lower stratosphere at Arecibo, Radio Sci., 25, 941-952, 1990.
60. Ingham, M. F., The spectrum of the airglow, Sci. Am., 226(1), 78-85, 1972.
61. International Space Environment Service (ISES), International geophysical calendar 1997, Radio Sci. Bull., 279, 17-20, Dec. 1996.
62. Isham, B., Chirped incoherent scatter radar observations of the HF-modified ionosphere, Ph.D. thesis, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y., 1991.
63. Isham, B., and P. Rodriguez, Prospects for ground-based solar radar observations in the International Solar-Terrestrial Program era, Eos Trans. AGU, 78(17), Spring Meet. Suppl., S258, 1997.
64. James, J. C., Radar studies of the Sun, Radar Astronomy, edited by J. V. Evans and T. Hagfors, pp. 323-385, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1968.
65. Kane, T. J., C. S. Gardner, Q. H. Zhou, J. D. Mathews, and C. A. Tepley, Lidar, radar, and airglow observations of a prominent sporadic Na/sporadic E layer event at Arecibo during AIDA-89, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 55, 499-511, 1993.
66. Kassim, N. E., and W. C. Erickson, Meter/decameter wavelength array for astrophysics and solar radar, Proc. SPIE, 3357, 740-754, 1998.
67. Kelley, M. C., and S. Fukao, Turbulent upwelling of the midlatitude ionosphere, 2, Theoretical framework, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 3747-3753, 1991.
68. Kelley, M. C., and C. A. Miller, Electrodynamics of midlatitude spread F, 3, Electrohydrodynamic waves? A new look at the role of electric fields in thermospheric wave dynamics, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 11,539-11,547, 1997.
69. Kerdock, A. M., R. Mayer, and D. Bass, Longest binary pulse compression codes with given peak sidelobe levels, Proc. IEEE, 74, 366, 1986.
70. Kerr, R. B., and C. A. Tepley, Ground-based measurements of exospheric hydrogen density, Geophys. Res. Lett., 15, 1329-1332, 1988.
71. α line profile and radar measurements at Arecibo, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 4491-4512, 1986.
72. Kerr, R. B., J. Noto, R. S. Lancaster, M. Franco, R. J. Rudy, R. Williams, and J. H. Hecht, Fabry-Perot observations of helium 10830 Å emission at Millstone Hill, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 3239-3242, 1996.
73. Kerr, R. B., R. Garcia, X. He, R. S. Lancaster, J. Noto, R. A. Doe, C. A. Tepley, M. Lappen, B. McCormack, and J. S. Friedman, Periodic variations of geocoronal Balmer α brightness due to solar-driven exospheric abundance variations, J. Geophys. Res., in press, 2000a.
74. Kerr, R. B., X. He, R. S. Lancaster, J. Noto, R. A. Doe, M. Lappen, B. McCormack, C. A. Tepley, R. Garcia, and J. S. Friedman, Secular variability of the geocoronal Balmer α brightness: Magnetic activity and possible human influences, J. Geophys. Res., in press, 2000b.
75. Kildal, P., and M. M. Davis, Characterisation of near-field focusing with application to low altitude beam focusing of the Arecibo tri-reflector system, IEE Proc. Part H Microwave Antennas Propag., 143(4), 284-292, 1996.
76. Kildal, P., L. Baker, and T. Hagfors, Development of a dual reflector feed for the Arecibo radio telescope: An overview, IEEE Antennas Propag. Mag., 33, 12-17, 1991.
77. Kildal, P., L. Baker, and T. Hagfors, The Arecibo upgrading: Electrical design and expected performance of the dual reflector feed system, Proc. IEEE, 82, 714-724, 1994.
78. Kofman, W., J. St.-Maurice, and A. P. van Eyken, Heat flow effect on the plasma line frequency, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 6079-6085, 1993.
79. Kohl, H., and M. T. Rietveld, Harmonics of the ion acoustic frequency in the heater induced ion spectrum, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 5391-5395, 1996.
80. LaLonde, L. M., The upgraded Arecibo Observatory, Science, 186, 213-218, 1974.
81. Lancaster, R. S., R. B. Kerr, K. Ng, J. Noto, M. Franco, and S. C. Solomon, Recent observations of the OI 8446 Å emission over Millstone Hill, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 829-832, 1994.
