Interactions between hypertension and hypercholesterolemia: From epidemiology to therapeutic implications

Current Hypertension Reviews

Volumn 4, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 1-7

  Borghi, Claudio ^a,c   Grassi, Guido ^b   Taddei, Stefano ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BOLOGNA   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MILANO BICOCCA   (Italy)

^c UNIVERSITY OF PISA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Epidemiology; Hypercholesterolemia; Hypertension; Links; Therapy

Indexed keywords

AMLODIPINE; ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; ANTILIPEMIC AGENT; ATORVASTATIN; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; CHOLESTEROL; CLOFIBRATE; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; PLACEBO; PRAVASTATIN; RENIN INHIBITOR;

ANTIHYPERTENSIVE ACTIVITY; ATHEROGENESIS; BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; CLINICAL TRIAL; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE MODEL; DRUG EFFICACY; ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION; EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DATA; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HUMAN; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; HYPERLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PATHOGENESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR;

EID: 39349114561     PISSN: 15734021     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/157340208783497228     Document Type: Review

References (75)

1. Frohlich ED, Susic D. Blood pressure, large arteries and atherosclerosis. Adv Cardiol 2007; 44: 117-24.
2. McInnes GT. Lowering blood pressure for cardiovascular risk reduction. J Hypertens Suppl 2005; 23(1): S3-S8.
3. Kannel WB. Risk stratification in hypertension: new insights from the Framingham study. Am J Hypertens 2000; 1: 3S-10S.
4. Mancia, G, Parati G, Borghi C, et al. Hypertension prevalence, awareness, control and association with metabolic abnormalities in the San Marino population: the SMOOTH study. J Hypertens 2006; 24(5): 837-43.
5. Neaton JD, Wentworth D. Serum cholesterol, blood pressure, cigarette smoking and death from coronary artery disease: overall findings and differences by age for 316,099 white men. Multiple Risk Factor Intervention trial Reseach group. Arch Intern Med 1992; 152: 56-64.
6. Mathieu P, Pibarot P, Despres JP. Metabolic syndrome: the danger signal in atherosclerosis. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2006; 2(3): 285-302.
7. Bonaa KH, Thelle DS. Association between blood pressure and serum lipids in a population. The Tromso Study. Circulation 1991 83(4):1305-1314
8. Borghi C, Dormi A, Ambrosioni E, Gaddi A; On behalf of the Brisighella Heart Study working party. Relative role of systolic, diastolic and pulse pressure as risk factors for cardiovascular events in the Brisighella Heart Study. J Hypertens 2002; 20(9): 1737-42.)
9. Hsia J, Margolis KL, Eaton CB, et al. Black HR. Women's Health Initiative Investigators. Prehypertension and cardiovascular disease risk in the Women's Health Initiative. Circulation 2007; 115(7): 855-60.
10. JNC 7 writing committee: The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report. JAMA 2005; 289: 2560-2572.
11. Panza JA. High-normal blood pressure-more "high" than "normal". N Eng J Med 2001; 345: 1337-1339.
12. Julius S, Jameson K, Mejia A, Krause D, Schork N, Jones K. The association of borderline hypertension with target organ changes and higher coronary risk. Tecumseh Blood Pressure Study. JAMA. 1990; 264: 354-358.
13. Thomas F, Bean K, Guize L, Quentzel S, Arygriadis P, Benetos A. Combined effects of systolic blood pressure and serum cholesterol on cardiovascular mortality in young 55 years men and women. Eur Heart J 2002; 23: 528-535.
14. (Mancia G, Facchetti R, Bombelli M, et al. Relationship of office, home and ambulatory blood pressure to blood glucose and lipid variables in the PAMELA population. Hypertension 2005; 45: 1072-1077.