82. Lancaster, R. S., R. B. Kerr, L. S. Waldrop, J. Noto, S. C. Solomon, C. A. Tepley, R. Garcia, and J. Friedman, Brightness measurements of the nighttime OI 8446 Å airglow emission from the Millstone Hill and Arecibo observatories, J. Geophys. Res., in press, 2000.
83. Lehtinen, M. S., and I. Häggström, A new modulation principle for incoherent scatter radars, Radio Sci., 22, 625-634, 1987.
84. MacDougall, J. W., G. E. Halland, and K. Hayashi, F region gravity waves in the central polar cap, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 14,513-14,530, 1997.
85. Mathews, J. D., Sporadic e: Current views and recent progress, J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys., pages 413-435, 1998.
86. Mathews, J. D., Q. H. Zhou, C. R. Philbrick, Y. T. Morton, and C. S. Gardner, Observations of ion and sodium coupled processes during AIDA, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 55, 487-498, 1993.
87. Mathews, J. D., D. D. Meisel, K. P. Hunter, V. S. Getman, and Q. H. Zhou, Very high resolution studies of micrometeors using the Arecibo 430 MHz radar, Icarus, 126, 157-169, 1997a.
88. Mathews, J. D., M. P. Sulzer, and P. Perillat, Aspects of layer electrodynamics revealed by high resolution observations of the 80-270 km ionosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 1411-1414, 1997b.
89. Measures, R. M., Laser Remote Sensing: Fundamentals and Applications, Krieger, Malabar, Fl., 1984.
90. Mendillo, M., J. Baumgardner, D. Nottingham, J. Aarons, B. Reinisch, J. Scali, and M. Kelley, Investigations of thermospheric-ionospheric dynamics with 6300-Å images from the Arecibo Observatory, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 7331-7343, 1997.
91. 2P) emission at 7320 Å in twilight, J. Geophys. Res., 83, 3311-3319, 1978.
92. Meriwether, J. W., Jr., S. K. Atreya, T. M. Donahue, and R. G. Burnside, Measurements of the spectral profile of Balmer α emission from the hydrogen geocorona, Geophys. Res. Lett., 7, 967-970, 1980.
93. Miller, C. A., W. E. Swartz, M. C. Kelley, M. Mendillo, D. Nottingham, J. Scali, and B. Reinisch, The electrodynamics of midlatitude spread F, 1, Observations of unstable, gravity wave induced ionospheric electric fields at tropical latitudes, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 11,521-11,532, 1997.
94. Muldrew, D. B., The formation of ducts and spread F and the initiation of bubbles by field-aligned currents, J. Geophys. Res., 85, 613-625, 1980.
95. Nelson, G. J., and L. L. Cogger, Dynamical behaviour of the nighttime ionosphere at Arecibo, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 33, 1711-1726, 1971.
96. Nossal, S., R. J. Reynolds, F. L. Roesler, F. Scherb, and J. Harlander, Solar cycle variations of geocoronal Balmer α emission, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 3669-3676, 1993.
97. Nossal, S., F. L. Roesler, M. M. Coakley, and R. J. Reynolds, Geocoronal hydrogen Balmer α line profiles obtained using Fabry-Perot annular summing spectroscopy: Effective temperature results, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 14,541-14,553, 1997.
98. Nossal, S., F. L. Roesler, and M. M. Coakley, Cascade excitation in the geocoronal hydrogen Balmer α line, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 381-390, 1998.
99. Noto, J., R. B. Kerr, K. Ng, R. S. Lancaster, and M. Dorin, Transportable broad-bandpass Fabry-Perot spectrometer for solar system observations, Proc. SPIE, 1745, 192-198, 1992.
100. Ostro, S. J., Planetary radar astronomy, Rev. Mod. Phys., 65(4), 1235-1279, 1993.
101. Palmer, R. D., M. F. Larsen, P. B. Howell, J. Y. N. Cho, R. M. Narayanan, and M. C. Kelley, A new spatial interferometry capability using the Arecibo 430 MHz radar, Radio Sci., 32, 749-755, 1997.
102. Palo, S. E., et al., An intercomparison between the GSWM, UARS, and ground based radar observations: A case study in January 1993, Ann. Geophys., 15, 1123-1141, 1997.
103. Parrish, A., Solar radar experiments, 1967, Tech. Rep. 300, 20 pp., Cent. for Radiophys. and Space Res., Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y., 1968.
104. Payne, G. L., D. R. Nicholson, R. M. Downie, and J. P. Sheerin, Modulational instability and soliton formation during ionospheric heating, J. Geophys. Res., 89, 10,921-10,928, 1984.
105. Pellinen-Wannberg, A., and G. Wannberg, Meteor observations with the European incoherent scatter UHF radar, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 11379-11390, 1994.
106. Perkins, F. W., Spread F and ionospheric currents, J. Geophys. Res., 78, 218-226, 1973.
107. Perkins, F. W., and P. K. Kaw, On the role of plasma instabilities in ionospheric heating by radio waves, J. Geophys. Res., 76, 282-284, 1971.
108. Petviashvili, V. I., Formation of three-dimensional Langmuir solitons by an intense radio wave in the ionosphere, Sov. J. Plasma Phys., Engl. Transl., 2, 247-249, 1976.
109. Rastogi, P. K., J. D. Mathews, W. Ying, and J. Röttger, Simultaneous VHF and UHF radar observations of the mesosphere at Arecibo during a solar flare: A check on the gradient-mixing hypothesis, Radio Sci., 23, 97-105, 1988.
110. Reid, I. M., MF Doppler and spaced antenna radar measurements of upper middle atmosphere winds, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 50, 117-134, 1988.
111. Rietveld, M. T., E. Turunen, H. Matveinen, N. P. Goncharov, and P. Pollari, Artificial periodic irregularities in the auroral ionosphere, Ann. Geophys., 14, 1437-1453, 1996.
112. Robinson, P. A., Nonlinear wave collapse and strong turbulence, Rev. Mod. Phys., 69(2), 507-573, 1997.
113. Roble, R. G., and R. E. Dickinson, How will changes in carbon dioxide and methane modify the mean structure of the mesosphere and thermosphere?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 16, 1441-1444, 1989.
114. Röttger, J., P. Czechowski, and G. Schmidt, First low power VHF radar observations of tropospheric, stratospheric and mesospheric winds and turbulence at the Arecibo Observatory, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 43, 789-800, 1981.
115. Röttger, J., H. M. Ierkic, R. K. Zimmerman, and J. Hagen, Investigations of the lower and middle atmosphere at the Arecibo Observatory and a description of the new VHF radar project, Handb. MAP, 20, 349-358, 1986.
116. Sato, T., and R. F. Woodman, Fine altitude resolution observations of stratospheric turbulent layers by the Arecibo 430 MHz radar, J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 2546-2552, 1982.
117. She, C. Y., and J. R. Yu, Simultaneous three frequency na lidar measurements of radial wind and temperature in the mesopause region, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 1771-1774, 1994.
118. Showen, R. L., The spectral measurement of plasma lines, Radio Sci., 14, 503-508, 1979.
119. Sulzer, M. P., A phase modulation technique for a sevenfold statistical improvement in incoherent scatter data taking, Radio Sci., 21, 737-744, 1986a.
120. Sulzer, M. P., A radar technique for high range resolution incoherent scatter autocorrelation function measurements utilizing the full average power of klystron radars, Radio Sci., 21, 1033-1040, 1986b.
121. Sulzer, M. P., and J. A. Fejer, Radar spectral observations of HF-induced ionospheric Langmuir turbulence with improved range and time resolution, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 15035-15050, 1994.
122. + temperatures in the topside ionosphere over Arecibo, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 3235-3238, 1996.
123. Sürücü, F., S. J. Franke, and E. Kudeki, On the influence of specular reflections in MF radar wind measurements, Radio Sci., 30, 1229-1244, 1995.
124. Taylor, M. J., and F. J. Garcia, A two-dimensional spectral analysis of short-period gravity waves imaged in the OI (557.7 nm) and near-infrared OH nightglow emissions over Arecibo, Puerto Rico, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 2473-2476, 1995.
125. Tepley, C. A., Spectrophotometric measurement techniques of weak emissions in twilight airglow, WITS Handb., 2, pp. 224-249, SCOSTEP Seer., Univ. of Ill., Urbana, 1989.
126. Tepley, C. A., The Doppler Rayleigh lidar system at Arecibo, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 31, 36-47, 1993.