15. Muntner P, He J, Roccella EJ, Whelton PK. The impact of JNC-VI guidelines on treatment recommendations ih the US population. Hypertension 2002; 39(4): 897-902.
16. Atarashi Y, Ishiyama, A, Minami M, Takagi M. Omata M. Effects of acute hypercholesterolemia on blood pressure and pressor response to norephinephrine in rats. Blood Pressure 2004; 13: 56-61.
17. Borghi C, Veronesi M, Bacchelli S, Esposti DD, Cosentino E, Ambrosioni E. Serum cholesterol levels, blood pressure response to stress and incidence of stable hypertension in young subjects with high normal blood pressure. J Hypertens 2004; 22(2) 265-72.
18. Borghi C, Dormi A, Gaddi A. E-Ambrosioni. Relationship between serum cholesterol and development of hypertension in the population of the Brisighella Heart Study. Am J Hypertens 2003; 16(5): 207A.
19. Halperin RO, Sesso HD, Ma J, Buring JE, Stampfer MJ, Gaziano JM. Dyslipidemia and the risk of incident hypertension in men. Hypertension2006; 47(1): 45-50.
20. Sesso HD, Buring JE, Chown MJ, Ridker PM, Gaziano JM. A prospective study of plasma lipid levels and hypertension in women. Arch Intern Med 2005; 165(20): 2420-7.
21. Pei WD, Sun YH, Liu Q, et al. Associations of apolipoprotein B with pulse pressure and glucose in Chinese families with familial combined hyperlipidemia. Int J Cardiol 2007; 115(3): 293-296.
22. Imazu M, Yamamoto H, Toyofuku M, et al. Association of apolipoprotein E phenotype with hypertension in Japanese-Americans: data from the Hawaii-Los Angeles-Hiroshima Study. Hypertens Res 2001; 24(5): 523-529.
23. Bhavani AB, Sastry KB, Reddy NY, Padma T. Lipid profile and apolipoprotein E polymorphism in essential hypertension. Indian Heart J 2005; 57(2): 151-7.
24. Strehlow K, Wassmann S, Bohm M, Nickenig G. Angiotensin AT1 receptor over-expression in hypercholesterolaemia. Ann Med 2000; 32(6): 386-9.
25. Yang BC, Phillips MI, Mohuczy D, et al. Increased angiotensin II type 1 receptor expression in hypercholesterolemic atherosclerosis in rabbits. Arteriscler Thromb Vase Biol 1998; 18: 1433-1439.
26. Daugherty A, Ratery DL, Lu H, Ingami T, Cassis LA. Hypercholesterolemia stimulates angiotensin peptide synthesis and contributes to atherosclerosis through the AT 1A receptor. Circulation 2004; 110: 3849-3857.
27. Wassmann S, Czech T, Van Eickels M, Fleming I, Bohm M, Nickenig G.Inhibition of diet-induced atherosclerosis and endothelial dysfunction in apolipoprotein E/Angiotensin II type 1A receptor double-knockout mice. Circulation 2004; 110: 3062-3067.
28. Nickenig G, Bohm M. Regulation of the angiotensin AT1 receptor expression by hypercholesterolemia. Eur J Med Res 1997; 2(7): 285-9.
29. Sander GE, Giles TD. Hypertension and lipids: lipid factors in the hypertension syndrome. Curr Hypertens Rep 2002; 4(6): 458-63.
30. Terry DF, Pencina MJ, Vasan RS, et al. Cardiovascular risk factors predictive for survival and morbidity-free survival in the oldest-old Framingham Heart Study participants. J Am Geriatr Soc 2005; 53(11): 1944-50.
31. Cooper JA, Miller GJ, Humphries SE. A comparison of the PROCAM and Framingham point-scoring systems for estimation of individual risk of coronary heart disease in the Second Northwick Park Heart Study.Atherosclerosis 2005; 181(1): 93-100.
32. Menotti A, Lanti M, Agabiti-Rosei E, et al. Remiddi S. Riskard 2005. New tools for prediction of cardiovascular disease risk derived from Italian population studies. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2005; 15(6): 426-40.
33. Deanfield JE, Halcox JP, Rabelink TJ. Endothelial function and dysfunction: testing and clinical relevance. Circulation 2007; 115(10): 1285-95.
34. Geisterfer AAT, Peach MJ, Owens GK. Angitensin II induces hypertrophy, not hyperplasia, of cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells. Circ Res 1988; 62: 749-756.