127. Tepley, C. A., Neutral winds of the middle atmosphere observed at Arecibo using a Doppler Rayleigh lidar, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 25,781-25,790, 1994.
128. Tepley, C. A., R. G. Burnside, and J. W. Meriwether Jr., Horizontal thermal structure of the mesosphere from observations of OH(8-3) band emissions, Planet. Space Sci., 29, 1241-1249, 1981.
129. Thomson, J. J., Conduction of Electricity through Gases, Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, 1906.
130. Vincent, R. A., and D. Lesicar, Dynamics of the equatorial mesosphere: First results with a new generation partial reflection radar, Geophys. Res. Lett., 18, 825-828, 1991.
131. von Zahn, U., and J. Höffner, Mesopause temperature profiling by potassium lidar, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 141-144, 1996.
132. Watkins, C. D., Notes on the use of the 40 MHz radar for ionospheric incoherent scatter experiments at Arecibo, Technical Report CRSR 271, Cent. for Radiophys. and Space Res., Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y., 1967.
133. Wickwar, V. B., Photoelectrons from the magnetic conjugate point: Studies by means of the 6300 predawn enhancement and the plasma line enhancement, Ph.D. thesis, Rice Univ., Houston, Tex., 1971.
134. Woodman, R. F., High altitude-resolution stratospheric measurements with the Arecibo 2380 MHz radar, Radio Sci., 15, 423-430, 1980.
135. Yngvesson, K. O., and F. W. Perkins, Radar Thomson scatter studies of photoelectrons in the ionosphere and Landau damping, J. Geophys. Res., 73, 97-110, 1968.
136. Zakharov, V. E., Collapse of Langmuir waves, Sov. Phys. JETP, Engl. Transl., 35, 908-914, 1972.
137. Zhou, Q. H., Two day oscillation of electron concentration in the lower ionosphere, J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys., 60, 1669-1677, 1998.
138. Zhou, Q. H. and J. D. Mathews, A spectral technique for the detection and correction of coherent interference effects on incoherent scatter radar power profiles, Radio Sci., 29, 1173-1177, 1994.
139. Zhou, Q. H., and M. P. Sulzer, Incoherent scatter radar observation of the F region ionosphere at Arecibo during January 1993, J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys., 59, 2213-2229, 1997.
140. Zhou, Q. H., C. A. Tepley, and M. P. Sulzer, Meteor observations by the Arecibo 430 MHz incoherent scatter radar, I, Results from time-integrated observations, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 57, 421-431, 1995.
141. Zhou, Q. H., M. P. Sulzer, S. A. Gonzalez, J. S. Friedman, C. A. Tepley, J. Y. N. Cho, and B. Isham, Coordinated incoherent scatter radar and optical observations during the world days during 1997-98, A proposal to the National Astronomy and Ionosphere Center, technical report, Natl. Astron. and Ionos. Cent., Arecibo Obs., Arecibo, Puerto Rico, 1997a.
142. Zhou, Q. H., M. P. Sulzer, and C. A. Tepley, An analysis of tidal and planetary waves in the neutral winds and temperature observed at low latitude E region heights, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 11,491-11,505, 1997b.
143. Zhou, Q. H., M. P. Sulzer, C. A. Tepley, C. G. Fesen, R. G. Roble, and M. C. Kelley, Neutral winds and temperature at the lower thermosphere and mesosphere during January 1993: Observations and comparison with TIME-GCM, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 11,507-11,519, 1997c.
144. Zhou, Q. H., P. Perrilat, J. Y. N. Cho, and J. D. Mathews, Simultaneous meteor echo observations by large-aperture VHF and UHF radars, Radio Sci., 33, 1641-1654, 1998.
145. Zhou, Q. H., J. D. Mathews, and Q. N. Zhou, Incoherent scatter radar study of the impact of the meteoric influx on the nocturnal E region ionization, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 1833-1836, 1999a.
146. Zhou, Q. H., Q. N. Zhou, and J. D. Mathews, Arithmetic average, geometric average and ranking: Application to incoherent scatter radar data processing, Radio Sci., 34, 1227-1237, 1999b.
147. Zhou, Q. H., H. Monroy, D. C. Fritts, H. M. Ierkic, B. Isham, J. R. Isler, and S. E. Palo, Radar observations of longitudinal variability of tidal/planetary waves and mean motions in the tropical mesosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 2151-2161, 2000.