35. Pratt RE, Itoh H, Gibbons GH, Dzau VJ. Role of angiotensin in the control of vascular smooth muscle cell growth. J Vasc Med Biol 1991; 3: 25-29.
36. Itoh H, Mukoyama M, Pratt RE; Gibbons GH, Dzau VJ. Multiple autocrine growth factors modulate vascularsmooth muscle cell response to angiotensin II. J Clin Invest 1993; 91: 2268-2274.
37. Grote K, Drexler H, Schieffer B. Renin-angiotensin system and atherosclerosis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2004; 19: 770-773.
38. Wassmann S, Nickenig G. Pathophysiological regulation of the AT 1- receptor and implications for vascular disease. J Hypertens Suppl 2006; 24: S15-21.
39. Cheng ZJ, Vapaatalo H, Mervaala E. Angiotensin II and vascular inflammation. Med Sci Monit 2005; 11; RA194-205.
40. Scheidegger KJ, Butler S, Witztum JL. Angiotensin II increases macrophage-mediated modification of low density lipoprotein via a lipoxygenase-dependent pathway. J Biol Chem 1997; 272: 21609-15.
41. Nickenig G, Harrison DG. The AT1-type angiotensin receptor in oxidative stress and atherogenesis, part I: oxidative stress and atherogenesis. Circulation 2002; 105: 393-396.
42. Nickenig G, Harrison DG. The AT1-type angiotensin receptor in oxidative stress and atherogenesis, part II: AT1 receptor upregulation. Circulation 2002; 105: 530-536.
43. Laursen JB, Rajagolapan S, Galis Z, Tarpey M, Freeman BA, Harrison DG. Role of superoxide in angiotensin II-induced but not catecholamine-induced hypertension. Circulation 1997; 95: 588-593.
44. Keidar S, Attias J, Heinrich R, Coleman R, Aviram M. Angiotensin II atherogenicity in apolipoprotein E deficient mice is associated with increased cellular cholesterol biosynthesis. Atherosclerosis 1999; 46: 249-257.
45. Rodriguez-Porcel M, Lerman LO, Herrmann J, Sawamura T, Napoli C, Lerman A. Hypercholesterolemia and hypertension have synergistic deleterious effects on coronary endothelial dysfunction. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003; 23: 665-891.
46. Cardillo C, Kilcoyne C, Cannon RO, Panza JA. Increased activity of endogenous endothelin in patients with hypercholesterolemia. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000; 36: 1483-1488.
47. Feldstein A, Krier JD, Sarafov MH, et al. In vivo renal vascular and tubular function in experimental hypercholesterolemia. Hypertension 1999; 34: 859-864.
48. Stulak JM, Lerman A, Caccitolo JA, et al. Impaired renal vascular endothelial function in vitro in experimental hypercholesterolemia. Atherosclerosis 2001; 154: 195-201.
49. Baud L, Ardaillou R. Involvement of reactive oxygen species in kidney damage. Br Med Bull 1993; 49: 621-629.
50. Quyyumi AA. Endothelial function in health and disease: new insights into the genesis of cardiovascular disease. Am J Med 1998; 105: S32-S39.
51. Vazquez-Perez S, Aragoncillo P, Heras N, et al. Atorvastatin prevents glomerulosclerosis and renal endothelial dysfunction in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2001; 16 (Suppl.1): 40-44.
52. Goode K, Miller JP, Heagerty AM. Hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and coronary heart disease. Lancet 1995; 345: 362-364.
53. Committee of Principal Investigators. A co-operative trial in the primary prevention of ischemic heart disease using clofibrate. Br Heart J 1978; 40: 1069-1118.
54. Ekelund LG, Lowering lipids and the genesis of hypertension. Drugs 1988; 36(Suppl,3): 21.
55. Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' (CTT) Collaborators. Efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment: prospective meta-analysis of data from 90 056 participants in 14 randomisod trials of statins. Lancet 2005; 366: 1267-78.
56. Wolfrum S, Jensen KS, Liao JK. Endothelium dependent effects of statins. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003; 23: 729-736 (52).
57. Wassmann S, Laufs U, Haumer AT et al. HMG-CoA reductase-inhibitors improve - endothelial dysfunction in normocholesterolemic hypertension via reduced production of reactive oxygen species. Hypertension 2001; 37; 14504-1457.
58. O'Donnell MP, Kasiske BL, Katz SA, Schmitz PG, Keane WF. Lovastatin but not enalapril reduces glomerular injury in Dahl salt-sensitive rats: Hypertension 1992; 20: 611-655.
59. O'Donnell MP, Kasiske BL, Katz SA, Schmitz PG, Keane WF. Lovastatin but not enalapril reduces glomerular injury in Dahl salt-sensitive rats. Hypertension 1992; 20: 651-658.
60. Jiang J, Sun CW, Alonso-Galicia M, Roman U. Lovastatin reduces renal vascular reactivity in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Am J Hypertens 1998; 11: 1222-1231.
61. Yamashita T, Kawashima, S, Miwa Y, et al. A 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutharyl-co-enzyme-A reductase inhibitor reduces hypertensive nephrosclerosis in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Hypertens 2002; 20: 2465-2473.
62. Sinzinger H, Kritz H, Furberg CD. Atorvastatin reduces microalbuminuria in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia and normal glucose tolerance. Med Sci Monit 2003; 9: 188-192.
63. Sandhu S, Wiebe N, Fried LF, Tonelli M. Statins for improving renal outcomes: a meta-analysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 17(7): 2006-16.
64. Borghi C, Dorini A, Veronesi M, Sangiorgi Z, Gaddi A. on behalf of the Brisighella Heart Study Working Party. Association between different lipid-lowering treatment strategies and blood pressure control in the Brisighella Heart Study. Am-Heart J 2004; 148: 285-292.
65. Glorioso. Hypertension 1999 BIS.
66. Ferrier KE, Muhlmann MH, Baguet JP, et al. Intensive cholesterol reduction lowers blood pressure and large artery stiffness in isolated systolic hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002; 39: 1020-1025.
67. Terzoli L, Mircoli L, Raco R, Ferrari AU. Lowering of elevated ambulatory blood pressure by HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2005; 46: 310-315.
68. Velussi M, Cernigoi AM, Tortul C, Merni M. Atorvastatin for the management of type 2 diabetic patients with hyperlipidemia: a midterm 9 month treatment experience. Diabetes Nutr Metab 1999; 12: 407-412.
69. Borghi C, Prandin MG, Costa FV, Bacchelli S, Degli Esposti D, Ambrosioni E. Use of statins and blood pressure control in treated hypertensive patients with hypercholesterolemia. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2000; 35: 549-555.
70. Tonolo G, Melis MG, Formato M, et al. Additive effects of simvastatin beyond its effects on LDL cholesterol in hypertensive type 2 diabetic patients. Eur J Clin Invest 2000; 10: 980-987.
71. Tsunekawa T, Hayashi T, Kano H, et al. Cerivastatin, a hydroxymethlglutaryl coenzyme a reductase inhibitor, improves endothelial function in elderly diabetic patients within 3 days. Circulation 2001; 104: 376-379.
72. Strazzullo P, Kerry SM, Barbato A, Versiero M, D'Elia L, Cappuccio FP. Do Statins Reduce Blood Pressure? A Meta-Analysis of Randomized, Controlled Trials. Hypertension 2607; Epub ahead of print.
73. Samuelsson O, Wilhelmsen L, Andersson OK, Pennert K, Berglund G. Cardiovascular morbidity in relation to change in blood pressure and serum cholesterol levels in treated hypertension: results from the primary prevention trial in Goteborg, Sweden. JAMA 1987; 258: 1768-1776.
74. Sever PS, Dahlof B, Poulter NR, et al. ASCOT investigators. Prevention of coronary and stroke events with atorvastatin in hypertensive patients who have average or lower-than-average cholesterol concentrations, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial-Lipid Lowering Arm (ASCOT-LLA): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2003; 361(9364):1149-58.
75. Sever P, Dablof B, Poulter N, et al. ASCOT Steering Committee Members. Potential synergy between lipid-lowering and blood-pressure-lowering in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial. Eur Heart J 2006; 27(24): 2982-8.